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Chi C, Hou W, Zhang Y, Chen J, Shen Z, Chen Y, Li M. PDHB-AS suppresses cervical cancer progression and cisplatin resistance via inhibition on Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:90. [PMID: 36750722 PMCID: PMC9905568 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the most prevalent gynecological malignancy occurring in the cervix. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can act as oncogenes or anti-oncogenes in CC development. Here, we investigated the functional role and detailed mechanism of lncRNA pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta antisense (PDHB-AS) in CC. At first, we found that PDHB-AS was significantly down-regulated in CC cells. Besides, overexpression of PDHB-AS repressed CC cell malignant behaviors. HKF-derived exosomes carried miR-4536-5p to CC cells and thereby inhibited PDHB-AS expression. Moreover, PDHB-AS inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via impeding the nuclear translocation of β-catenin in CC cells. In addition, miR-582-5p could bind with both PDHB-AS and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1). PDHB-AS recruited poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) to inhibit Wnt7b expression. PDHB-AS interacted with RNA-binding motif protein X-linked (RBMX) to regulate cisplatin resistance in CC. Finally, we conducted in vivo experiments to confirm that HKF promoted CC tumor growth whereas PDHB-AS suppressed CC tumor growth. Collectively, PDHB-AS plays a tumor-suppressive role in the progression of CC, which suggests the therapeutic potential of PDHB-AS for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 9#, Chongwen Rd. SIP, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongji Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Tsai YC, Kuo MC, Hung WW, Wu PH, Chang WA, Wu LY, Lee SC, Hsu YL. Proximal tubule-derived exosomes contribute to mesangial cell injury in diabetic nephropathy via miR-92a-1-5p transfer. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:10. [PMID: 36639674 PMCID: PMC9838003 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an increasing threat to human health and regarded to be the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Exosomes delivery may play a key role in cross-talk among kidney cells and the progression of DN. However, the mechanisms underlying exosomes in DN remain unclear. METHODS The cross-disciplinary study, including in vivo, in vitro, and human studies was conducted to explore the cross-talk between proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and mesangial cells (MCs) in DN. We purified exosome from PTECs treated with high glucose and db/db mice and assessed their influences in the pathologic change of MCs and downstream signal pathway. Healthy individuals and type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled to examine the role of exosomes in clinical applications. RESULTS High glucose stimulated PTECs to secrete exosomal miR-92a-1-5p, which was taken-up by glomerular MCs, inducing myofibroblast transdifferentiation (MFT) in vitro and in vivo. PTEC-released exosomal 92a-1-5p decreased reticulocalbin-3 expression, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by downregulating genes essential for ER homeostasis including calreticulin and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor. Treatment with miR-92a-1-5p inhibitor ameliorated kidney damage in db/db mice with DN. Urinary miR-92a-1-5p could predict kidney injury in type 2 diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS PTEC-derived exosomal miR-92a-1-5p modulated the kidney microenvironment in vivo and in vitro models, which altered ER stress and MFT in MCs resulting in DN progression. Further blocking miR-92a-1-5p epigenetic regulatory network could be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of DN. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Tsai
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Kuo
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Hung
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsun Wu
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chang
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Wu
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chu Lee
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 TzYou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
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3
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Wang L, Zhao H, Fang Y, Yuan B, Guo Y, Wang W. LncRNA CARMN inhibits cervical cancer cell growth via the miR-92a-3p/BTG2/Wnt/β-catenin axis. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:1-15. [PMID: 36314369 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) cardiac mesoderm enhancer-associated noncoding RNA (CARMN) is a newly discovered tumor-suppressor lncRNA in cancers. However, its role in cervical cancer (CC) remains elusive. This study was conducted to analyze the molecular mechanism of CARMN in CC cell growth and provide a novel theoretical basis for CC treatment. RT-qPCR and clinical analysis revealed that CARMN and B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) were downregulated, whereas miR-92a-3p was upregulated in CC tissues and cells and their expressions were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. MTT assay, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays revealed that CARMN overexpression reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion and increased apoptosis rate in CC cells. Mechanically, CARMN repressed miR-92a-3p to promote BTG2 transcription. Functional rescue assays revealed that miR-92a-3p overexpression or BTG2 downregulation reversed the inhibitory role of CARMN overexpression in CC cell growth. Western blot analysis elicited that Wnt3a and β-catenin were elevated in CC cells and CARMN blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via the miR-92a-3p/BTG2 axis. Overall, our findings demonstrated that CARMN repressed miR-92a-3p to upregulate BTG2 transcription and then blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby suppressing CC cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengshou, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengshou, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengshou, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengshou, China
| | - Yilin Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengshou, China
| | - Wuliang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengshou, China
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Li Y, Qu J, Liu L, Sun Y, Zhang J, Han S, Zhang Y. Apogossypolone Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cervical Cancer via Activating DKK3. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948023. [PMID: 35924156 PMCID: PMC9341244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a novel derivative of gossypol lacking of two aldehyde groups, exhibits anti-tumor effects. However, the mechanisms by which ApoG2 regulates cervical cancer (CC) cells remain unclear. In this study, we treated two CC cell lines (CaSki and HeLa) with an increasing concentration of ApoG2 for 24 h. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and transwell invasion assay were utilized to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion in vitro. We first observed that ApoG2 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in CC cells, along with upregulation of Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 3 (DKK3) in a dose-dependent manner. The immunohistochemistry confirmed the downregulation of DKK3 in tumor tissues. Moreover, DKK3 was correlated with FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis. Functionally, DKK3 overexpression significantly suppressed cell viability, colony formation and invasion, but promoted apoptosis in CaSki and HeLa cells. Overexpression of DKK3 upregulated the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and E-cadherin, but downregulated the protein levels of Bcl-2, N-cadherin and Vimentin. Furthermore, DKK3 knockdown reversed the suppressive effects of ApoG2 on CaSki cell proliferation, invasion and EMT markers, while DKK3 overexpression enhanced these effects. In addition, ApoG2 treatment inhibited CC xenograft tumor growth and upregulated the protein levels of DKK3, cleaved caspase-3 and E-cadherin. In conclusions, these findings suggested that ApoG2 could effectively inhibit the growth and invasion of CC cells at least partly by activating DKK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sai Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Youzhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Youzhong Zhang,
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5
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Yang J, Hai J, Dong X, Zhang M, Duan S. MicroRNA-92a-3p Enhances Cisplatin Resistance by Regulating Krüppel-Like Factor 4-Mediated Cell Apoptosis and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cervical Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:783213. [PMID: 35095494 PMCID: PMC8795743 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.783213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed the existence and key roles of microRNA (miRNAs) in cancer drug resistance, including cervical cancer (CC). The present study aims to establish a novel role for miR-92a-3p and its associated gene networks in cisplatin (DDP) resistance of CC. First, the disparities in miRNA expression between CC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were screened based on GSE19611 microarray data that retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and we identified several miRs that were significantly downregulated or upregulated in CC tissues including miR-92a-3p. Moreover, miR-92a-3p was significantly up-regulated in DDP-resistant cells and was the most differently expressed miRNA. Functionally, knockdown of miR-92a-3p increased the sensitivity of DDP-resistant cells to DDP via inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoting apoptosis. Conversely, overexpression of miR-92a-3p significantly induced DDP resistance in CC parental cells including HeLa and SiHa cells. Moreover, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was identified as a direct target of miR-92a-3p, and an obvious inverse correlation was observed between the expression of miR-92a-3p and KLF4 in 40 pairs of cancer tissues. Furthermore, KLF4 knockdown reversed the promoting effect of miR-92a-3p inhibition on DDP sensitivity in DDP-resistant CC cells. Besides, high expression of miR-92a-3p was associated with DDP resistance, as well as a short overall survival in clinic. Taken together, these findings provide important evidence that miR-92a-3p targets KLF4 and is significant in DDP resistance in CC, indicating that miR-92a-3p may be an attractive target to increase DDP sensitivity in clinical CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology I, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing Hai
- Department of Gynecological Oncology I, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xuecai Dong
- Department of Gynecological Oncology I, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology I, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shufeng Duan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology I, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Liu S, Chu L, Xie M, Ma L, An H, Zhang W, Deng J. miR-92a-3p Promoted EMT via Targeting LATS1 in Cervical Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:757747. [PMID: 34869346 PMCID: PMC8639224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.757747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-92a-3p (microRNA-92a-3p) has been reported to be dysregulated in several cancers, and as such, it is considered to be a cancer-related microRNA. However, the influence of miR-92a-3p on biological behaviors in cervical cancer (CC) still remains unclear. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect miR-92a-3p levels in CC stem cells. Here, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, Transwell cell invasion assay and flow cytometry assay were used to characterize the effects that miR-92a-3p and large tumor suppressor l (LATS1) had on proliferation, invasion and cell cycle transition. The luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between miR-92a-3p and LATS1. Western Blotting was used to investigate the related signaling pathways and proteins. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed that miR-92a-3p was upregulated in CC tissues and closely associated with overall survival. miR-92a-3p promoted proliferation, invasion and cell cycle transition in CC stem cells. The luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-92a-3p bound to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the LATS1 promoter. LATS1 inhibited proliferation, invasion and cell cycle transition. Results measured by Western Blotting showed that LATS1 downregulated expressions of transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), vimentin and cyclin E, but upregulated the expression of E-cadherin. Re-expression of LATS1 partly reversed the effects of miR-92a-3p on proliferation, invasion and cell cycle transition, as well as on TAZ, E-cadherin, vimentin, and cyclin E. miR-92a-3p promoted the malignant behavior of CC stem cells by targeting LATS1, which regulated TAZ and E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Kunming Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Liping Chu
- Department of Gynecology, Kunming Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Mingzhu Xie
- Department of Gynecology, Kunming Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Lisha Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Kunming Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Hongmei An
- Department of Gynecology, Kunming Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Kunming Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Jihong Deng
- Department of Gynecology, Kunming Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Kunming, China
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7
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Role of miRNAs in cervical cancer: A comprehensive novel approach from pathogenesis to therapy. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2021; 50:102159. [PMID: 33965650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection is a major causative agent and strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of HPV-induced cervical cancer is extremely useful in therapeutic strategies for primary prevention (HPV vaccines) and secondary prevention (screening and diagnosis of precancerous lesions). However, due to the lack of proper implementation of screening programs in developing countries, cervical cancer is usually diagnosed at advanced stages that result in poor treatment responses. Nearly half of the patients will experience disease recurrence within two years post treatment. Therefore, it is vital to identify new tools for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment prediction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, implicated in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Growing evidence has shown that abnormal miRNA expression is associated with cervical cancer progression, metastasis, and influences treatment outcomes. In this review, we provide comprehensive information about miRNA and their potential utility in cervical cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management to improve patient outcomes.
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8
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EGF-mediated reduced miR-92a-1-5p controls HTR-8/SVneo cell invasion through activation of MAPK8 and FAS which in turn increase MMP-2/-9 expression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12274. [PMID: 32703964 PMCID: PMC7378053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of human miR-17-92 cluster are implicated in several cancers and are known to increase cancer cells invasiveness. The present study reports reduced expression of miR-92a-1-5p in EGF treated HTR-8/SVneo trophoblastic cells by NGS and qRT-PCR. Overexpression of miR-92a-1-5p led to significantly reduced EGF-mediated HTR-8/SVneo cells invasion. MAPK8 and FAS were predicted to be miR-92a-1-5p targets, and confirmed to be reduced by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in trophoblast cells overexpressing miR-92a-1-5p. The binding of miR-92a-1-5p to MAPK8 and FAS 3'-UTR was confirmed by Luciferase reporter assay and Rescue assay. EGF increases MMP-2 & MMP-9 expression and reduces TIMP1 expression in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Inhibition of MAPK8 (by SP600125) reduced EGF-mediated MMP-9/TIMP1 ratio and invasion. Similarly, silencing of FAS by siRNA reduced EGF-mediated MMP-2/TIMP1 ratio and invasion. Treatment of HTR-8/SVneo cells with STAT1/3 inhibitors or siRNAs led to loss of EGF-mediated reduction in miR-92a-1-5p levels. Inserting the predicted binding sites of STAT3 present in promoter region of miR-92a-1-5p upstream of Luciferase promoter reduced its expression in presence of STAT3 expression vector. Thus, EGF leads to reduced miR-92a-1-5p expression which may be regulated by STAT1/STAT3 and controls HTR-8/SVneo cells invasion by targeting MAPK8 and FAS, which in turn increases MMP-2/MMP-9 expression.
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Sammarco ML, Tamburro M, Pulliero A, Izzotti A, Ripabelli G. Human Papillomavirus Infections, Cervical Cancer and MicroRNAs: An Overview and Implications for Public Health. Microrna 2020; 9:174-186. [PMID: 31738147 PMCID: PMC7366004 DOI: 10.2174/2211536608666191026115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is among the most common sexually transmitted infections in both females and males across the world that generally do not cause symptoms and are characterized by high rates of clearance. Persistent infections due at least to twelve well-recognized High-Risk (HR) or oncogenic genotypes, although less frequent, can occur, leading to diseases and malignancies, principally cervical cancer. Three vaccination strategies are currently available for preventing certain HR HPVs-associated diseases, infections due to HPV6 and HPV11 low-risk types, as well as for providing cross-protection against non-vaccine genotypes. Nevertheless, the limited vaccine coverage hampers reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases globally. For HR HPV types, especially HPV16 and HPV18, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins are needed for cancer development. As for other tumors, even in cervical cancer, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in posttranscriptional regulation, resulting in aberrant expression profiles. In this study, we provide a summary of the epidemiological background for HPV occurrence and available immunization programs. In addition, we present an overview of the most relevant evidence of miRNAs deregulation in cervical cancer, underlining that targeting these biomolecules could lead to wide translational perspectives, allowing better diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics, and with valuable applications in the field of prevention. The literature on this topic is rapidly growing, but advanced investigations are required to achieve more consistent findings on the up-regulated and down-regulated miRNAs in cervical carcinogenesis. Because the expression of miRNAs is heterogeneously reported, it may be valuable to assess factors and risks related to individual susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Ripabelli
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy; Tel: +39 0874 404961/743; Fax: +39 0874 404778; E-mail:
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10
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Causin RL, Pessôa-Pereira D, Souza KCB, Evangelista AF, Reis RMV, Fregnani JHTG, Marques MMC. Identification and performance evaluation of housekeeping genes for microRNA expression normalization by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR using liquid-based cervical cytology samples. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4753-4761. [PMID: 31611985 PMCID: PMC6781752 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for cervical cancer by cytology has been effective in reducing the worldwide incidence and mortality rates of this disease. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that the sensitivity of conventional cervical cytology may be too low for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN). Therefore, it is important to incorporate more sensitive molecular diagnostic tests that could substantially improve the detection rates and accuracy for identifying CIN lesions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs with the potential to provide robust non-invasive cancer biomarkers for detecting CIN lesions in liquid-based cervical cytology (LBC) samples. At present, there is no consensus on which are the best housekeeping genes for miRNA normalization in LBC. The present study aimed to identify housekeeping genes with consistent and reproducible performance for normalization of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) expression analysis of miRNA using LBC samples. The present study firstly selected six potential candidate housekeeping genes based on a systematic literature evaluation. Subsequently, the expression levels of microRNAs U6, RNU-44, RNU-47, RNU-48, RNU-49 and hsa-miR-16 were measured in 40 LBC samples using RT-qPCR. The stability of each potential housekeeping gene was assessed using the NormFinder algorithm. The results revealed that U6 and RNU-49 were the most stable genes among all candidates requiring fewer amplification cycles and smaller variation across the sample set. However, RNU-44, RNU-47, RNU-48 and hsa-miR-16 stability exceeded the recommended housekeeping value suitable for normalization. The findings revealed that U6 may be a reliable housekeeping gene for normalization of miRNA RT-qPCR expression analysis using LBC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhafaela Lima Causin
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rui Manuel Vieira Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Maria Chiquitelli Marques
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brazil.,Barretos School of Health Sciences-FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo 14785-002, Brazil
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11
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Liu D, Hu W. Combined dynamic spectral imaging and routine colposcopy strategy for the diagnosis of pre-cancerous cervical lesions. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1521-1526. [PMID: 31410104 PMCID: PMC6676200 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of combined dynamic spectral imaging (DySI) and routine colposcopy in diagnosing pre-cancerous lesions in subjects with abnormal cytological results. The retrospective study included 146 patients diagnosed with cervical lesions and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance according to a colposcopy examination. Data from colposcopy clinics were used to evaluate performance of DySI in different histological types. The present study evaluated the clinical performance of two different referral strategies (single diagnosis or combined diagnosis) in combination with a smear test. The sensitivity of DySI and routine colposcopy for detecting severe pre-cancerous cervical disease in patients referred with a borderline histology or mild dyskaryosis was 69% [95% confidence interval (CI): 56-82%] and 43% (95% CI: 28-57%), respectively (P=0.01). However, for the HSIL group, the sensitivity of DySI and routine colposcopy was 64 and 61%, respectively. In the HSIL group, the sensitivity was as high as 85% when the DySI method was combined with routine colposcopy. When the conditions of new screening strategies were applied to remove those patients with a negligible risk, DySI had a higher sensitivity to detect severe pre-cancerous cervical disease than conventional colposcopy. In conclusion, the combined DySI and routine colposcopy strategy had a higher diagnostic sensitivity in subjects with low or high abnormalities on cytological examination, compared with either method separately. The present study suggests that the baseline colposcopy sensitivity may be enhanced with the adjunctive use of DySI, irrespective of the cytology result for referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P.R. China
| | - Wanliang Hu
- Department of Medicine, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P.R. China
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12
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MiR-92a modulates proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cell lines by targeting Dickkopf-related protein 3. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190410. [PMID: 30926679 PMCID: PMC6487267 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is recognized as a common malignant tumor with a high trend of metastasis and diffusion. Despite the progresses that have been made in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in the recent decades, the prognosis of patients with OS still remains poor. MiRNAs are being increasingly considered as new therapeutic targets for OS treatment. Our research aims to investigate the regulatory impact of miR-92a in the development of OS. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results revealed that the expression of miR-92a was aberrantly overexpressed in human OS cell lines. By using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, colony formation assays, flow cytometric analyses and Transwell assays, our data suggested that up-regulation of miR-92a promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MNNG and U2OS cells, while inhibiting their apoptosis. In contrast, the knockdown of miR-92a effectively reversed these cellular biological behaviors. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis indicated that Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) was a possible target of miR-92a. Subsequently, negative regulation of miR-92a on DKK3 was observed, which further supported the direct binding between them. In addition, silencing DKK3 rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-92a inhibitor on the development of OS. To sum up, our study revealed that miR-92a played a carcinogenic role in the growth of OS by promoting the tumorigenesis of OS cells via targeting of DKK3, thus revealing a new therapeutic target for OS.
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13
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Li T, Zhou W, Li Y, Gan Y, Peng Y, Xiao Q, Ouyang C, Wu A, Zhang S, Liu J, Fan L, Han D, Wei Y, Shu G, Yin G. MiR-4524b-5p/WTX/β-catenin axis functions as a regulator of metastasis in cervical cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214822. [PMID: 30939162 PMCID: PMC6445517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most deadly gynecological tumor worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play very important roles in tumor oncogenesis and progression. The mechanism of post-transcription regulation of WTX gene is still unknown. A series of differential miRNAs were discovered by microarray analysis comparing three pairs of primary cervical cancer specimens and their relapsed tumors from three patients. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), Western Blot (WB) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of miR-4524b-5p and WTX in cervical cell lines and tissues. The biological function of miR-4524b-5p and WTX was investigated through knockdown and overexpression with inhibitor/siRNA and mimic/plasmid in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found that miR-4524b-5p is highly expressed in relapsed cervical cancer specimens. Combined in vitro and in vivo experiments, showed that miR-4524b-5p could regulate the migration and invasion ability of cervical cancer. Furthermore, we also found that miR-4524b-5p could regulate the migration and invasion of cervical cancer by targeting WTX and that WTX could regulate the expression of β-catenin. Taken together, our data identified a miR-4524b-5p/WTX/β-catenin regulatory axis for cervical cancer, and miR-4524b-5p may be a potential target for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaqi Gan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunli Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anqi Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Duo Han
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wei
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guang Shu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Nahand JS, Taghizadeh-Boroujeni S, Karimzadeh M, Borran S, Pourhanifeh MH, Moghoofei M, Bokharaei-Salim F, Karampoor S, Jafari A, Asemi Z, Tbibzadeh A, Namdar A, Mirzaei H. microRNAs: New prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17064-17099. [PMID: 30891784 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is as a kind of cancer beginning from the cervix. Given that cervical cancer could be observed in women who infected with papillomavirus, regular oral contraceptives, and multiple pregnancies. Early detection of cervical cancer is one of the most important aspects of the therapy of this malignancy. Despite several efforts, finding and developing new biomarkers for cervical cancer diagnosis are required. Among various prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers, miRNA have been emerged as powerful biomarkers for detection, treatment, and monitoring of response to therapy in cervical cancer. Here, we summarized various miRNAs as an employable platform for prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Taghizadeh-Boroujeni
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Brujen, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimzadeh
- Department of Virology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarina Borran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Jafari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tbibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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15
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The role of miRNAs in the invasion and metastasis of cervical cancer. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181377. [PMID: 30833362 PMCID: PMC6418402 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) with early metastasis of the primary tumor results in poor prognosis and poor therapeutic outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that play a substantial role in regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally and influence the development and progression of tumors. Numerous studies have discovered that miRNAs play significant roles in the invasion and metastasis of CC by affecting specific pathways, including Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathways. miRNAs also effectively modulate the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Many studies provide new insights into the role of miRNAs and the pathogenesis of metastatic CC. In this review, we will offer an overview and update of our present understanding of the potential roles of miRNAs in metastatic CC.
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16
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Du H, Chen Y. Competing endogenous RNA networks in cervical cancer: function, mechanism and perspective. J Drug Target 2019; 27:709-723. [PMID: 30052083 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1505894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past several years, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) have emerged as a potential class of post-transcriptional regulators that alter gene expression through a microRNA (miRNA)-mediated mechanism. An increasing number of studies have found that ceRNAs play important roles in tumorigenesis. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in female malignancies. Despite advances in our understanding of this neoplasm, patients with advanced cervical cancer still have poor prognosis. There is an urgent need to provide a new insight on the mechanism of cervical cancer development and may be acted as new anticancer therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the ceRNA studies and coherent researches in cervical cancer, especially in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and miRNAs in order to broaden horizons into mechanisms, selection biomarkers for diagnosis as well as predicting prognosis, and targeting treatment for cervical cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Du
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Ying Chen
- b Department of Gynecologic Oncology , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin , China.,c Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , China.,d National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer , Tianjin , China
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17
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Chen E, Li Q, Wang H, Yang F, Min L, Yang J. MiR-92a promotes tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer, a transcriptomic and functional based study. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1370-1377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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18
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Sheng Y, Wang Y, Lu W, Zhou Y, Dong G, Ge X, Song Y, Zhang Y. MicroRNA-92a inhibits macrophage antiviral response by targeting retinoic acid inducible gene-I. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:585-593. [PMID: 30160073 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that have been shown to regulate a wide range of biological processes, including host antiviral immune responses. In the present study, microRNA-92a (miR-92a) was identified as a negative regulator in macrophage-mediated antiviral responses. Overexpression of miR-92a decreases vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-induced production of type-I IFNs and facilitates viral replication in macrophages. The mechanism is that miR-92a directly targets RIG-I and reduces its expression, thereby attenuating VSV-triggered activation of TBK-binding kinase 1 and IRF3, both of which are crucial for initiating transcription of type-I IFN genes. Our results demonstrate for the first time the novel role of miR-92a in suppressing antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Sheng
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333 Binsheng Road Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No. 4 Tian Tanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333 Binsheng Road Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunlian Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333 Binsheng Road Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guijuan Dong
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333 Binsheng Road Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxing Ge
- Beijing Miyun Hospital, No. 383 Yang Guang Street, Beijing 101500, China
| | - Yinjing Song
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3 Qing Chun East Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333 Binsheng Road Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Hamzehzadeh L, Caraglia M, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Dickkopf homolog 3 (DKK3): A candidate for detection and treatment of cancers? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4595-4605. [PMID: 29206297 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an evolutionary highly conserved pathway that is modulated by several inhibitors and activators, and plays a key role in numerous physiological processes. One of the extracellular Wnt inhibitors is the DKK (Dickkopf Homolog) family which has four members (Dkk1-4) and a unique Dkk3-related gene, Dkkl1 (soggy). DKK3 is a divergent member of the DKK protein family. Evidence suggests that DKK3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in several types of human cancers. We review here the biological role of DKK3 as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) or oncogene, and its correlation with various miRNAs. In addition, we discuss the role of polymorphisms and promoter methylation of the DKK3 gene, and of its expression in regulating cancer cell proliferation. Finally, we propose that DKK3 may be considered as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hamzehzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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