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Abusoglu S, Eryavuz Onmaz D, Abusoglu G, Humeyra Yerlikaya F, Unlu A. Measurement of kynurenine pathway metabolites by tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:114-121. [PMID: 37113385 PMCID: PMC10127116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Recent studies have shown that derangements in kynurenine pathway metabolite levels are associated with various pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Therefore, reliable, accurate, fast, and multiplex measurement methods for kynurenines have become increasingly important. This study aimed to validate a new mass spectrometric method for analyzing tryptophan metabolites. Methods A tandem mass spectrometric method, including protein precipitation and evaporation steps, was developed to measure serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Samples were separated using a Phenomenex Luna C18 reversed-phase column. The kynurenine pathway metabolites were detected by tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was validated according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and applied to hemodialysis samples. Results The developed method was linear at the concentrations of 48.8 - 25,000, 0.98 - 500, 1.2-5000, 1.2-5000, and 0.98-250 ng/mL for tryptophan, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and 3-hydroxykynurenine, respectively. The imprecisions were less than 12 %. The median serum concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were 10530, 1100, 218, 17.6, and 25.4 ng/mL in pre-dialysis blood samples, respectively. They were 4560, 664, 135, 7.4, and 12.8 ng/mL in post-dialysis blood samples, respectively. Conclusions A fast, simple, cost-effective, accurate, robust, and validated tandem mass spectrometric method was developed, and the method was successfully used for the quantitation of kynurenine pathway metabolite concentrations in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Abusoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Eryavuz Onmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | - Gulsum Abusoglu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Selcuk University Vocational School of Health, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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İriz A, Şemsi R, Eser B, Arslan B, Dinçel AS. The evaluation of serum tryptophan and kynurenine levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath 2020; 25:1389-1398. [PMID: 33222028 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway may play a role in certain physiological functions such as behavior, sleep, thermoregulation, and pregnancy. Tryptophan (Trp) is oxidized with tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Under normal conditions, hepatic kynurenine is a transcription factor and IDO expression in healthy tissues is very low. The ratio of Kyn to Trp can be used as an indicator to assess IDO activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Kyn/Trp ratio and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) disease activity. METHODS Study participants were categorized in 3 groups: Group 1 included patients with mild OSAS, Group 2, patients with moderate to severe OSAS, and Group 3, individuals considered normal to serve as controls. The demographic characteristics of the patients were recorded. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) measurements were performed by diagnostic polysomnography (PSG). Trp and Kyn levels were determined by HPLC-UV method. RESULTS Group 1 included 30 patients (18 men) with mild OSAS; Group 2 included 42 patients (31 men) with moderate to severe OSAS; and Group 3 included 25 controls (13 men). While there was no statistically significant difference between the levels of tryptophan and kynurenine in the groups, a significant difference was found between the Kyn/Trp ratios. A significant correlation was observed in individuals with a body mass index less than 25 with the Kyn/Trp ratio. In individuals with mild OSAS, a significant correlation was observed between ODI and BMI. In individuals with moderate to severe OSAS, there was a significant correlation between ODI, AHI, and BMI. CONCLUSION In this study, there was no relationship between OSAS disease severity and IDO activity as assessed by immunoreactivity via the Kyn/Trp pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe İriz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (Ear-Nose-Throat), Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rabia Şemsi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Eser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Gülhane Institute of Health Sciences, R&D Centre, Chromatography Laboratory, The University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Arslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ercis State Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Aylin Sepici Dinçel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Determination of kynurnine and tryptophan, biomarkers of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by LC-MS/MS in plasma and tumor. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1335-1344. [PMID: 30130131 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tryptophan (Trp) and kynurnine (Kyn) are a pair of biomarkers for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which closely related to the tumor immune escape. To evaluate the effect of drugs on the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, the specific and accurate LC-MS/MS methods were developed and validated for simultaneous determination Kyn and Trp in mouse plasma and tumor tissues using surrogate analytes Kyn-d4 and Trp-d5 calibrators. RESULTS Plasma and tumor homogenates samples were pretreated with the solid phase extraction which assured the method having high recovery (>90% in plasma and >80% in tumor) and no matrix effect. The methods were validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability using surrogate analytes Kyn-d4 and Trp-d5 in authentic matrices. CONCLUSION The validated methods have been successfully applied to the pharmacodynamic study of INCB024360 in CT26 tumor bearing mice after single dose and multiple dosing.
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Chen Y, Xie Z, Xiao C, Zhang M, Li Z, Xie J, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zeng P, Mo L, Liang X, Shi W. Peripheral kynurenine/tryptophan ratio is not a reliable marker of systemic indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: A lesson drawn from patients on hemodialysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25261-25269. [PMID: 28445957 PMCID: PMC5421927 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has emerged as a pivotal enzyme for mediating immune tolerance. Because IDO metabolizes tryptophan into kynurenine, the plasma kynurenine/tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) ratio has been widely used as a marker of systemic IDO. Here, we evaluated the clinical value of using the plasma Kyn/Trp ratio to estimate cell-mediated immune responses to tuberculin skin testing and risk of new bacterial infection. We also compared the Kyn/Trp ratio to a novel IDO marker, the IDO median fluorescence index (MFI) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which was determined by flow cytometry. In 228 patients from two hemodialysis centers, the two IDO markers were higher in patients than in healthy controls but were not correlated with each other. In vitro experiments demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells could not metabolize tryptophan into kynurenine, indicating that the increased Kyn/Trp ratio was IDO-independent. Skin induration diameters of tuberculin skin testing were correlated with the IDO MFI (negatively), but not the Kyn/Trp ratio. Further, in a 24-month prospective cohort, the Kyn/Trp ratio was not correlated with clinical infection. Alternatively, patients with a higher IDO MFI had a lower accumulative infection-free survival rate. Using a Cox proportional hazard model, it was also revealed that a higher IDO MFI was significantly associated with new bacterial infection. Taken together, these results indicate that the Kyn/Trp ratio is not a reliable circulating IDO marker in hemodialysis patients. However, the IDO MFI reflects an immunocompromised state and thus might be a potential clinical marker of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenggen Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilian Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianteng Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Second Division of Internal Medicine, Wuhua People's Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Zeng
- Second Division of Internal Medicine, Wuhua People's Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyi Mo
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Sadok I, Gamian A, Staniszewska MM. Chromatographic analysis of tryptophan metabolites. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3020-3045. [PMID: 28590049 PMCID: PMC5575536 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway generates multiple tryptophan metabolites called collectively kynurenines and leads to formation of the enzyme cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The first step in this pathway is tryptophan degradation, initiated by the rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, depending on the tissue. The balanced kynurenine metabolism, which has been a subject of multiple studies in last decades, plays an important role in several physiological and pathological conditions such as infections, autoimmunity, neurological disorders, cancer, cataracts, as well as pregnancy. Understanding the regulation of tryptophan depletion provide novel diagnostic and treatment opportunities, however it requires reliable methods for quantification of kynurenines in biological samples with complex composition (body fluids, tissues, or cells). Trace concentrations, interference of sample components, and instability of some tryptophan metabolites need to be addressed using analytical methods. The novel separation approaches and optimized extraction protocols help to overcome difficulties in analyzing kynurenines within the complex tissue material. Recent developments in chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry provide new opportunity for quantification of tryptophan and its degradation products in various biological samples. In this review, we present current accomplishments in the chromatographic methodologies proposed for detection of tryptophan metabolites and provide a guide for choosing the optimal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
- Department of Medical BiochemistryWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Magdalena Maria Staniszewska
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
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Xie Z, Zhang M, Xiong W, Wan HY, Zhao XC, Xie T, Lei H, Lin ZC, Luo DS, Liang XL, Chen YH. Immunotolerant indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase is increased in condyloma acuminata. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:809-817. [PMID: 28132413 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tryptophan-depleting enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is critical for the regulation of immunotolerance and plays an important role in immune-associated skin diseases. OBJECTIVES To analyse the level of IDO in condyloma acuminata (CA) and its role in this condition. METHODS IDO expression was assessed in the skin and peripheral blood of healthy controls and patients with CA. To assess the role of skin IDO in immunity, the ability of isolated epidermal cells to metabolize tryptophan and the influence on polyclonal T-cell mitogen (PHA)-stimulated T-cell proliferation were explored. RESULTS IDO median fluorescence intensities in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with CA were similar to those from healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry showed that IDO+ cells were rare in normal skin and the control skin of patients with CA, but were greatly accumulated in wart tissue. Most fluorescence signals of IDO+ cells did not overlap with those of CD1a+ Langerhans cells. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA probe in situ hybridization showed a large number of IDO+ cells in the HPV- site. Keratinocytes in the skin of healthy controls and the circumcised skin of patients with CA could minimally transform tryptophan into kynurenine, but IDO-competent epidermal cells from warts could transform tryptophan. In addition, these IDO-competent epidermal cells could inhibit PHA-stimulated T-cell proliferation. The addition of an IDO inhibitor, 1-methyl-d-tryptophan, restored the inhibited T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Abnormally localized high IDO expression might be involved in the formation of a local immunotolerant microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Xiong
- Division of Urology and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - H Y Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - X C Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Z C Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - D S Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - X L Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y H Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Hascitha J, Priya R, Jayavelu S, Dhandapani H, Selvaluxmy G, Sunder Singh S, Rajkumar T. Analysis of Kynurenine/Tryptophan ratio and expression of IDO1 and 2 mRNA in tumour tissue of cervical cancer patients. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:919-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Extracellular Kynurenine Levels, as Detected by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Inflammation 2015; 38:1450-7. [PMID: 25854176 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction plays an important role in the occurrence and development of sepsis, which is a consequence of the interaction between coagulation and inflammation. Kynurenine (KYN) is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor that makes a large contribution to sepsis pathophysiology. In this study, we investigated the influence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on KYN production by cultured endothelial cells. KYN and tryptophan (TRP) concentrations in cell supernatants were simultaneously measured with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a fluorescence detector (FLD) and an ultraviolet detector (UVD). Our results revealed that lipopolysaccharide-stimulated endothelial cells produced more KYN, which was accompanied by a parallel decrease in TRP. When co-cultured with BMSCs, KYN and TRP production were significantly decreased compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induction alone. Our results suggest that BMSCs can attenuate endothelial cell damage by decreasing KYN as detected with HPLC. This method is the first to be capable of capturing functional changes in the cells and is simple, fast, and suitable for cellular level research purposes.
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