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Jeong JS, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kim CY, Ko JW, Kim TW. Korean red ginseng suppresses mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:52-58. [PMID: 38223821 PMCID: PMC10785417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle denervation leads to motor neuron degeneration, which in turn reduces muscle fiber volumes. Recent studies have revealed that apoptosis plays a role in regulating denervation-associated pathologic muscle wasting. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has various biological activities and is currently widely consumed as a medicinal product worldwide. Among them, ginseng has protective effects against muscle atrophy in in vivo and in vitro. However, the effects of KRG on denervation-induced muscle damage have not been fully elucidated. Methods We induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice by dissecting the sciatic nerves, administered KRG, and then analyzed the muscles. KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 3 weeks at 100 and 400 mg/kg/day doses after operation. Results KRG treatment significantly increased skeletal muscle weight and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fiber volume in injured areas and reduced histological alterations in TA muscle. In addition, KRG treatment reduced denervation-induced apoptotic changes in TA muscle. KRG attenuated p53/Bax/cytochrome c/Caspase 3 signaling induced by nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner. Also, KRG decreases protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, reducing restorative myogenesis. Conclusion Thus, KRG has potential protective role against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. The effect of KRG treatment was accompanied by reduced levels of mitochondria-associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Chrysin protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in hippocampus via restraining oxidative stress and transition elements. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114534. [PMID: 36933376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural flavonoid compound that has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) is closely connected with increased oxidative stress in the hippocampal CA1 region and homeostasis disorder of transition elements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). This exploration was conducted to elucidate the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of chrysin based on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in rats. Experimentally, sham group, model group, chrysin (50.0 mg/kg) group, Ginaton (21.6 mg/kg) group, Dimethyloxallyl Glycine (DMOG, 20.0 mg/kg) + chrysin group and DMOG group were devised. The rats in each group were performed to behavioral evaluation, histological staining, biochemical kit detection, and molecular biological detection. The results indicated that chrysin restrained oxidative stress and the rise of transition element levels, and regulated transition element transporter levels in tMCAO rats. DMOG activated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit alpha (HIF-1α), reversed the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of chrysin, and increased transition element levels. In a word, our findings emphasize that chrysin plays a critical role in protecting CIR injury via inhibiting HIF-1α against enhancive oxidative stress and raised transition metal levels.
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Zhao A, Liu N, Yao M, Zhang Y, Yao Z, Feng Y, Liu J, Zhou G. A Review of Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides From Panax Ginseng in Treating Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:946752. [PMID: 35873557 PMCID: PMC9302711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.946752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has been considered one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, associated with a series of complex pathophysiological processes. However, effective therapeutic methods for ischemic stroke are still limited. Panax ginseng, a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, has been long used in eastern countries for various diseases. Ginsenosides, the main active ingredient of Panax ginseng, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke injury during the last decade. In this article, we summarized the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reviewed the literature on ginsenosides studies in preclinical and clinical ischemic stroke. Available findings showed that both major ginsenosides and minor ginsenosides (such as Rg3, Rg5, and Rh2) has a potential neuroprotective effect, mainly through attenuating the excitotoxicity, Ca2+ overload, mitochondria dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptosis, anti-pyroptosis, anti-autophagy, improving angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Therefore, this review brings a current understanding of the mechanisms of ginsenosides in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Further studies, especially in clinical trials, will be important to confirm the clinical value of ginseng and ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Neuroscience Centre, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Increasepharm Safety and Efficacy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yehao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengyu Yao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Neuroscience Centre, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujing Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxun Liu, ; Guoping Zhou,
| | - Guoping Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Neuroscience Centre, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxun Liu, ; Guoping Zhou,
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Wang L, Zhou Y, Chen X, Liu J, Qin X. Long-term iTBS promotes neural structural and functional recovery by enhancing neurogenesis and migration via miR-551b-5p/BDNF/TrkB pathway in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Res Bull 2022; 184:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Todorova V, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Comparison between the Biological Active Compounds in Plants with Adaptogenic Properties ( Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:64. [PMID: 35009068 PMCID: PMC8747685 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1960s, research into plant adaptogens began. Plants with adaptogenic properties have rich phytochemical compositions and have been used by humanity since ancient times. However, it is not still clear whether the adaptogenic properties are because of specific compounds or because of the whole plant extracts. The aim of this review is to compare the bioactive compounds in the different parts of these plants. METHODS The search strategy was based on studies related to the isolation of bioactive compounds from Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Panax ginseng. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. RESULTS This review includes data from 259 articles. The phytochemicals isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Panax ginseng were described and classified in several categories. CONCLUSIONS Plant species have always played an important role in drug discovery because their effectiveness is based on the hundreds of years of experience with folk medicine in different nations. In our view, there is great potential in the near future for some of the phytochemicals found in these plants species to become pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velislava Todorova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.I.); (S.I.)
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Jin M, Kim KM, Lim C, Cho S, Kim YK. Neuroprotective effects of Korean White ginseng and Red ginseng in an ischemic stroke mouse model. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:275-282. [PMID: 35509825 PMCID: PMC9058837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by brain tissue damage following a decrease in oxygen supply to brain due to blocked blood vessels. Reportedly, 80% of all stroke cases are classified as cerebral infarction, and the incidence rate of this condition increases with age. Herein, we compared the efficacies of Korean White ginseng (WG) and Korean Red Ginseng (RG) extracts (WGex and RGex, respectively) in an ischemic stroke mouse model and confirmed the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods Mice were orally administered WGex or RGex 1 h before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), for 2 h; the size of the infarct area was measured 24 h after MCAO induction. Then, the neurological deficit score was evaluated and the efficacies of the two extracts were compared. Finally, their mechanisms of action were confirmed with tissue staining and protein quantification. Results In the MCAO-induced ischemic stroke mouse model, WGex and RGex showed neuroprotective effects in the cortical region, with RGex demonstrating superior efficacy than WGex. Ginsenoside Rg1, a representative indicator substance, was not involved in mediating the effects of WGex and RGex. Conclusion WGex and RGex could alleviate the brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, with RGex showing a more potent effect. At 1,000 mg/kg body weight, only RGex reduced cerebral infarction and edema, and both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways were involved in mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungho Jin
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea.
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Park SK, Hyun SH, In G, Park CK, Kwak YS, Jang YJ, Kim B, Kim JH, Han CK. The antioxidant activities of Korean Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng) and ginsenosides: A systemic review through in vivo and clinical trials. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:41-47. [PMID: 33437155 PMCID: PMC7790892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of studies have steadily pointed out the relation of oxidative stress to the primary and secondary causes of human disease and aging. As such, there have been multiple misconceptions about oxidative stress. Most of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from chronic diseases cause oxidative damage to cell membrane lipids and proteins. ROS production is increased by abnormal stimulation inside and outside in the body, and even though ROS are generated in cells in response to abnormal metabolic processes such as disease, it does not mean that they directly contribute to the pathogenesis of a disease. Therefore, the focus of treatment should not be on ROS production itself but on the prevention and treatment of diseases linked to ROS production, including types 1 and 2 diabetes, cancer, heart disease, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. In this regard, Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally utilized to help prevent and treat diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, nervous system diseases, cardiovascular disease, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, this review was intended to summarize in vivo animal and human clinical studies on the antioxidant activities of KRG and its components, ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Park
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Hyun
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lee JY, Park CS, Choi HY, Yune TY. Ginseng Extracts, GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, Prevent Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Thereby Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Neurons in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082383. [PMID: 32784852 PMCID: PMC7469028 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is known to be linked to the impairment of blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity following neuronal cell death. Here, we investigated whether GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, bioactive ginseng extracts from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), inhibit BBB disruption following neuronal death in the hippocampus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showing type 1-like diabetes mellitus. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D (50, 150, or 300 mg/kg, twice a day for 4 weeks) administered orally showed antihyperglycemic activity in a dose-dependent manner and significantly attenuated the increase in BBB permeability and loss of tight junction proteins. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D also inhibited the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the infiltration of macrophages into the brain parenchyma, especially into the hippocampal region. In addition, microglia and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus and the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as tnf-α, Il-1β, IL-6, cox-2, and inos were markedly alleviated in GS-KG9 and GS-E3D-treated group. Furthermore, apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons, especially in CA1 region, was significantly reduced in GS-KG9 and GS-E3D-treated groups as compared to vehicle control. These results suggest that GS-KG9 and GS-E3D effectively prevent apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting BBB disruption and may be a potential therapy for the treatment of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (C.S.P.); (H.Y.C.)
| | - Chan Sol Park
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (C.S.P.); (H.Y.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hae Young Choi
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (C.S.P.); (H.Y.C.)
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (C.S.P.); (H.Y.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-969-6943; Fax: +82-2-969-6343
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Lee B, Sur B, Lee H, Oh S. Korean Red Ginseng prevents posttraumatic stress disorder-triggered depression-like behaviors in rats via activation of the serotonergic system. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:644-654. [PMID: 32617045 PMCID: PMC7322749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental disorder induced by traumatic stress and often accompanied by depression and/or anxiety, may involve an imbalance in the neurotransmitters associated with the fear response. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has long been used as a traditional medicine and is known to be involved in a variety of pharmacological activities. We used the open field test and forced swimming test to examine the effects of KRG on the depression-like response of rats after exposure to single prolonged stress (SPS), leading to activation of the serotonergic system. Methods Male rats received KRG (30, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Results Daily KRG administration significantly improved depression-like behaviors in the forced swimming test, increased the number of lines crossed and time spent in the central zone in the open field test, and decreased freezing behavior in contextual and cued fear conditioning. KRG treatment attenuated SPS-induced decreases in serotonin (5-HT) tissue concentrations in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. The increased 5-HT concentration during KRG treatment may be partially attributable to the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-HT ratio in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These effects may be caused by the activation of hippocampal genes encoding tryptophan hydroxylase-1 and 2 mRNA levels. Conclusion Our findings suggest that KRG has an antidepressant effect in rats subjected to SPS and may represent an effective use of traditional medicine for the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Sur
- Department of Molecular medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ryu S, Jeon H, Kim HY, Koo S, Kim S. Korean red ginseng promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:887-893. [PMID: 31719254 PMCID: PMC6990786 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory; however, the mechanisms are still elusive. Therefore, we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days. Pole, Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test. Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/doublecortin (DCX; a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation), cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated. KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice. The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly. KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle. Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities, possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. PNU-2016-1071) on January 19, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ryu
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongjun Jeon
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungtae Koo
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtae Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
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Park K, Kim Y, Kim J, Kang S, Park JS, Ahn CW, Nam JS. Supplementation with Korean Red Ginseng Improves Current Perception Threshold in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5295328. [PMID: 32025522 PMCID: PMC6991165 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5295328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients in Korea take Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) for various reasons. In this study, we investigated the effects of KRG administration on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in T2DM patients. METHODS This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were randomly allocated to either the placebo or KRG group and took corresponding tablets for 24 weeks. The primary outcomes were changes in current perception threshold (CPT) at week 24. Secondary outcomes were altered fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and various metabolic and inflammatory markers at week 24. RESULTS Sixty-one patients completed the study. The CPT of the lower extremities at various frequencies exhibited significant improvements at week 24 in the KRG group. Other metabolic parameters were not altered after 24 weeks in both groups. In the subgroup analysis, CPT levels were improved in those with a longer diabetes duration or who already had neuropathy at the beginning of the study, and insulin resistance was improved in patients with a shorter diabetes duration. CONCLUSION Twenty-four week administration of KRG in T2DM patients resulted in a significant improvement in neuropathy, especially in those with a longer diabetes duration. A further, larger population study with a longer follow-up period is warranted to verify the effects of KRG on diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahui Park
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - YuSik Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghye Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinae Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Park
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Woo Ahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Nam
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Liu L, Vollmer MK, Kelly MG, Fernandez VM, Fernandez TG, Kim H, Doré S. Reactive Gliosis Contributes to Nrf2-Dependent Neuroprotection by Pretreatment with Dimethyl Fumarate or Korean Red Ginseng Against Hypoxic-Ischemia: Focus on Hippocampal Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:105-117. [PMID: 31494826 PMCID: PMC6980429 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and Korean red ginseng (ginseng), based on their purported antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, have exhibited protective potential in various neurological conditions. Their effects on cerebral ischemia and underlying mechanisms remain inconclusive; however, increasing evidence indicates the involvement of the transcriptional factor Nrf2. This study evaluated the preventive effects of DMF and ginseng on hippocampal neuronal damage following hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and assessed the contributions of reactive gliosis and the Nrf2 pathway. Adult wild type (WT) and Nrf2-/- mice were pretreated with DMF or ginseng for 7 days prior to HI. At 24 h after HI, DMF or ginseng significantly reduced infarct volume (52.5 ± 12.3% and 47.8 ± 10.7%), brain edema (61.5 ± 17.4% and 39.3 ± 12.8%), and hippocampal CA1 neuronal degeneration, and induced expressions of Nrf2 target proteins in WT, but not Nrf2-/-, mice. Such hippocampal neuroprotective benefits were also observed at 6 h and 7 days after HI. The dynamic attenuation of reactive gliosis in microglia and astrocytes correlated well with this sustained neuroprotection in an Nrf2-dependent manner. In both early and late stages of HI, astrocytic dysfunctions in extracellular glutamate clearance and water transport, as indicated by glutamine synthetase and aquaporin 4, were also attenuated after HI in WT, but not Nrf2-/-, mice treated with DMF or ginseng. Together, DMF and ginseng confer robust and prolonged Nrf2-dependent neuroprotection against ischemic hippocampal damage. The salutary Nrf2-dependent attenuation of reactive gliosis may contribute to this neuroprotection, offering new insight into the cellular basis of an Nrf2-targeting strategy for stroke prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mary K Vollmer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Marie G Kelly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Victoria M Fernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Tyler G Fernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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13
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Zaafan MA, Abdelhamid AM, Ibrahim SM. The Protective Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Against Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rat Model: Modulation of Nuclear Factor-κβ and Caspase-3. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:588-594. [PMID: 31198107 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190611122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Korean red ginseng was reported to have many biological effects like the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory activities. Oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation play major roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The current study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ginseng on rotenone-induced PD in rats. METHODS Rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups: normal rats, rotenone control, ginseng+rotenone and ginseng only treated rats. The severity of PD was evaluated through locomotor activity perceived in the open field test, histological examination and immunohistochemical detection of amyloid-β in brain tissues, in addition to the biochemical assessment of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain tissues. Moreover, the following parameters were investigated for studying the possible mechanisms of ginseng neuroprotective effect: nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), caspase- 3, lipid peroxides and reduced glutathione (GSH). RESULTS Ginseng exhibited potent neuroprotective effect that was reflected upon the histopathological examination, marked improvement in the locomotor activity and through its ability to suppress the amyloid- β deposition in the cortex and striatum along with significant increase in the tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Ginseng successfully inhibited the NF-κβ inflammatory pathway in brain tissues beside the inhibition of other oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, it exhibited antiapoptotic effect via the inhibition of caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSION Ginseng could be a promising treatment in PD. It can suppress dopaminergic neuron degeneration through variable mechanisms mainly via inhibition of NF-κβ pathway in addition to inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A Zaafan
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, MSA University, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Amr M Abdelhamid
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, MSA University, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Sherine M Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, MSA University, 6th of October, Egypt
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Shamim M, Khan NI. Neuroprotective effect ofPanax ginsengextract against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion-injury-induced oxidative stress in middle cerebral artery occlusion models. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the in vivo neuroprotective role of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) pretreatment against transient cerebral ischemia in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Rats were randomly divided as follows: group I, control; group II, sham-operated; group III, where animals were subjected to MCAO surgery; and group IV, where animals were orally administered 10 mL PGE per day (200 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 30 d followed by MCAO induction at day 31. Following 24 h of reperfusion, blood and tissue (brain, liver, and kidney) samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological examination. Biochemical testing included lipid profile, liver enzymes, kidney function tests, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, and total protein estimation. Tissue antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione) were assessed in brain, liver, and kidney tissues. MCAO-induced histopathological changes were also examined in the tissues. Pretreatment with PGE showed significant improvement in tissue antioxidant status in brain, liver and kidney tissues. PGE treatment maintains plasma lipid profile, liver enzymes, kidney function, and CRP, LDH, and glucose levels. Histologically, monocytes and macrophage infiltration were observed in the tissues of MCAO animals, whereas PGE treatment preserved tissue architecture and minimal monocyte infiltration. PGE supplementation showed a neuroprotective effect against ischemia–reperfusion injury by effectively increasing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufzala Shamim
- Pathophysiology Research Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Iqbal Khan
- Pathophysiology Research Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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15
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Seok PR, Oh SJ, Choi JW, Lim CR, Choi JR, Kim JH, Shin JH. The protective effects of Gastrodia elata Blume extracts on middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:857-864. [PMID: 31093444 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) on brain damage, GEB or HBA was administered orally for 14 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h reperfusion, the proportion of circling was significantly reduced in the GEB (79%) or HBA (69%) group compared to the MCAO group (100%) in the corner test, and the removal time in the adhesive removal test was significantly decreased in the GEB (117 ± 21.0 s) and HBA (101 ± 20.9 s) groups compared to the MCAO group (161 ± 12.6 s). GEB treatment significantly reduced infarct volume compared to the MCAO group. In the GEB and HBA group, necrosis of nerve cells in hippocampus and cortex, expressions of TNF-α and TUNEL positive cells were significantly reduced compared to the MCAO group. These results suggest that GEB and HBA prevents brain damage by anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Reum Seok
- 1Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do 13135 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Oh
- 1Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do 13135 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- 1Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do 13135 Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rong Lim
- 1Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do 13135 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ryeol Choi
- 2Muju Wellness Food Project Team, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, Jeonrabuk-do 55069 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoan Kim
- 3Department of Food Technology and Service, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do 13135 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- 1Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do 13135 Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu L, Anderson GA, Fernandez TG, Doré S. Efficacy and Mechanism of Panax Ginseng in Experimental Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:294. [PMID: 31068769 PMCID: PMC6491687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. However, effective therapeutic approaches are still limited. The disruption of blood supply triggers complicated temporal and spatial events involving hemodynamic, biochemical, and neurophysiologic changes, eventually leading to pathological disturbance and diverse clinical symptoms. Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a popular herb distributed in East Asia, has been extensively used as medicinal and nutritional supplements for a variety of disorders worldwide. In recent years, ginseng has displayed attractive beneficial effects in distinct neurological disorders including stroke, involving multiple protective mechanisms. In this article, we reviewed the literature on ginseng studies in the experimental stroke field, particularly focusing on the in vivo evidence on the preventive or therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides in various stroke models of mice and rats. We also summarized the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on short- and long-term stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gigi A Anderson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tyler G Fernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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17
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Sun J, Jiao C, Ma Y, Chen J, Wu W, Liu S. Anti-ageing effect of red ginseng revealed by urinary metabonomics using RRLC-Q-TOF-MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:387-397. [PMID: 29573298 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Red ginseng (RG) is one of the main processed products of the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and is used for anti-ageing. But how metabonomic influences of RG on the progress of ageing are less researched. OBJECTIVE A metabonomic method was developed to study the characters of the ageing process and the effects of total ginsenosides of red ginseng (TGRG) on the progress of ageing. METHODS Urine samples from four different ages (4, 12, 18 and 24 months old) of rats and interference after TGRG were analysed by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis were performed for the pattern recognition and characteristic metabolites identification. RESULTS Fourteen potential biomarkers were found and identified by MS/MS analysis by referring to authentic chemicals. The analysis of metabolic pathways indicated that the reduced energy and lipid metabolism, the decline of kidney function and amino acids metabolism disorders were the main features of ageing. After TGRG administration, lipid and amino acids metabolism of 18 and 24 month-old rats were adjusted to restore a younger level, and nine related biomarkers in the ageing process reset to a younger level were recognised. CONCLUSION These changes showed that TGRG may produce an anti-ageing effect by intervening in the lipid metabolism and correcting the amino acid metabolism disorders in ageing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, P. R. China
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxin Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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18
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Indole-3-carbinol improves neurobehavioral symptoms in a cerebral ischemic stroke model. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:613-625. [PMID: 29602953 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide and also responsible for permanent disability. Ischemic stroke has been found to affect 80% of stroke patients. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the widely used drug for the ischemic stroke with narrow therapeutic window. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural compound obtained from brassica species having antithrombotic activity. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used followed by reperfusion after 2 h of ischemia for the evaluation of the I3C against ischemic stroke. After reperfusion, I3C (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg) was given by oral route once daily and continued up to the 14th day. Behavioral studies including postural reflex, forelimb placing, and cylinder tests showed I3C attenuated the MCAO-induced increase in average score and asymmetry score efficiently. Mean cerebral blood flow (CBF) was improved by treatment with I3C (12.5 mg/kg) by 60% of baseline at 6 h. I3C inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation and reduced ischemic volume significantly. It also inhibited in vitro the ADP-induced platelet aggregation in healthy human volunteers. I3C improves behavioral scores and mean CBF after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Furthermore, I3C showed prophylactic anti-thrombotic activity against carrageenan induced tail thrombosis. Therefore, preclinical evidence points to I3C as a potential candidate for use in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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19
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Baek JH, Heo JY, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Choi KW, Na EJ, Cho H, Jeon HJ. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng in individuals exposed to high stress levels: a 6-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:402-407. [PMID: 31308812 PMCID: PMC6606819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the neurobiological evidence supporting the adaptogenic effects of Korean Red Ginseng in reducing the harmful consequences of stress using a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Method Sixty-three subjects with high stress levels were randomized to receive an orally administered, double-blind, 6-week treatment with Korean Red Ginseng (n = 32) or placebo (n = 31). All participants underwent a comprehensive psychological evaluation using Beck Depression Inventory and Stress Response Inventory, cognitive evaluation using the continuous performance test, biological evaluation by measuring blood levels of lipids, catecholamines, inflammation markers, and heart rate variability at baseline and after 6 weeks. Results At baseline, both groups showed no significant differences in age, sex, years of education, Beck Depression Inventory, and Stress Response Inventory. After 6 weeks, triglyceride levels were significantly increased within the normal limit in theKorean Red Ginseng group (F = 4.11, p = 0.048), and the epinephrine level was decreased in this group (F = 4,35, p = 0.043). The triglyceride increase was significantly associated with epinephrine decrease (B = −0.087, p = 0.041), suggesting that Korean Red Ginseng may stabilize the sympathetic nervous system. In addition, we detected a significant group by time effect in the visually controlled continuous performance test, suggesting positive effects of Korean Red Ginseng on cognition. Conclusion Korean Red Ginseng might help to stabilize the sympathetic nervous system and improve cognition in individuals with high stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Heo
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Kwan Woo Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Department of Medical Device Management & Research, Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Zhu JD, Wang JJ, Zhang XH, Yu Y, Kang ZS. Panax ginseng extract attenuates neuronal injury and cognitive deficits in rats with vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:664-672. [PMID: 29722318 PMCID: PMC5950676 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plant. Panax ginseng extract has numerous biological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antistress activities. Panax ginseng extract also has a cognition-enhancing effect in rats with alcohol-induced memory impairment. In this study, we partially occluded the bilateral carotid arteries in the rat to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, a well-known model of vascular dementia. The rats were then intragastrically administered 50 or 100 mg/kg Panax ginseng extract. Morris water maze and balance beam tests were used to evaluate memory deficits and motor function, respectively. Protein quantity was used to evaluate cholinergic neurons. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells. Western blot assay was used to evaluate protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, Bcl-2 and Bax. Treatment with Panax ginseng extract for 8 weeks significantly improved behavioral function and increased neuronal density and VEGF and bFGF protein expression in the hippocampal CA3 area. Furthermore, Panax ginseng extract reduced the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive cells, and it decreased apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax protein expression. The effect of Panax ginseng extract was dose-dependent and similar to that of nimodipine, a commonly used drug for the treatment of vascular dementia. These findings suggest that Panax ginseng extract is neuroprotective against vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and therefore might have therapeutic potential for preventing and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-De Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xian-Hu Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhao-Sheng Kang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
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21
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Sun Y, Guo M, Feng Y, Zheng H, Lei P, Ma X, Han X, Guan H, Hou D. Effect of ginseng polysaccharides on NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3773-3777. [PMID: 28105109 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice. Cyclophosphamide (Cy) was used to construct an immunosuppressed mouse model. The mice in each group were submitted to gavages with 200 or 400 mg/kg GPS every day for 10 days. Magnetic-activated cell sorting was used to isolate spleen NK cells, and the NK cell cytotoxicity, blood distribution, expression levels of perforin and granzyme, and the mRNA expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ were detected. Compared with the normal control group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the blood, and the expression levels of perforin, granzyme and IFN-γ mRNA in the Cy model group were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In addition, compared with the Cy model group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the whole blood, and the expression levels of perforin and granzyme in the NK cells in the Cy + low-dose GPS and Cy + high-dose GPS groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). However, the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ in the NK cells did not significantly change (P>0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the whole blood, and the expression levels of perforin in the Cy + low-dose GPS and the Cy + high-dose GPS groups were significantly lower (P<0.05). However, the expression levels of granzyme in the NK cells was not significantly different, as compared with the normal control group (P>0.05). These results suggested that GPS promotes NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice by increasing the number of NK cells in the whole blood and upregulating the expression of perforin and granzyme. Thus, the present study investigated the molecular mechanism underlying NK cell activation by GPS, the research showed that GPS have a wide application prospects in the treatment of cancer and immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Sun
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Mofei Guo
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Feng
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiande Ma
- Experiment and Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Guan
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Diandong Hou
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
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22
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Wang P, He Y, Li D, Han R, Liu G, Kong D, Hao J. Class I PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 mediates a shift in microglial/macrophage phenotype and inhibits inflammatory response in mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:192. [PMID: 27549161 PMCID: PMC4994222 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia/macrophages play a critical role in the inflammatory and immune processes of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Since microglia/macrophages can reversibly shift their phenotype toward either a “detrimental” or a “restorative” state in the injured central nervous system (CNS), compounds mediate that shift which could inhibit inflammation and restore the ability to alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury would have therapeutic potential. Methods Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in male C57BL/6 mice. Mice were randomly separated into a sham-operated group, a control group, and a ZSTK474-treated group. We investigated the effect of ZSTK474 by assessing neurological deficits, infarct volume, and histopathological changes. We then determined the potential mechanism by immunofluorescent staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot analysis. The Tukey’s test or Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare differences among the groups. Results ZSTK474 alleviated neurological deficits and reduced infarct volume in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Presumably, ZSTK474 shifted the phenotype of microglia/macrophages to a restorative state, since this treatment decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and advanced the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors. These neuroprotective properties of ZSTK474 may be mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Conclusions ZSTK474 can mediate a shift in microglia/macrophage phenotype and inhibit the inflammatory response in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of mice. These effects appeared to ensue via the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway. Therefore, ZSTK474 may represent a therapeutic intervention with potential for circumventing the catastrophic aftermath of ischemic stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0660-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014000, China
| | - Yating He
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Daojing Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ranran Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Guiyou Liu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Rastogi V, Santiago-Moreno J, Doré S. Ginseng: a promising neuroprotective strategy in stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:457. [PMID: 25653588 PMCID: PMC4299449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in the world. It has been used in the treatment of various ailments and to boost immunity for centuries; especially in Asian countries. The most common ginseng variant in traditional herbal medicine is ginseng, which is made from the peeled and dried root of Panax Ginseng. Ginseng has been suggested as an effective treatment for a vast array of neurological disorders, including stroke and other acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Ginseng’s neuroprotective effects are focused on the maintenance of homeostasis. This review involves a comprehensive literature search that highlights aspects of ginseng’s putative neuroprotective effectiveness, focusing on stroke. Attenuation of inflammation through inhibition of various proinflammatory mediators, along with suppression of oxidative stress by various mechanisms, including activation of the cytoprotective transcriptional factor Nrf2, which results in decrease in reactive oxygen species, could account for its neuroprotective efficacy. It can also prevent neuronal death as a result of stroke, thus decreasing anatomical and functional stroke damage. Although there are diverse studies that have investigated the mechanisms involved in the efficacy of ginseng in treating disorders, there is still much that needs to be clarified. Both in vitro and in vivo studies including randomized controlled clinical trials are necessary to develop in-depth knowledge of ginseng and its practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Rastogi
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA ; Departments of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Juan Santiago-Moreno
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA ; Departments of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA ; Departments of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA ; Departments of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA
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Park GH, Park KY, Cho HI, Lee SM, Han JS, Won CH, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Shin H, Kang YJ, Lee DH. Red ginseng extract promotes the hair growth in cultured human hair follicles. J Med Food 2014; 18:354-62. [PMID: 25396716 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been shown to promote hair growth in several recent studies. However, its effects on human hair follicles and its mechanisms of action have not been sufficiently elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the hair growth-promoting effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and its ginsenosides. The proliferative activities of cultured human hair follicles treated with RGE and ginsenoside-Rb1 were assessed using Ki-67 immunostaining. Their effects on isolated human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) were evaluated using cytotoxicity assays, immunoblot analysis of signaling proteins, and the determination of associated growth factors. We examined the ability of RGE and ginsenosides to protect hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation against dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced suppression and their effects on the expression of androgen receptor. The in vivo hair growth-promoting effect of RGE was also investigated in C57BL/6 mice. Both RGE and ginsenoside-Rb1 enhanced the proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes. hDPCs treated with RGE or ginsenoside-Rb1 exhibited substantial cell proliferation and the associated phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Moreover, RGE, ginsenoside-Rb1, and ginsenoside-Rg3 abrogated the DHT-induced suppression of hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and the DHT-induced upregulation of the mRNA expression of androgen receptor in hDPCs. Murine experiments revealed that the subcutaneous injection of 3% RGE resulted in more rapid hair growth than the negative control. In conclusion, RGE and its ginsenosides may enhance hDPC proliferation, activate ERK and AKT signaling pathways in hDPCs, upregulate hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation, and inhibit the DHT-induced androgen receptor transcription. These results suggest that red ginseng may promote hair growth in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Hun Park
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine , Hwaseong, Korea
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Meng F, Wang Y, Liu R, Gao M, DU G. Pinocembrin alleviates memory impairment in transient global cerebral ischemic rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1285-1290. [PMID: 25187841 PMCID: PMC4151662 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pinocembrin on cognitive ability impairment in a rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI). The TGCI model was established by inducing global cerebral ischemia for 20 min, followed by reperfusion for two weeks. The rats were divided into five experimental groups, including the sham group that were not subjected to ischemia, and four ischemic groups where the rats were exposed to TGCI. The sham and control TGCI groups were administered a vehicle intravenously immediately after reperfusion, while the other three groups were intravenously treated with 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg pinocembrin, respectively. In the present study, neurological scores were analyzed at 0 and 24 h after reperfusion, and the effect of pinocembrin on cognitive ability impairment in the TGCI rat model was investigated using a Morris water maze test. Neuronal loss was observed under an optical microscope with the assistance of Nissl staining. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were observed under an optical microscope by an immunohistochemistry assay. Pinocembrin treatment was found to alleviate the cognitive impairments, decrease the neurological scores, diminish neuronal loss in the hippocampus and reduce the number of GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of the TGCI rats. Therefore, pinocembrin alleviated memory impairment in the TGCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrui Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China ; National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Mei Gao
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Guanhua DU
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Effects of korean red ginseng on hearing and blood glucose levels in steroid therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 7:170-4. [PMID: 25177431 PMCID: PMC4135151 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2014.7.3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Korean red ginseng (KRG) has hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antithrombotic, and other beneficial effects in human. The present study evaluate the therapeutic effects of KRG on hearing recovery and glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) undergoing systemic steroid therapy. METHODS The patients were divided into 2 groups: the steroid, and the combination of steroid and red ginseng. Pure tone averages (PTA) were assessed at the first visit and 2-month follow-up. All patients underwent fasting blood glucose analyses just before and on the fifth day of treatment. Both groups were treated with a 10-day course of oral methylprednisolone at tapering doses starting from a daily dose of 48 mg. To the combination group, KRG extract was administered by mouth at a daily dose of 3 g for 20 days in addition to methylprednisolone. Hearing gain was calculated comparing the initial PTA and PTA at 2 months' follow-up. Treatment responses were classified according to Siegel's criteria. RESULTS Pretreatment conditions were similar between the steroid (n=37) and combination groups (n=36). At 2 months after the treatment, PTA improved significantly in both groups, but there was no significant difference in the mean hearing gain & recovery rate. The non-diabetic subjects in the steroid group (n=27) exhibited a 24% increase in the mean blood glucose level during the systemic steroid therapy, while those in the combination group (n=34) showed no changes. CONCLUSION Although the KRG did not provide greater therapeutic effects on hearing recovery, we suggest that red ginseng can be a useful adjuvant to the current steroid therapy to normalize glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in non-diabetic patients during the treatment of SSNHL.
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Dong S, Tong X, Li J, Huang C, Hu C, Jiao H, Gu Y. Total flavonoid of Litsea coreana leve exerts anti-oxidative effects and alleviates focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3193-202. [PMID: 25206640 PMCID: PMC4146186 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.34.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that total flavonoid of Litsea coreana leve (TFLC) protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. TFLC (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) was administered orally to a rat model of focal ischemia/reperfusion injury, while the free radical scavenging agent, edaravone, was used as a positive control drug. Results of neurological deficit scoring, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining and biochemical tests showed that TFLC at different doses significantly alleviated cerebral ischemia-induced neurological deficits and histopathological changes, and reduced infarct volume. Moreover, it suppressed the increase in the levels of nitrates plus nitrites, malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase, and it diminished the reduction in gluta-thione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in-jury. Compared with edaravone, the protective effects of TFLC at low and medium doses (25, 50 mg/kg) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were weaker, while the protective effects at high dose (100 mg/kg) were similar. Our experimental findings suggest that TFLC exerts neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, and that the effects may be asso-ciated with its antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuhui Tong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chengmu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hao Jiao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuchen Gu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
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Cho SO, Lim JW, Kim H. Red ginseng extract inhibits the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells by suppressing the activation of NADPH oxidase and Jak2/Stat3. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:761-764. [PMID: 24055641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMCOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Helicobacter pylori induced oxidative stress represents an important mechanism leading to expression of inflammatory mediators. Korean red ginseng is used in traditional medicine to inhibit inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of red ginseng is still under investigation. Thus, we investigated whether Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) inhibits NADPH oxidase, a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the Jak2/Stat3 pathway, which mediates the expression of inflammatory mediators, in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standardized RGE was supplied by the Korea Ginseng Corporation. Human gastric epithelial cells (AGS) were treated with RGE and stimulated with Helicobacter pylori. NADPH oxidase activity, ROS levels, activation of Jak2/Stat3, and induction of MCP-1 and iNOS were determined. RESULTS Helicobacter pylori infection resulted in an increase in ROS and activation of NADPH oxidase and Jak2/Stat3, which induced the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS in AGS cells. The induction of MCP-1 and iNOS was inhibited by both the Jak2/Stat3 inhibitor AG490 and RGE in Helicobacter pylori-infected cells. RGE suppressed NADPH oxidase activity by inhibiting translocation of cytosolic subunits p67phox and p47phox to the membrane and reduced ROS levels in Helicobacter pylori-infected cells. CONCLUSION RGE inhibits the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS by suppressing the activation of NADPH oxidase and Jak2/Stat3 in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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