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Nurr1 Is Not an Essential Regulator of BDNF in Mouse Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126853. [PMID: 35743300 PMCID: PMC9224520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play major roles in cognition. Nurr1 regulates BDNF in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and cerebellar granule cells. Nurr1 and BDNF are also highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, a brain area important in cognition. Due to Nurr1 and BDNF tissue specificity, the regulatory effect of Nurr1 on BDNF in different brain areas cannot be generalized. The relationship between Nurr1 and BDNF in the cortex has not been investigated previously. Therefore, we examined Nurr1-mediated BDNF regulation in cortical neurons in activity-dependent and activity-independent states. Mouse primary cortical neurons were treated with the Nurr1 agonist, amodiaquine (AQ). Membrane depolarization was induced by KCl or veratridine and reversed by nimodipine. AQ and membrane depolarization significantly increased Nurr1 (p < 0.001) and BDNF (pAQ < 0.001, pKCl < 0.01) as assessed by real-time qRT-PCR. However, Nurr1 knockdown did not affect BDNF gene expression in resting or depolarized neurons. Accordingly, the positive correlation between Nurr1 and BDNF expression in AQ and membrane depolarization experiments does not imply co-regulation because Nurr1 knockdown did not affect BDNF gene expression in resting or depolarized cortical neurons. Therefore, in contrast to midbrain dopaminergic neurons and cerebellar granule cells, Nurr1 does not regulate BDNF in cortical neurons.
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Català-Solsona J, Miñano-Molina AJ, Rodríguez-Álvarez J. Nr4a2 Transcription Factor in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity, Memory and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Perspective Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:786226. [PMID: 34880728 PMCID: PMC8645690 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.786226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting changes of synaptic efficacy are largely mediated by activity-induced gene transcription and are essential for neuronal plasticity and memory. In this scenario, transcription factors have emerged as pivotal players underlying synaptic plasticity and the modification of neural networks required for memory formation and consolidation. Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction is widely accepted to underlie the cognitive decline observed in some neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, understanding the molecular pathways regulating gene expression profiles may help to identify new synaptic therapeutic targets. The nuclear receptor 4A subfamily (Nr4a) of transcription factors has been involved in a variety of physiological processes within the hippocampus, ranging from inflammation to neuroprotection. Recent studies have also pointed out a role for the activity-dependent nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 (Nr4a2/Nurr1) in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this review, we highlight the specific effects of Nr4a2 in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory formation and we discuss whether the dysregulation of this transcription factor could contribute to hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, altogether suggesting the possibility that Nr4a2 may emerge as a novel synaptic therapeutic target in brain pathologies associated to cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Català-Solsona
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo J Miñano-Molina
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Yoo YH, Kim DW, Chen BH, Sim H, Kim B, Lee JC, Ahn JH, Park Y, Cho JH, Kang IJ, Won MH, Lee TK. Comparison of age-dependent alterations in thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin reductase 2 expressions in hippocampi between mice and rats. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:11. [PMID: 33676586 PMCID: PMC7937215 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is one of major causes triggering neurophysiological changes in many brain substructures, including the hippocampus, which has a major role in learning and memory. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a class of small redox proteins. Among the Trx family, Trx2 plays an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and is controlled by TrxR2. Hitherto, age-dependent alterations in Trx2 and TrxR2 in aged hippocampi have been poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine changes in Trx2 and TrxR2 in mouse and rat hippocampi by age and to compare their differences between mice and rats. Results Trx2 and TrxR2 levels using Western blots in mice were the highest at young age and gradually reduced with time, showing that no significant differences in the levels were found between the two subfields. In rats, however, their expression levels were the lowest at young age and gradually increased with time. Nevertheless, there were no differences in cellular distribution and morphology in their hippocampi when it was observed by cresyl violet staining. In addition, both Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the CA1-3 fields were mainly shown in pyramidal cells (principal cells), showing that their immunoreactivities were altered like changes in their protein levels. Conclusions Our current findings suggest that Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the brain may be different according to brain regions, age and species. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the reasons of the differences of Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the hippocampus between mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ho Yoo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, 24289, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, 25457, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, 50510, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, 24289, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, 24289, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 24252, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, 24252, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.
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Jeon SG, Yoo A, Chun DW, Hong SB, Chung H, Kim JI, Moon M. The Critical Role of Nurr1 as a Mediator and Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease-related Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2020; 11:705-724. [PMID: 32489714 PMCID: PMC7220289 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that the transcription factor nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) plays several roles not only in the regulation of gene expression related to dopamine synthesis, but also in alternative splicing, and miRNA targeting. Moreover, it regulates cognitive functions and protects against inflammation-induced neuronal death. In particular, the role of Nurr1 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been well investigated; for example, it has been shown that it restores behavioral and histological impairments in PD models. Although many studies have evaluated the connection between Nurr1 and PD pathogenesis, the role of Nurr1 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain to be studied. There have been several studies describing Nurr1 protein expression in the AD brain. However, only a few studies have examined the role of Nurr1 in the context of AD. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the overall effects of Nurr1 under the neuropathologic conditions related to AD. Furthermore, we suggest the possibility of using Nurr1 as a therapeutic target for AD or other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gak Jeon
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Anji Yoo
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Chun
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Chung
- 2Department of Core Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- 3Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
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Dong J, Liu X, Wang Y, Cai H, Le W. Nurr1 Cd11bcre conditional knockout mice display inflammatory injury to nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Glia 2020; 68:2057-2069. [PMID: 32181533 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-related 1 protein (NURR1) is essential for the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. NURR1 also protects DAergic neurons against neuroinflammation. However, it remains to be determined to what extent does NURR1 exerts its protective function through acting autonomously in the microglia. Using Cre/lox gene targeting system, we deleted Nurr1 in the microglia of Nurr1Cd11bcre conditional knockout (cKO) mice. The Nurr1Cd11bcre cKO mice displayed age-dependent motor abnormalities and increased microglial activation, but with no obvious DAergic neurodegeneration. To boost the inflammatory injury, we systemically administered endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to Nurr1Cd11bcre mice. As expected, LPS treatment exacerbated the motor phenotypes and inflammatory reactions in Nurr1Cd11bcre cKO mice. More importantly, LPS administration caused DAergic neuron loss and α-synuclein aggregation, two pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, our findings provide in vivo evidence supporting a critical protective role of NURR1 in the microglia against inflammation-induced degeneration of DAergic neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Medical School of UESTC, China
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Park JH, Ahn JH, Kim DW, Lee TK, Park CW, Park YE, Lee JC, Lee HA, Yang GE, Won MH, Lee CH. Altered Nurr1 protein expression in the hippocampal CA1 region following transient global cerebral ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:107-114. [PMID: 31746417 PMCID: PMC6896304 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1), a member of the nuclear receptor 4 family of orphan nuclear receptors, has been reported to display anti‑inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the alteration of Nurr1 immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus proper following 5 min of transient global cerebral ischemia. In sham operated gerbils, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was observed in pyramidal neurons in all cornu ammonis 1‑3 (CA1‑3) subfields of the hippocampus proper. In ischemia‑operated gerbils, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was altered in the CA1 subfield. Nurr1 immunoreactivity in CA1 pyramidal neurons gradually decreased until 2 days post‑ischemia, and, at 4 days post‑ischemia, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was concentrated in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additionally, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was newly expressed in microglia in the CA1 subfield at 4 days post‑ischemia. Conversely, in the CA2/3 subfield, time‑dependent alteration of Nurr1 immunoreactivity was not identified at any time following ischemia. These results indicated that the alteration of Nurr1 expression in the CA1 subfield in the hippocampus may be associated with the death of CA1 pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Ah Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam‑do 31116, Republic of Korea
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Huang C, Ma J, Li BX, Sun Y. Wnt1 silencing enhances neurotoxicity induced by paraquat and maneb in SH-SY5Y cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3643-3649. [PMID: 31602242 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wingless (Wnt) signaling regulates the proliferation and differentiation of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Paraquat (PQ) and maneb (MB) are environmental pollutants that can be used to model Parkinson's disease (PD) in rodents. A previous study demonstrated that developmental exposure to PQ and MB affects the expression of Wnt1, Wnt5a, nuclear receptor-related factor 1 (NURR1) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). However, how Wnt signaling regulates these developmental factors in vitro is yet to be determined. To explore this, SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to PQ and MB. The results of the current study indicated that exposure to PQ and MB decreased Wnt1, β-catenin, NURR1 and TH levels and increased Wnt5a levels. Furthermore, Wnt1 silencing has the same effect as exposure to PQ and MB. Additionally, the neurotoxicity induced by PQ and MB is more severe in siWnt1-SH-SY5Y cells compared with normal SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, Wnt1 may serve an important role in regulating developmental DA factors, and may be a candidate gene for PD diagnosis or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.,Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Jakaria M, Haque ME, Cho DY, Azam S, Kim IS, Choi DK. Molecular Insights into NR4A2(Nurr1): an Emerging Target for Neuroprotective Therapy Against Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5799-5814. [PMID: 30684217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NR4A2 is a nuclear receptor and a transcription factor, with distinctive physiological features. In the cell nuclei of the central nervous system, it is widely expressed and identified as a crucial regulator of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal differentiation, survival, and maintenance. Importantly, it has regulated different genes crucial for dopaminergic signals, and its expression has been diminished in both aged and PD post-mortem brains and reduced in PD patients. In microglia and astrocytes, the expression of NR4A2 has been found where it can be capable of inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory mediators; hence, it protected inflammation-mediated DA neuronal death. In addition, NR4A2 plays neuroprotective role via regulating different signals. However, NR4A2 has been mainly focused on Parkinson's research, but, in recent times, it has been studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke. Altered expression of NR4A2 is connected to AD progression, and activation of its may improve cognitive function. It is downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients; nonetheless, its role in MS has not been fully clear. miR-145-5p known as a putative regulator of NR4A2 and in a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model, anti-miR-145-5p administration promoted neurological outcomes in rat. To date, various activators and modulators of NR4A2 have been discovered and investigated as probable therapeutic drugs in neuroinflammatory and neuronal cell death models. The NR4A2 gene and cell-based therapy are described as promising drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, microRNA might have a crucial role in neurodegeneration via affecting NR4A2 expression. Herein, we present the role of NR4A2 in neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death focusing on neurodegenerative conditions and display NR4A2 as a promising therapeutic target for the therapy of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea. .,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
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