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Huang P, Wan H, Shao C, Li C, Zhang L, He Y. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:688596. [PMID: 35111041 PMCID: PMC8801784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a critical factor that leads to a poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. It is an extremely complicated pathological process that is clinically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Current available treatments for CI/RI, including mechanical and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CI/RI. Many studies confirm that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was used as a potential drug for treatment of CI/RI with the advantages of abundant resources, good efficacy, and few side effects. In this paper, we investigate the latest drug discoveries and advancements on CI/RI, make an overview of relevant CHM, and systematically summarize the pathophysiology of CI/RI. In addition, the protective effect and mechanism of related CHM, which includes extraction of single CHM and CHM formulation and preparation, are discussed. Moreover, an outline of the limitations of CHM and the challenges we faced are also presented. This review will be helpful for researchers further propelling the advancement of drugs and supplying more knowledge to support the application of previous discoveries in clinical drug applications against CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Xiao Y, Fan M, Jin W, Li WA, Jia Y, Dong Y, Jiang X, Xu J, Meng N, Lv P. Lithium chloride ameliorated spatial cognitive impairment through activating mTOR phosphorylation and inhibiting excessive autophagy in the repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion mouse model. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:109. [PMID: 32989388 PMCID: PMC7517419 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium has been previously demonstrated to alleviate cognitive impairment caused by neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injuries; however, the specific mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, the C57BL/6 mouse model of spatial cognitive impairment induced by repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was established. Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the levels of spatial cognitive impairment. Nissl staining was used to observe any morphological alterations, whilst western blotting was performed to measure the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin1 in addition to mTOR phosphorylation. LiCl was found to significantly improve spatial learning and memory impairments according to data from the Morris water maze test. Nissl staining indicated that LiCl inhibited neuronal damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Additionally, LiCl increased mTOR phosphorylation, reduced beclin1 expression and reduced the LC3 II/I expression ratio. Taken together, these findings suggest that LiCl may alleviate the spatial cognitive impairment induced by repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. This observation may be attributed to the inhibition of excessive autophagy by LiCl through mTOR signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Fan
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - William A Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yanqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Nan Meng
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
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Nan L, Xie Q, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li H, Lai W, Chen Y, Huang M. Involvement of PARP-1/AIF Signaling Pathway in Protective Effects of Gualou Guizhi Decoction Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Apoptosis. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:278-294. [PMID: 31792665 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is a complex pathophysiological process. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)/apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) signaling pathway-mediated apoptosis is one of the non-caspase-dependent cell death programs that are widely present in neurological diseases such as stroke. In our study, we aimed to conduct further research on the effects of Gualou Guizhi decoction (GLGZD) on the PARP-1/AIF signaling pathway in cell apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The results showed that GLGZD administration for 7 days significantly ameliorated MCAO-induced neurological damage, limb paralysis and the pathological state of the ischemic cortex. GLGZD exerted its effects by significantly reducing the volume of ischemic cerebral infarction, increasing the number of Nissl-positive cells, and reducing neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that GLGZD significantly inhibited the total protein expression of PARP-1, PAR, AIF and endonuclease G (Endo G) in the ischemic cortex and significantly increased the total protein expression of heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70). On the one hand, the expression of PARP-1, AIF and Endo G protein in the nucleus significantly decreased while the expression of PAR nucleoprotein significantly upregulated. On the other hand, compared with the MCAO model group, the GLGZD-treated group showed a significantly reduced protein expression of PAR in mitochondria and significantly increased protein expression of mitochondrial AIF and Endo G. It was concluded that GLGZD had good therapeutic effects in MCAO model rats. These effects were closely related to GLGZD-mediated inhibition of ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis by regulation of protein expression and translocation in the PARP-1/AIF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Nan
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Qingqing Xie
- Hangzhou Simo Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheming Chen
- Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, Quanzhou First Hospital, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Huang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Wenfang Lai
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Mei Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
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Wu J, Wang B, Li M, Shi YH, Wang C, Kang YG. Network pharmacology identification of mechanisms of cerebral ischemia injury amelioration by Baicalin and Geniposide. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 859:172484. [PMID: 31229537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is one of the main causes of human neurological dysfunction. Baicalin (BC) and Geniposide (GP) and their combination (BC/GP) have an ameliorative effect on cerebral ischemia. Here, we use network pharmacology to predict the targets of BC, GP and BC/GP, then explored the protective mechanisms of the drugs on cerebral ischemia injury caused by abnormal activation of microglia cells in vitro. The results indicate that 45 targets related to cerebral ischemic injury were predicted by network pharmacology, and 26 cerebral ischemia related pathways were extracted by the KEGG database. In vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated BV-2 cells to establish a model of inflammatory injury induced by microglia. The effects of BC, GP and BC/GP on the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10, TGF-β and TNF-α were verified. Network pharmacology predicts the regulation of the 5-LOX/CysLTs inflammatory pathway. Finally, we found that GP and BC/GP exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects by regulating the polarization state of microglia and down-regulating 5-LOX/CysLTs, and has certain protective effects on nerve damage following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Min Li
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yong-Heng Shi
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Ya-Guo Kang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
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Gualou Guizhi Granule Protects Against Oxidative Injury by Activating Nrf2/ARE Pathway in Rats and PC12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1003-1009. [PMID: 29564698 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stroke involves numerous pathophysiological processes and oxidative stress is considered as a main cellular event in its pathogenesis. The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway plays a key role in inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant proteins and is now considered as a interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke. The objective of this study is to investigate the protective effect of Gualou Guizhi granule (GLGZG) against oxidative stress and explore the protective mechanism of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. In vivo, administration of GLGZG in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia significantly suppressed oxidative injury by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione level and decreasing reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels. Western blot analysis showed that GLGZG induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and combined with real-time PCR results, which indicated that GLGZG up-regulated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. In addition, in cultured PC12 cells, GLGZG protected against H2O2 induced oxidative injury and activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. All the results demonstrated that GLGZG in the management of cerebral ischemia and H2O2 induced oxidative injury may be associated with activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Sun C, Xu W, Zhang Y, Yu L, Ye M, Chu K, Xu W, Lin Y. Simultaneous Determination of 11 Compounds in Gualou Guizhi Granule and Pharmacokinetics Study by UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:8451383. [PMID: 28808600 PMCID: PMC5541792 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8451383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultrafast performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 compounds in Gualou Guizhi Granule (GLGZG), including liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquirtin apioside, isoliquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, and paeoniflorin sulfonate in rat plasma. UPLC-MS/MS assay with negative ion mode was performed on a Waters CORTECS C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.6 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of 0.1% aqueous formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) in gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min-1. The method was linear for all analytes within the detection range (r ≥ 0.9597). The inter- and intraday precision (RSD) were 2.21-6.41% and 1.67-6.18%; the inter- and intraday accuracy (recover) were 92.48-114.03% and 90.23-112.04%. And the recovery rate ranged from 81.30% to 108.22%. The matrix effect values obtained for analytes ranged from 88.91% to 113.32%. This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetics study in rats after oral administration of GLGZG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Lishuang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Miao Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Kedan Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yu Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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Effects of Huang Qi Decoction on Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Homocysteine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7272694. [PMID: 27725840 PMCID: PMC5048055 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7272694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction can be induced by homocysteine (Hcy) through promoted oxidative stress. Huang Qi decoction (HQD) is a traditional Chinese medical formula and its components possess antioxidant effect. The study herein was therefore designed to investigate the effects of HQD at different dosage on endothelial dysfunction induced by Hcy. Tempol and apocynin were used to investigate whether antioxidant mechanisms were involved. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aortas was investigated by isometric tension recordings. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was determined by DHE staining. The assessment related to oxidative stress and NO bioavailability was performed by assay kits and western blot. In isometric tension experiment, HQD at the dose of 30 or 100 μg/mL, tempol, or apocynin prevented impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated aortas elicited by Hcy. In cellular experiments, substantial enhancement in NADPH oxidase and ROS generation and reduction in NO bioavailability triggered by Hcy were reversed by pretreatment of HQD at the dose of 100 μg/mL, tempol, or apocynin. The results proved that HQD at an appropriate dosage presented favorable effects on endothelial dysfunction initiated by Hcy through antioxidant mechanisms. HQD can act as a potent prescription for the treatment of endothelium related vascular complications.
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The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6906712. [PMID: 27433289 PMCID: PMC4940554 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6906712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third commonest cause of death following cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In particular, in recent years, the morbidity and mortality of stroke keep remarkable growing. However, stroke still captures people attention far less than cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Past studies have shown that oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in the progress of cerebral injury induced by stroke. Evidence is accumulating that the dietary supplementation of fish oil exhibits beneficial effects on several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), the major component of fish oil, have been found against oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. And the potential of n-3 PUFAs in stroke treatment is attracting more and more attention. In this review, we will review the effects of n-3 PUFAs on stroke and mainly focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs.
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Abstract
Stroke is the second foremost cause of mortality worldwide and a major cause of long-term disability. Due to changes in lifestyle and an aging population, the incidence of stroke continues to increase and stroke mortality predicted to exceed 12 % by the year 2030. However, the development of pharmacological treatments for stroke has failed to progress much in over 20 years since the introduction of the thrombolytic drug, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. These alarming circumstances caused many research groups to search for alternative treatments in the form of neuroprotectants. Here, we consider the potential use of phytochemicals in the treatment of stroke. Their historical use in traditional medicine and their excellent safety profile make phytochemicals attractive for the development of therapeutics in human diseases. Emerging findings suggest that some phytochemicals have the ability to target multiple pathophysiological processes involved in stroke including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of plant sources rich in phytochemicals may reduce stroke risk, and so reinforce the possibility of developing preventative or neuroprotectant therapies for stroke. In this review, we describe results of preclinical studies that demonstrate beneficial effects of phytochemicals in experimental models relevant to stroke pathogenesis, and we consider their possible mechanisms of action.
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SIRT1 exerts protective effects against paraquat-induced injury in mouse type II alveolar epithelial cells by deacetylating NRF2 in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1049-58. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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