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Nazerian Y, Nazerian A, Mohamadi-Jahani F, Sodeifi P, Jafarian M, Javadi SAH. Hydrogel-encapsulated extracellular vesicles for the regeneration of spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1309172. [PMID: 38156267 PMCID: PMC10752990 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1309172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a critical neurological condition that may impair motor, sensory, and autonomous functions. At the cellular level, inflammation, impairment of axonal regeneration, and neuronal death are responsible for SCI-related complications. Regarding the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with SCI, there is a need for effective treatment. Despite advances in SCI repair, an optimal treatment for complete recovery after SCI has not been found so far. Therefore, an effective strategy is needed to promote neuronal regeneration and repair after SCI. In recent years, regenerative treatments have become a potential option for achieving improved functional recovery after SCI by promoting the growth of new neurons, protecting surviving neurons, and preventing additional damage to the spinal cord. Transplantation of cells and cells-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be effective for SCI recovery. However, there are some limitations and challenges related to cell-based strategies. Ethical concerns and limited efficacy due to the low survival rate, immune rejection, and tumor formation are limitations of cell-based therapies. Using EVs is a helpful strategy to overcome these limitations. It should be considered that short half-life, poor accumulation, rapid clearance, and difficulty in targeting specific tissues are limitations of EVs-based therapies. Hydrogel-encapsulated exosomes have overcome these limitations by enhancing the efficacy of exosomes through maintaining their bioactivity, protecting EVs from rapid clearance, and facilitating the sustained release of EVs at the target site. These hydrogel-encapsulated EVs can promote neuroregeneration through improving functional recovery, reducing inflammation, and enhancing neuronal regeneration after SCI. This review aims to provide an overview of the current research status, challenges, and future clinical opportunities of hydrogel-encapsulated EVs in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Nazerian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Mohamadi-Jahani
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Sodeifi
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jafarian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Javadi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: The development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112529. [PMID: 34906773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system (CNS) devastate event that is commonly caused by traumatic or non-traumatic events. The reinnervation of spinal cord axons is hampered through a myriad of devices counting on the damaged myelin, inflammation, glial scar, and defective inhibitory molecules. Unfortunately, an effective treatment to completely repair SCI and improve functional recovery has not been found. In this regard, strategies such as using cells, biomaterials, biomolecules, and drugs have been reported to be effective for SCI recovery. Furthermore, recent advances in combinatorial treatments, which address various aspects of SCI pathophysiology, provide optimistic outcomes for spinal cord regeneration. According to the global importance of SCI, the goal of this article review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SCI, with an emphasis on the latest modes of intervention and current advanced approaches for the treatment of SCI, in conjunction with an assessment of combinatorial approaches in preclinical and clinical trials. So, this article can give scientists and clinicians' clues to help them better understand how to construct preclinical and clinical studies that could lead to a breakthrough in spinal cord regeneration.
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Vedaraman S, Perez‐Tirado A, Haraszti T, Gerardo‐Nava J, Nishiguchi A, De Laporte L. Anisometric Microstructures to Determine Minimal Critical Physical Cues Required for Neurite Alignment. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100874. [PMID: 34197054 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In nerve regeneration, scaffolds play an important role in providing an artificial extracellular matrix with architectural, mechanical, and biochemical cues to bridge the site of injury. Directed nerve growth is a crucial aspect of nerve repair, often introduced by engineered scaffolds imparting linear tracks. The influence of physical cues, determined by well-defined architectures, has been mainly studied for implantable scaffolds and is usually limited to continuous guiding features. In this report, the potential of short anisometric microelements in inducing aligned neurite extension, their dimensions, and the role of vertical and horizontal distances between them, is investigated. This provides crucial information to create efficient injectable 3D materials with discontinuous, in situ magnetically oriented microstructures, like the Anisogel. By designing and fabricating periodic, anisometric, discreet guidance cues in a high-throughput 2D in vitro platform using two-photon lithography techniques, the authors are able to decipher the minimal guidance cues required for directed nerve growth along the major axis of the microelements. These features determine whether axons grow unidirectionally or cross paths via the open spaces between the elements, which is vital for the design of injectable Anisogels for enhanced nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara Vedaraman
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1–2 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Amaury Perez‐Tirado
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Tamas Haraszti
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1–2 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Jose Gerardo‐Nava
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Akihiro Nishiguchi
- Biomaterials Field Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba 305‐0044 Japan
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1–2 Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine RWTH University Forckenbeckstraße 55 Aachen 52074 Germany
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Stumpf TR, Tang L, Kirkwood K, Yang X, Zhang J, Cao X. Production and evaluation of biosynthesized cellulose tubes as promising nerve guides for spinal cord injury treatment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1380-1389. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisa R. Stumpf
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Linda Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Kathlyn Kirkwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Hainan Institute of Science and Technology Haikou China
| | | | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa‐Carleton Institute of Biomedical Engineering Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Lavanya P, Vijayakumari N. Fabrication of Poly (d, l - Alanine)/minerals substituted hydroxyapatite bio-composite for bone tissue applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.md.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Song HL, Zhang X, Wang WZ, Liu RH, Zhao K, Liu MY, Gong WM, Ning B. Neuroprotective mechanisms of rutin for spinal cord injury through anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation and inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:128-134. [PMID: 29451217 PMCID: PMC5840978 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rutin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immune regulatory effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of rutin in spinal cord injury are unknown. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway is the most important member of the MAPK family that controls inflammation. We assumed that the mechanism of rutin in the repair of spinal cord injury is associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway. Allen's method was used to establish a rat model of spinal cord injury. The rat model was intraperitoneally injected with rutin (30 mg/kg) for 3 days. After treatment with rutin, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor function scores increased. Water content, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 levels, p38 MAPK protein expression and caspase-3 and -9 activities in T8–9 spinal cord decreased. Oxidative stress related markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels increased in peripheral blood. Rutin exerts neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Song
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Hospital Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhao Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rong-Han Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei-Ming Gong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Sha W, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Zhang K. The inhibition of microRNA-31 weakens acute spinal cord injury through nuclear factor-κB and TGF-β/Smad 2 in rat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:9122-9131. [PMID: 31966785 PMCID: PMC6965915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate that the therapeutic potential of microRNA-31 after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats and to expound the potential neuroprotective mechanisms. In SCI model, microRNA-31 expression was up-regulated, compared with negative group. In vitro model, over-expression of microRNA-31 increases cell apoptosis and inflammation, compared with negative control group. Over-expression of microRNA-31 induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), TGF-β and p-Smad 2 protein expression in vitro model of SCI, compared with negative control group. NF-κB inhibitor suppressed the effects of microRNA-31 on inflammation of vitro model of SCI. Meanwhile, TGF-β inhibitor suppressed the effects of microRNA-31 on apoptosis of in vitro model of SCI. The results clearly show that anti-microRNA-31 weakens inflammation and apoptosis by NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad 2 pathway in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Sha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingxiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kelun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600, Jiangsu, China
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Han S, Xiao Z, Li X, Zhao H, Wang B, Qiu Z, Li Z, Mei X, Xu B, Fan C, Chen B, Han J, Gu Y, Yang H, Shi Q, Dai J. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells loaded on linear ordered collagen scaffold improves functional recovery after completely transected spinal cord injury in canine. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 61:2-13. [PMID: 28527111 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-9002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major challenge in the clinic. In this study, we sought to examine the synergistic effects of linear ordered collagen scaffold (LOCS) and human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) when transplanted into completely transected beagle dogs. After 36 weeks observation, we found that LOCS+hPMSCs implants promoted better hindlimb locomotor recovery than was observed in the non-treatment (control) group and LOCS group. Histological analysis showed that the regenerated tissue after treatment was well integrated with the host tissue, and dramatically reduced the volume of cystic and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) expression. Furthermore, the LOCS+hPMSCs group also showed more neuron-specific βIII-tubulin (Tuj-1)- and NeuN-positive neurons in the lesion area, as well as axonal regeneration, remyelination and synapse formation in the lesion site. Additionally, dogs in the LOCS+hPMSCs group experienced enhanced sprouting of both ascending (CGRP-positive) sensory fibers and descending (5-HT- and TH-positive) motor fibers at the lesion area. All these data together suggested that the combined treatment had beneficial effects on neuronal regeneration and functional improvement in a canine complete transection model. Therefore, LOCS+hPMSCs implantation holds a great promise for bridging the nerve defect and may be clinically useful in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Zhixue Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xin Mei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Bai Xu
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Caixia Fan
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China.
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Munoz A, Yazdi IK, Tang X, Rivera C, Taghipour N, Grossman RG, Boone TB, Tasciotti E. Localized inhibition of P2X7R at the spinal cord injury site improves neurogenic bladder dysfunction by decreasing urothelial P2X3R expression in rats. Life Sci 2017; 171:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ji WC, Zhang XW, Qiu YS. Selected suitable seed cell, scaffold and growth factor could maximize the repair effect using tissue engineering method in spinal cord injury. World J Exp Med 2016; 6:58-62. [PMID: 27622154 PMCID: PMC4990758 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v6.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury usually leads to permanent disability, which could cause a huge financial problem to the patient. Up to now there is no effective method to treat this disease. The key of the treatment is to enable the damage zone axonal regeneration and luckily it could go through the damage zone; last a connection can be established with the target neurons. This study attempts to combine stem cell, material science and genetic modification technology together, by preparing two genes modified adipose-derived stem cells and inducing them into neuron direction; then by compositing them on the silk fibroin/chitosan scaffold and implanting them into the spinal cord injury model, seed cells can have features of neuron cells. At the same time, it could stably express the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3, both of which could produce synergistic effects, which have a positive effect on the recovery of spinal cord. The spinal cord scaffold bridges the broken end of the spinal cord and isolates with the surrounding environment, which could avoid a scar effect on the nerve regeneration and provide three-dimensional space for the seed cell growth, and at last we hope to provide a new treatment for spinal cord injury with the tissue engineering technique.
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often represents a condition of permanent neurologic deficit. It has been possible to understand and delineate the mechanisms contributing to loss of function following primary injury. The clinicians might hope to improve the outcome in SCI injury by designing treatment strategies that could target these secondary mechanisms of response to injury. However, the approaches like molecular targeting of the neurons or surgical interventions have yielded very limited success till date. In recent times, a great thrust is put on to the cellular transplantation mode of treatment strategies to combat SCI problems so as to gain maximum functional recovery. In this review, we discuss about the various cellular transplantation strategies that could be employed in the treatment of SCI. The success of such cellular approaches involving Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, peripheral nerve, embryonic CNS tissue and activated macrophage has been supported by a number of reports and has been detailed here. Many of these cell transplantation strategies have reached the clinical trial stages. Also, the evolving field of stem cell therapy has made it possible to contemplate the role of both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells to stimulate the differentiation of neurons when transplanted in SCI models. Moreover, the roles of tissue engineering techniques and synthetic biomaterials have also been explained with their beneficial and deleterious effects. Many of these cell-based therapeutic approaches have been able to cause only a little change in recovery and a combinatorial approach involving more than one strategy are now being tried out to successfully treat SCI and improve functional recovery.
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Pawar K, Prang P, Müller R, Caioni M, Bogdahn U, Kunz W, Weidner N. Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of central nervous system axon outgrowth into alginate-based anisotropic hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2015; 27:131-139. [PMID: 26310676 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate target reinnervation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury depend on longitudinally directed regrowth of injured axons. Anisotropic alginate-based capillary hydrogels (ACH) support peripheral nervous system derived axon growth, which is accompanied by glial supporting cell migration into the ACH. The aim of the present study was to analyze central nervous system (CNS) derived (entorhinal cortex, spinal cord slice cultures) axon regrowth into ACH containing linearly aligned capillaries of defined capillary sizes without and with gelatin constituent. Anisotropic ACH were prepared by ionotropic gel formation using Ba(2+), Cu(2+), Sr(2+), or Zn(2+) ions resulting in gels with average capillary diameters of 11, 13, 29, and 89μm, respectively. Postnatal rat entorhinal cortex or spinal cord slice cultures were placed on top of 500μm thick ACH. Seven days later axon growth and astroglial migration into the ACH were determined. Axon density within capillaries correlated positively with increasing capillary diameters, whereas longitudinally oriented axon outgrowth diminished with increasing capillary diameter. Axons growing into the hydrogels were always accompanied by astrocytes strongly suggesting that respective cells are required to mediate CNS axon elongation into ACH. Overall, midsize capillary diameter ACH appeared to be the best compromise between axon density and orientation. Taken together, ACH promote CNS axon ingrowth, which is determined by the capillary diameter and migration of slice culture derived astroglia into the hydrogel. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomaterials are investigated as therapeutic tools to bridge irreversible lesions following traumatic spinal cord injury. The goal is to develop biomaterials, which promote longitudinally oriented regeneration of as many injured axons as possible as prerequisite for substantial functional recovery. Optimal parameters of the biomaterial have yet to be defined. In the present study we show that increasing capillary diameters within such hydrogels enhanced central nervous system axon regeneration at the expense of longitudinal orientation. Axon ingrowth into the hydrogels was only observed in the presence of glial supporting cells, namely astrocytes. This suggests that alginate-based hydrogels need to be colonized with respective cells in order to facilitate axon ingrowth.
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Wang Y, Li ZW, Luo M, Li YJ, Zhang KQ. Biological conduits combining bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular matrix to treat long-segment sciatic nerve defects. Neural Regen Res 2015. [PMID: 26199615 PMCID: PMC4498360 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.158362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of polylactic glycolic acid conduits combining bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular matrix gel for the repair of sciatic nerve injury is effective in some respects, but few data comparing the biomechanical factors related to the sciatic nerve are available. In the present study, rabbit models of 10-mm sciatic nerve defects were prepared. The rabbit models were repaired with autologous nerve, a polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, or a polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells + extracellular matrix gel. After 24 weeks, mechanical testing was performed to determine the stress relaxation and creep parameters. Following sciatic nerve injury, the magnitudes of the stress decrease and strain increase at 7,200 seconds were largest in the polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells + extracellular matrix gel group, followed by the polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group, and then the autologous nerve group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated that compared with the polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group and the autologous nerve group, a more complete sciatic nerve regeneration was found, including good myelination, regularly arranged nerve fibers, and a completely degraded and resorbed conduit, in the polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells + extracellular matrix gel group. These results indicate that bridging 10-mm sciatic nerve defects with a polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells + extracellular matrix gel construct increases the stress relaxation under a constant strain, reducing anastomotic tension. Large elongations under a constant physiological load can limit the anastomotic opening and shift, which is beneficial for the regeneration and functional reconstruction of sciatic nerve. Better regeneration was found with the polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells + extracellular matrix gel grafts than with the polylactic glycolic acid conduit + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells grafts and the autologous nerve grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ya-Jun Li
- Mathematics School, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Ji W, Zhang X, Ji L, Wang K, Qiu Y. Effects of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin‑3 on the neuronal differentiation of rat adipose‑derived stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4981-8. [PMID: 26239042 PMCID: PMC4581787 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising method that may be used to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). The underlying repair mechanism of tissue engineering involves the stable secretion of neurotrophins from seed cells, which eventually differentiate into neurons; therefore, the selection of appropriate seed cells, which stably secrete neurotrophins that easily differentiate into neurons requires investigation. Adipose‑derived stem cells (ADSCs), which are adult SCs, are advantageous due to convenience sampling and easy expansion; therefore, ADSCs are currently the most popular type of seed cell. Brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‑3 (NT‑3) possess superior properties, when compared with other neurotrophic factors, in the maintenance of neuronal survival and promotion of SC differentiation into neurons. The present study used two lentiviruses, which specifically express BDNF and NT‑3 [Lenti‑BDNF‑green fluorescent protein (GFP), Lenti‑NT‑3‑red fluorescent protein (RFP)], to transfect third‑generation ADSCs. Three types of seed cell were obtained: i) Seed cells overexpressing BDNF (ADSC/Lenti‑BDNF‑GFP); ii) seed cells overexpressing NT‑3 (ADSC/Lenti‑NT‑3‑RFP); and iii) seed cells overexpressing BDNF and NT‑3 (ADSC/Lenti‑BDNF‑GFP and NT‑3‑RFP). The transfected cells were then induced to differentiate into neurons and were divided into a further four groups: i) The BDNF and NT‑3 co‑overexpression group; ii) the BDNF overexpression group; iii) the NT‑3 overexpression group; and iv) the control group, which consisted of untransfected ADSCs. The results of the present study demonstrate that BDNF and NT‑3 expression was higher 10 days after induction, as detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting. Neuron‑specific enolase is a neuronal marker, the expression of which was highest in the BDNF and NT‑3 co‑overexpression group, followed by the BDNF overexpression group and then by the NT‑3 overexpression group. The lowest expression levels of NSE were detected in the control group, as determined by RT‑qPCR, western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. These results indicate that BDNF and NT‑3 exert a synergistic effect, which may promote the neuronal differentiation of ADSCs. The present study provides a solid theoretical foundation for future experiments regarding the use of tissue engineering technology for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchen Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Le Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yusheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Liu C, Huang Y, Pang M, Yang Y, Li S, Liu L, Shu T, Zhou W, Wang X, Rong L, Liu B. Tissue-engineered regeneration of completely transected spinal cord using induced neural stem cells and gelatin-electrospun poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/polyethylene glycol scaffolds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117709. [PMID: 25803031 PMCID: PMC4372351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has brought new possibilities for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Two important components for tissue engineering of the spinal cord include a suitable cell source and scaffold. In our study, we investigated induced mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) directly reprogrammed into neural stem cells (iNSCs), as a cell source. Three-dimensional (3D) electrospun poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) nanofiber scaffolds were used for iNSCs adhesion and growth. Cell growth, survival and proliferation on the scaffolds were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclei staining were used to assess cell growth on the scaffolds. Scaffolds with iNSCs were then transplanted into transected rat spinal cords. Two or 8 weeks following transplantation, immunofluorescence was performed to determine iNSC survival and differentiation within the scaffolds. Functional recovery was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) Scale. Results indicated that iNSCs showed similar morphological features with wild-type neural stem cells (wt-NSCs), and expressed a variety of neural stem cell marker genes. Furthermore, iNSCs were shown to survive, with the ability to self-renew and undergo neural differentiation into neurons and glial cells within the 3D scaffolds in vivo. The iNSC-seeded scaffolds restored the continuity of the spinal cord and reduced cavity formation. Additionally, iNSC-seeded scaffolds contributed to functional recovery of the spinal cord. Therefore, PLGA-PEG scaffolds seeded with iNSCs may serve as promising supporting transplants for repairing spinal cord injury (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangfu Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Linshan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States of America
| | - Tao Shu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
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Presence of trans-synaptic neurons derived from olfactory mucosa transplanted after spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014; 39:1267-73. [PMID: 24827516 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) tracers, we measured the effectiveness of olfactory mucosa (OM) transplantation as a scaffold in a rat model of chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE We examined whether OM transplantation for chronic SCI in rats results in reconstruction of neuronal pathways by both regeneration of the remaining axons and supply of OM-derived trans-synaptic neurons. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA OM is one of the ideal scaffolds for axonal regeneration after chronic SCI. METHODS Rats received a mild contusion at vertebral level T6-T7. Two weeks after SCI, enhanced green fluorescent protein rat-derived OM, respiratory mucosa, and phosphate-buffered saline were transplanted into each group of SCI rats. Ten weeks after SCI, BDA was injected into the right sensorimotor cortex. Eleven weeks after SCI, WGA was injected into the L1-L2 posterior column to label the corticospinal tract retrogradely and trans-synaptically. Twelve weeks after SCI, rats were killed and their spinal cords were divided into cervical (area a), thoracic-injured (area b), and lower thoracic portions (area c). Immunohistochemically, sections of area (b) were evaluated by counting cells positive for enhanced green fluorescent protein, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, WGA, and BDA (OM and respiratory mucosa groups). Axonal regenerations were estimated by counting WGA- and BDA-positive dots in transverse sections of area (a) and area (c). RESULTS Compared with respiratory mucosa and phosphate-buffered saline transplantation, OM transplantation increased the number of WGA-positive dots in area (a), and the number of BDA-positive dots in area (c) was more after OM transplantation than after phosphate-buffered saline transplantation. Furthermore, the number of quadruple-positive cells in area (b) was much higher after OM transplantation. CONCLUSION Our results provide both indirect and direct evidence for the presence of trans-synaptic neurons. OM transplantation in rats with chronic SCI resulted in reconstruction of neural pathways by both providing trans-synaptic neurons and supporting regeneration of remaining axons. The olfactory mucosa is thought to be an efficacious scaffold to produce the relay neuron in chronic spinal cord injury.
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