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Ahmad SS, Chun HJ, Ahmad K, Choi I. Therapeutic applications of ginseng for skeletal muscle-related disorder management. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:12-19. [PMID: 38223826 PMCID: PMC10785254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jeong JS, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kim CY, Ko JW, Kim TW. Korean red ginseng suppresses mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:52-58. [PMID: 38223821 PMCID: PMC10785417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle denervation leads to motor neuron degeneration, which in turn reduces muscle fiber volumes. Recent studies have revealed that apoptosis plays a role in regulating denervation-associated pathologic muscle wasting. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has various biological activities and is currently widely consumed as a medicinal product worldwide. Among them, ginseng has protective effects against muscle atrophy in in vivo and in vitro. However, the effects of KRG on denervation-induced muscle damage have not been fully elucidated. Methods We induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice by dissecting the sciatic nerves, administered KRG, and then analyzed the muscles. KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 3 weeks at 100 and 400 mg/kg/day doses after operation. Results KRG treatment significantly increased skeletal muscle weight and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fiber volume in injured areas and reduced histological alterations in TA muscle. In addition, KRG treatment reduced denervation-induced apoptotic changes in TA muscle. KRG attenuated p53/Bax/cytochrome c/Caspase 3 signaling induced by nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner. Also, KRG decreases protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, reducing restorative myogenesis. Conclusion Thus, KRG has potential protective role against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. The effect of KRG treatment was accompanied by reduced levels of mitochondria-associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Ding K, Jiang W, Zhangwang J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Lei M. The potential of traditional herbal active ingredients in the treatment of sarcopenia animal models: focus on therapeutic effects and mechanisms. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3483-3501. [PMID: 37526688 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a major global public health problem that harms individual physical function. In 2018, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in the Elderly 2 classified sarcopenia into primary and secondary sarcopenia. However, information on the pathogenesis and effective treatment of primary and secondary sarcopenia is limited. Traditional herbal active ingredients have biological activities that promote skeletal muscle health, showing potential preventive and therapeutic effects on sarcopenia. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of global traditional herbal active ingredients' beneficial therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms on sarcopenia-related animal models. For this purpose, we conducted a literature search in three databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, consistent with the review objectives. After the screening, 12 animal studies met the review themes. The review results showed that the pathological mechanisms in sarcopenia-related animal models include imbalanced protein metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy-lysosome system aggravation. Eleven traditional herbal active ingredients exerted positive anti-sarcopenic effects by ameliorating these pathological mechanisms. This narrative review will provide meaningful insight into future studies regarding traditional herbal active ingredients for treating sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Ding
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Juejue Zhangwang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Tian T, Ko CN, Luo W, Li D, Yang C. The anti-aging mechanism of ginsenosides with medicine and food homology. Food Funct 2023; 14:9123-9136. [PMID: 37766674 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02580b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
With the acceleration of global aging and the rise in living standards, the achievement of healthy aging is becoming an imperative issue globally. Ginseng, a medicinal plant that has a long history of dietary intake and remarkable medicinal value, has become a research hotspot in the field of food and medicine. Ginsenosides, especially protopanaxadiol-type saponins and protopanaxatriol-type saponins, are among the most important active ingredients in ginseng. Ginsenosides have been found to exhibit powerful and diverse pharmacological activities, such as antiaging, antitumor, antifatigue and immunity enhancement activities. Their effects in antiaging mainly include (1) promotion of metabolism and stem cell proliferation, (2) protection of skin and nerves, (3) modulation of intestinal flora, (4) maintenance of mitochondrial function, and (5) enhancement of telomerase activity. The underlying mechanisms are primarily associated with the intervention of the signaling pathways in apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. In this review, the mechanism of action of ginsenosides in antiaging as well as the potential values of developing ginsenoside-based functional foods and antiaging drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Tian
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519087, China
| | - Chung-Nga Ko
- C-MER Dennis Lam and Partners Eye Center, Hong Kong International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenya Luo
- Haikou Orthopedics and Diabetes Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570206, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China.
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Kim A, Park SM, Kim NS, Lee H. Ginsenoside Rc, an Active Component of Panax ginseng, Alleviates Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Improvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1576. [PMID: 37627571 PMCID: PMC10451796 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function has detrimental effects on quality of life, morbidity, and mortality, and is particularly relevant in aging societies. The enhancement of mitochondrial function has shown promise in promoting muscle differentiation and function. Ginsenoside Rc (gRc), a major component of ginseng, has various pharmacological activities; however, its effect on muscle loss remains poorly explored. In this study, we examined the effects of gRc on the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced reduction of cell viability in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes and H2O2-induced myotube degradation. In addition, we investigated the effects of gRc on the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide, ATP generation, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) activity in myoblasts and myotubes under H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, to elucidate the mechanism of action of gRc, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of myotubes treated with or without gRc under H2O2 treatment. gRc effectively suppressed H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS, and mitochondrial superoxide production, restored PGC-1α promoter activity, and increased ATP synthesis. Moreover, gRc significantly affected the expression levels of genes involved in maintaining mitochondrial mass and biogenesis, while downregulating genes associated with muscle degradation in C2C12 myotubes under oxidative stress. We provide compelling evidence supporting the potential of gRc as a promising treatment for muscle loss and weakness. Further investigations of the pharmacological effects of gRc under various pathological conditions of muscle loss will contribute to the clinical development of gRc as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeyung Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
| | - No Soo Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea;
| | - Haeseung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Setiawan T, Sari IN, Wijaya YT, Julianto NM, Muhammad JA, Lee H, Chae JH, Kwon HY. Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 37217930 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is a consequence of physiological changes or a pathology characterized by increased catabolic activity that leads to progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Numerous diseases, including cancer, organ failure, infection, and aging-associated diseases, are associated with muscle wasting. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without the loss of fat mass, resulting in functional impairment and reduced quality of life. It is caused by the upregulation of systemic inflammation and catabolic stimuli, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of muscle catabolism. Here, we summarize the complex molecular networks that regulate muscle mass and function. Moreover, we describe complex multi-organ roles in cancer cachexia. Although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved drugs for cancer cachexia. Thus, we compiled recent ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials and further discussed potential therapeutic approaches for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Setiawan
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ita Novita Sari
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yoseph Toni Wijaya
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadya Marcelina Julianto
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jabir Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Chae
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Yakabe M, Hosoi T, Sasakawa H, Akishita M, Ogawa S. Kampo formula hochu-ekki-to (Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang, TJ-41) ameliorates muscle atrophy by modulating atrogenes and AMPK in vivo and in vitro. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:341. [PMID: 36578084 PMCID: PMC9795672 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle disuse results in loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Hochu-ekki-to (TJ-41; Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese) is an herbal medicinal formulation used to treat patients with frailty, fatigue and appetite loss. It has been suggested that two atrogenes, atrogin-1 and muscle Ring finger 1 (MuRF1), are ubiquitin ligases involved in disuse-induced muscle atrophy and that 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in skeletal muscle metabolism. Effects of TJ-41 on disuse-induced muscle atrophy are unclear. METHODS We subjected differentiated C2C12 myotubes to serum starvation, then examined the effects of TJ-41 on atrogenes expression, AMPK activity and the morphology of the myotubes. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to tail-suspension to induce hindlimb atrophy. We administered TJ-41 by gavage to the control group and the tail-suspended group, then examined the effects of TJ-41 on atrogene expression, AMPK activity, and the muscle weight. RESULTS Serum starvation induced the expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in C2C12 myotubes, and TJ-41 significantly downregulated the expression of atrogin-1. Tail-suspension of the mice induced the expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in skeletal muscle as well as its muscle atrophy, whereas TJ-41 treatment significantly downregulated the expression of atrogin-1 and ameliorated the loss of the muscle weight. In addition, TJ-41 also activated AMPK and inactivated Akt and mTOR in skeletal muscle in vivo. CONCLUSION TJ-41 inhibited atrogenes in an Akt-independent manner as well as activating AMPK in skeletal muscles in vivo, further implying the therapeutic potential of TJ-41 against disuse-induced muscle atrophy and other atrogenes-dependent atrophic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Yakabe
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7- 3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hosoi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7- 3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sasakawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7- 3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akishita
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7- 3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumito Ogawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7- 3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655 Tokyo, Japan
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Ma S, Hasegawa E, Nakai Y, Jia H, Kato H. Transcriptome and Methylome Profiling in Rat Skeletal Muscle: Impact of Post-Weaning Protein Restriction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415771. [PMID: 36555412 PMCID: PMC9779051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is programmable, and early-life nutritional stimuli may form epigenetic memory in the skeletal muscle, thus impacting adult muscle function, aging, and longevity. In the present study, we designed a one-month protein restriction model using post-weaning rats, followed by a two-month rebound feeding, to investigate how early-life protein restriction affects overall body growth and muscle development and whether these influences could be corrected by rebound feeding. We observed comprehensive alterations immediately after protein restriction, including retarded growth, altered biochemical indices, and disturbed hormone secretion. Transcriptome profiling of the gastrocnemius muscle followed by gene ontology analyses revealed that "myogenic differentiation functions" were upregulated, while "protein catabolism" was downregulated as a compensatory mechanism, with enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress and undesired apoptosis. Furthermore, methylome profiling of the gastrocnemius muscle showed that protein restriction altered the methylation of apoptotic and hormone secretion-related genes. Although most of the alterations were reversed after rebound feeding, 17 genes, most of which play roles during muscle development, remained altered at the transcriptional level. In summary, early-life protein restriction may undermine muscle function in the long term and affect skeletal muscle development at the both transcriptional and methylation levels, which may hazard future muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Ma
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Emi Hasegawa
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakai
- Institute of Regional Innovation, Hirosaki University, 2-2-1 Yanagawa, Aomori-shi 0380012, Japan
| | - Huijuan Jia
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (H.K.)
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Zha W, Sun Y, Gong W, Li L, Kim W, Li H. Ginseng and ginsenosides: Therapeutic potential for sarcopenia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Kopalli SR, Annamneedi VP, Koppula S. Potential Natural Biomolecules Targeting JAK/STAT/SOCS Signaling in the Management of Atopic Dermatitis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144660. [PMID: 35889539 PMCID: PMC9319717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by the dysregulation of cytokines and other immune mediators. JAK/STAT is a classical signal transduction pathway involved in various biological processes, and its dysregulation contributes to the key aspects of AD pathogenesis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate the immune-related inflammatory responses mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway. JAK/STAT-mediated production of cytokines including IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and TSLP inhibits the expression of important skin barrier proteins and triggers pruritus in AD. The expression of SOCS proteins regulates the JAK-mediated cytokines and facilitates maintaining the skin barrier disruptions seen in AD. STATs are crucial in dendritic-cell-activated Th2 cell differentiation in the skin, releasing inflammatory cytokines, indicating that AD is a Th2-mediated skin disorder. SOCS proteins aid in balancing Th1/Th2 cells and, moreover, regulate the onset and maintenance of Th2-mediated allergic responses by reducing the Th2 cell activation and differentiation. SOCS proteins play a pivotal role in inflammatory cytokine-signaling events that act via the JAK/STAT pathway. Therapies relying on natural products and derived biomolecules have proven beneficial in AD when compared with the synthetic regimen. In this review, we focused on the available literature on the potential natural-product-derived biomolecules targeting JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling, mainly emphasizing the SOCS family of proteins (SOCS1, SOCS3, and SOCS5) acting as negative regulators in modulating JAK/STAT-mediated responses in AD pathogenesis and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Venkata Prakash Annamneedi
- Convergence Science Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Chronic Diseases, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea;
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27381, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Balaei N, Shoorei H, Hasan SMF, Hussen BM, Talebi SF, Taheri M, Ayatollahi SA. The effects of Ginsenosides on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6701-6716. [PMID: 35220526 PMCID: PMC9270311 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides belong to a group of steroid glycosides that are extracted from the plant genus Panax (ginseng). This plant has been used for a long time for the treatment of a variety of disorders in traditional medicine. Recent studies have assessed the biological impact of Ginsenosides in cell culture or animal models. Animal studies have shown their beneficial impacts in the remedy of pathological conditions in different tissues. The ameliorating effects of Ginsenosides in diverse pathogenic conditions can be attributed to their effects on the production of reactive oxygen species. These substances mainly affect the activity of AMPK/AKT and PI3K/AKT pathways. The beneficial effects of Ginsenosides have been appraised in diabetes-related complications, spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and other disorders which are associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, these substances have been shown to interfere with the pathologic conditions during carcinogenesis. In the current study, we explain these impacts in two distinct sections including non-neoplastic conditions and neoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Balaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Syed Muhammad Farid Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Seyedeh Fahimeh Talebi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Kim TJ, Pyun DH, Kim MJ, Jeong JH, Abd El-Aty A, Jung TW. Ginsenoside compound K ameliorates palmitate-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes via promyogenic effects and AMPK/autophagy-mediated suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:444-453. [PMID: 35600773 PMCID: PMC9120645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Compound K (CK) is among the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside group, which produces multiple pharmacological effects. Herein, we examined the effects of CK on muscle atrophy under hyperlipidemic conditions along with its pro-myogenic effects. Further, the molecular pathways underlying the effects of CK on skeletal muscle have been justified. Methods C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate and CK. C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated using CK for 4-5 days. For the in vivo experiments, CK was administered to mice fed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The protein expression levels were analyzed using western blotting analysis. Target protein suppression was performed using small interfering (si) RNA transfection. Histological examination was performed using Jenner-Giemsa and H&E staining techniques. Results CK treatment attenuated ER stress markers, such as eIF2α phosphorylation and CHOP expression and impaired myotube formation in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle of mice fed on HFD. CK treatment augmented AMPK along with autophagy markers in skeletal muscle cells in vitro and in vivo experiments. AMPK siRNA or 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, abrogated the impacts of CK in C2C12 myotubes. CK treatment augmented p38 and Akt phosphorylation, leading to an enhancement of C2C12 myogenesis. However, AMPK siRNA abolished the effects of CK in C2C12 myoblasts. Conclusion These findings denote that CK prevents lipid-induced skeletal muscle apoptosis via AMPK/autophagy-mediated attenuation of ER stress and induction of myoblast differentiation. Therefore, we may suggest the use of CK as a potential therapeutic approach for treating muscle-wasting conditions associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyeon Pyun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Shin JE, Jeon SH, Lee SJ, Choung SY. The Administration of Panax Ginseng Berry Extract Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Sarcopenic Obesity in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091747. [PMID: 35565712 PMCID: PMC9099595 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and obesity are serious health problems that are highly related to several metabolic diseases. Sarcopenic obesity, a combined state of sarcopenia and obesity, results in higher risks of metabolic diseases and even mortality than sarcopenia or obesity alone. Therefore, the development of therapeutic agents for sarcopenic obesity is crucial. C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks. Then, mice were administered with Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) for an additional 4 weeks, with continuous HFD intake. GBE significantly decreased the food efficiency ratio, serum lipid and insulin levels, adipose tissue weights, and adipocyte size. It significantly increased the grip strength, muscle masses, and myofiber cross-sectional area. It deactivated the protein kinase C (PKC) theta and zeta, resulting in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, which is known to regulate muscle synthesis and degradation. Furthermore, it inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines in the muscle tissue. GBE attenuated both obesity and sarcopenia. Thus, GBE is a potential agent to prevent or treat sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Shin
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - So-Hyun Jeon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | | | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9198; Fax: +82-2-961-0372
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14
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Astragalus membranaceus Enhances Myotube Hypertrophy through PI3K-Mediated Akt/mTOR Signaling Phosphorylation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081670. [PMID: 35458232 PMCID: PMC9028211 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is classified as a high-class traditional herbal medicine, which has strengthened vitality and multifunctional pharmacological activities, but limited empirical evidence is available to support its effects in muscular hypertrophy. It evokes skeletal muscle hypertrophy by increasing anabolic pathway, which is essential to prevent sarcopenia in elderly population. In this study, we examined the effects of AM on skeletal muscle hypertrophy by focusing on the molecular mechanism. We employed an in vitro model to investigate whether AM-treated skeletal muscle, as represented by myotube C2C12 cells, was hypertrophic, and to further investigate the efficacy of AM-activated phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling that must occur prior to myotube hypertrophy. The results showed that the myotubes formed larger multinucleated myotubes with increased diameter and thickness (1.16-fold relative to control group, p < 0.05). Administration of PI3K and mTOR inhibitors abolished AM-induced muscular hypertrophy. Moreover, AM-induced PI3K-mediated myotube hypertrophy was accompanied by the activation of Akt and mTOR signaling. We concluded that the AM is a nutritional activator to enhance muscular hypertrophy by increasing PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling phosphorylation. As the AM is effective in myotube hypertrophy, AM and its derivatives may be promising candidates for ergogenic aid to prevent sarcopenia.
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15
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Katsuki R, Shiraishi T, Sakata S, Hirota T, Nakamura Y, Yokota SI. Inhibitory Effect of the Glycerophosphate Moiety of Lipoteichoic Acid from Lactic Acid Bacteria on Dexamethasone-Induced Atrogin-1 Expression in C2C12 Myotubes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 67:351-357. [PMID: 34719621 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.67.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atrogin-1, which is an important regulator of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in skeletal muscle, is a major marker of muscle loss and disuse muscle atrophy. To investigate which components of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) suppress dexamethasone (DEX)-induced atrogin-1 expression, mouse skeletal muscle C2C12 myotubes were treated with DEX in the presence or absence of components of LAB. Heat-killed cells and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) derived from five LAB strains significantly suppressed DEX-induced atrogin-1 expression. The glycerophosphate (GroP) fraction prepared from chemically-degraded LTA and sn-glycerol-1-phosphate suppressed DEX-induced atrogin-1 expression, whereas the glycolipid anchor fraction of LTA did not. Heat-killed cells obtained by culturing under low-Mn2+ conditions, which generated fewer poly-GroP polymers in LTA, displayed significantly lower inhibitory activity compared to heat-killed cells grown under normal conditions. These results suggested that LTA of LAB contributed to suppressing atrogin-1 expression and that the GroP moiety of LTA was responsible for its inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katsuki
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd
| | - Tsukasa Shiraishi
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Shinji Sakata
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd
| | - Tatsuhiko Hirota
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd
| | | | - Shin-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine
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16
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Kim DH, Bang E, Ha S, Jung HJ, Choi YJ, Yu BP, Chung HY. Organ-differential Roles of Akt/FoxOs Axis as a Key Metabolic Modulator during Aging. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1713-1728. [PMID: 34631216 PMCID: PMC8460295 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxOs and their post-translational modification by phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation can affect epigenetic modifications and promote the expression of downstream target genes. Therefore, they ultimately affect cellular and biological functions during aging or occurrence of age-related diseases including cancer, diabetes, and kidney diseases. As known for its key role in aging, FoxOs play various biological roles in the aging process by regulating reactive oxygen species, lipid accumulation, and inflammation. FoxOs regulated by PI3K/Akt pathway modulate the expression of various target genes encoding MnSOD, catalases, PPARγ, and IL-1β during aging, which are associated with age-related diseases. This review highlights the age-dependent differential regulatory mechanism of Akt/FoxOs axis in metabolic and non-metabolic organs. We demonstrated that age-dependent suppression of Akt increases the activity of FoxOs (Akt/FoxOs axis upregulation) in metabolic organs such as liver and muscle. This Akt/FoxOs axis could be modulated and reversed by antiaging paradigm calorie restriction (CR). In contrast, hyperinsulinemia-mediated PI3K/Akt activation inhibited FoxOs activity (Akt/FoxOs axis downregulation) leading to decrease of antioxidant genes expression in non-metabolic organs such as kidneys and lungs during aging. These phenomena are reversed by CR. The results of studies on the process of aging and CR indicate that the Akt/FoxOs axis plays a critical role in regulating metabolic homeostasis, redox stress, and inflammation in various organs during aging process. The benefical actions of CR on the Akt/FoxOs axis in metabolic and non-metabolic organs provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms of organ-differential roles of Akt/FoxOs axis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Kim
- 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - EunJin Bang
- 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sugyeong Ha
- 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- 2Department of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- 3Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hae Young Chung
- 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Gumjung-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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17
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Moradi S, Jarrahi E, Ahmadi A, Salimian J, Karimi M, Zarei A, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S, Ghanei M. PI3K signalling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and opportunities for therapy. J Pathol 2021; 254:505-518. [PMID: 33959951 DOI: 10.1002/path.5696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterised by airway inflammation and progressive obstruction of the lung airflow. Current pharmacological treatments include bronchodilators, alone or in combination with steroids, or other anti-inflammatory agents, which have only partially contributed to the inhibition of disease progression and mortality. Therefore, further research unravelling the underlying mechanisms is necessary to develop new anti-COPD drugs with both lower toxicity and higher efficacy. Extrinsic signalling pathways play crucial roles in COPD development and exacerbations. In particular, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling has recently been shown to be a major driver of the COPD phenotype. Therefore, several small-molecule inhibitors have been identified to block the hyperactivation of this signalling pathway in COPD patients, many of them showing promising outcomes in both preclinical animal models of COPD and human clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the critically important roles played by hyperactivated PI3K signalling in the pathogenesis of COPD. We also critically review current therapeutics based on PI3K inhibition, and provide suggestions focusing on PI3K signalling for the further improvement of the COPD phenotype. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Moradi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Jarrahi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zarei
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Azimzadeh Jamalkandi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061914. [PMID: 34199575 PMCID: PMC8227811 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance of protein homeostasis, with excessive protein degradation compared with protein synthesis, leads to the development of muscle atrophy resulting in a decrease in muscle mass and consequent muscle weakness and disability. Potential triggers of muscle atrophy include inflammation, malnutrition, aging, cancer, and an unhealthy lifestyle such as sedentariness and high fat diet. Nutraceuticals with preventive and therapeutic effects against muscle atrophy have recently received increasing attention since they are potentially more suitable for long-term use. The implementation of nutraceutical intervention might aid in the development and design of precision medicine strategies to reduce the burden of muscle atrophy. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the importance of nutraceuticals in the prevention of skeletal muscle mass loss and recovery of muscle function. We also highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these nutraceuticals and their possible pharmacological use, which is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy.
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19
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Seok YM, Yoo JM, Nam Y, Kim J, Kim JS, Son JH, Kim HJ. Mountain ginseng inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy by decreasing muscle RING finger protein-1 and atrogin1 through forkhead box O3 in L6 myotubes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113557. [PMID: 33161026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a medicinal herb with immune effects, muscle damage protection and energy metabolism effects. However, the pharmacological role of mountain ginseng in dexamethasone (DEXA)-induced muscle atrophy through the forkhead box O (FOXO) family is not understood. Therefore, we hypothesized that mountain ginseng inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy by decreasing muscle RING finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and atrogin1 through FOXO3 in L6 myotubes. METHODS Rat myoblast (L6) cells or Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to DEXA and mountain ginseng. The expressions of muscle atrophy targets such as MuRF1, atrogin1, MyHC (myosin heavy chain), HSP90, p-Akt, Akt, p-ERK1/2, ERK, FOXO3a, FOXO1, myostatin, and follistatin were analyzed by using Western blot analysis or real-time PCR. The diameter of myotubes was measured. Recruitment of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) or FOXO3a was analyzed by performing a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. RESULTS Mountain ginseng treatment reduced muscle weight loss and collagen deposition in DEXA-induced rats. Mountain ginseng treatment led to decreases in MuRF1, atrogin1, p-ERK1/2, FOXO3a, FOXO1, and myostatin. Also, mountain ginseng treatment led to increases in the diameter of myotubes, MyHC, HSP90, p-Akt, and follistatin. Treatment with mountain ginseng reduced enrichment of GR, FOXO3a, and RNA polymerase II on the promoters. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mountain ginseng inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy by decreasing MuRF1 and atrogin1 through FOXO3a in L6 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Seok
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, 38540, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Myung Yoo
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, 38540, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoonju Nam
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, 38540, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungeun Kim
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, 38540, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, 38540, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Ho Son
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, 38540, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, 38540, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Wang M, Jiang R, Liu J, Xu X, Sun G, Zhao D, Sun L. 20(s)‑ginseonside‑Rg3 modulation of AMPK/FoxO3 signaling to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in a dexamethasone‑injured C2C12 myotube‑based model of skeletal atrophy in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:306. [PMID: 33649814 PMCID: PMC7974265 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy, a side effect from administration of the anti-inflammatory medication dexamethasone (DEX), is preventable by concomitant administration of the major monomeric constituent of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (S-Rg3). Putative S-Rg3-associated prevention of DEX-induced muscle atrophy may involve S-Rg3 mitigation of DEX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In the present study, MTT assays revealed enhanced cell viability following S-Rg3 treatment of DEX-injured C2C12 myotubes. Subsequent PCR and western blotting results demonstrated S-Rg3-induced reduction of expression of muscle atrophy F-box protein (atrogin-1) and muscle RING-finger protein-1, proteins previously linked to muscle atrophy. Additionally, S-Rg3 treatment of DEX-injured myotubes led to aggregation of Rg3 monomers in cells and dose-dependent increases in cellular mitochondrial basal respiratory oxygen consumption rate and intracellular ATP levels compared with their levels in untreated DEX-injured myotubes. In addition, S-Rg3 treatment significantly reversed DEX-induced reductions of expression of key mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain subunits of protein complexes II, III and V in DEX-injured myotube cells. Furthermore, S-Rg3 alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with DEX-induced injury of C2C12 myotubes was linked to S-Rg3-associated decreases in both forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) protein expression and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Collectively, these results implicate S-Rg3 modulation of signaling within the AMPK-FoxO3 pathway as a putative mechanism underlying S-Rg3 alleviation of DEX-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manying Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guang Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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21
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Salvadori L, Mandrone M, Manenti T, Ercolani C, Cornioli L, Lianza M, Tomasi P, Chiappalupi S, Di Filippo ES, Fulle S, Poli F, Sorci G, Riuzzi F. Identification of Withania somnifera-Silybum marianum-Trigonella foenum-graecum Formulation as a Nutritional Supplement to Contrast Muscle Atrophy and Sarcopenia. Nutrients 2020; 13:E49. [PMID: 33375229 PMCID: PMC7824275 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Muscle atrophy, i.e., the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is an unresolved problem associated with aging (sarcopenia) and several pathological conditions. The imbalance between myofibrillary protein breakdown (especially the adult isoforms of myosin heavy chain, MyHC) and synthesis, and the reduction of muscle regenerative potential are main causes of muscle atrophy. Methods: Starting from one-hundred dried hydroalcoholic extracts of medical plants, we identified those able to contrast the reduction of C2C12 myotube diameter in well-characterized in vitro models mimicking muscle atrophy associated to inflammatory states, glucocorticoid treatment or nutrient deprivation. Based on their ability to rescue type II MyHC (MyHC-II) expression in atrophying conditions, six extracts with different phytochemical profiles were selected, mixed in groups of three, and tested on atrophic myotubes. The molecular mechanism underpinning the effects of the most efficacious formulation, and its efficacy on myotubes obtained from muscle biopsies of young and sarcopenic subjects were also investigated. Results: We identified WST (Withania somnifera, Silybum marianum, Trigonella foenum-graecum) formulation as extremely efficacious in protecting C2C12 myotubes against MyHC-II degradation by stimulating Akt (protein kinase B)-dependent protein synthesis and p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase)/myogenin-dependent myoblast differentiation. WST sustains trophism in C2C12 and young myotubes, and rescues the size, developmental MyHC expression and myoblast fusion in sarcopenic myotubes. Conclusion: WST strongly counteracts muscle atrophy associated to different conditions in vitro. The future validation in vivo of our results might lead to the use of WST as a food supplement to sustain muscle mass in diffuse atrophying conditions, and to reverse the age-related functional decline of human muscles, thus improving people quality of life and reducing social and health-care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salvadori
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (E.S.D.F.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Manuela Mandrone
- Department Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (P.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Tommaso Manenti
- Biokyma srl Laboratories, 52031 Anghiari, Italy; (T.M.); (C.E.); (L.C.)
| | - Catia Ercolani
- Biokyma srl Laboratories, 52031 Anghiari, Italy; (T.M.); (C.E.); (L.C.)
| | - Luca Cornioli
- Biokyma srl Laboratories, 52031 Anghiari, Italy; (T.M.); (C.E.); (L.C.)
| | - Mariacaterina Lianza
- Department Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (P.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Paola Tomasi
- Department Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (P.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Sara Chiappalupi
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (E.S.D.F.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ester Sara Di Filippo
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (E.S.D.F.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
- Department Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Fulle
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (E.S.D.F.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
- Department Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Department Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (P.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (E.S.D.F.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (E.S.D.F.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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22
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Wang M, Ren J, Chen X, Liu J, Xu X, Li X, Zhao D, Sun L. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 promotes myoblast differentiation and protects against myotube atrophy via regulation of the Akt/mTOR/FoxO3 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114145. [PMID: 32653593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (S-Rg3) promotes myoblast differentiation via an unknown mechanism. Here we measured levels of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myogenin, markers of myoblast differentiation, using Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Notably, S-Rg3 treatment of C2C12 myoblasts led to increased muscle differentiation and protection from muscle atrophy in a dexamethasone (DEX)-treated C2C12 myotube-based muscle atrophy model. This effect was likely caused by S-Rg3 treatment-induced promotion of Akt/mTOR phosphorylation and inhibition of FoxO3 nuclear transcription. Additionally, S-Rg3 treatment also led to increased fruit fly climbing distances (Drosophila melanogaster) and prevented muscle atrophy in aged fruit flies. Our study provides a mechanistic framework for understanding how S-Rg3 enhances myoblast differentiation and inhibits myotube atrophy through activation of the Akt/mTOR/FoxO3 signaling pathway, as demonstrated in vitro in C2C12 cells and in vivo in fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manying Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Jixiang Ren
- Center of Preventive Treatment of Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, PR China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, PR China.
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Katsuki R, Sakata S, Nakao R, Oishi K, Nakamura Y. Lactobacillus curvatus CP2998 Prevents Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Myotubes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:455-458. [PMID: 31666484 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether heat-killed Lactobacillus curvatus CP2998 (CP2998) inhibits glucocorticoid-induced myotube atrophy which is associated with the ubiquitin-proteasome system, mouse skeletal muscle C2C12 myotubes were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) in the presence or absence of CP2998. DEX exposure significantly decreased myotube diameters and increased mRNA expression levels of MuRF1 and MAFbx, E3 ubiquitin ligases. CP2998 treatment restored myotube diameters and dose dependently decreased mRNA expression levels of these E3 ubiquitin ligases. CP2998 treatment also inhibited DEX-induced glucocorticoid dependent transcription. Our results suggest that CP2998 prevents DEX-induced muscle atrophy by suppressing glucocorticoid receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katsuki
- Department of Lactic Acid Bacteria Technology Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd
| | - Shinji Sakata
- Department of Lactic Acid Bacteria Technology Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).,Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science.,Department of Computational and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Lactic Acid Bacteria Technology Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd
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Shen S, Yu H, Gan L, Ye Y, Lin L. Natural constituents from food sources: potential therapeutic agents against muscle wasting. Food Funct 2019; 10:6967-6986. [PMID: 31599912 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00912d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting is highly correlated with not only reduced quality of life but also higher morbidity and mortality. Although an increasing number of patients are suffering from various kinds of muscle atrophy and weakness, there is still no effective therapy available, and skeletal muscle is considered as an under-medicated organ. Food provided not only essential macronutrients but also functional substances involved in the modulation of the physiological systems of our body. Natural constituents from commonly consumed dietary plants, either extracts or compounds, have attracted more and more attention to be developed as agents for preventing and treating muscle wasting due to their safety and effectiveness, as well as structural diversity. This review provides an overview of the mechanistic aspects of muscle wasting, and summarizes the extracts and compounds from food sources as potential therapeutic agents against muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Lishe Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ligen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Lee SJ, Bae JH, Lee H, Lee H, Park J, Kang JS, Bae GU. Ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates myotube formation and mitochondrial function, thereby protecting myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 242:112054. [PMID: 31271820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg3 from Panax ginseng has reported to have multiple pharmacological activities including anti-diabetics, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. However, the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myogenic differentiation and muscle atrophy is unknown. AIM TO THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the myogenic effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3 on myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). MATERIALS AND METHODS C2C12 myoblasts were induced to differentiate for one day followed by the treatment of TNF-α along with vehicle or ginsenoside Rg3 for additional 2 days and subjected to immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR and biochemical analysis for mitochondrial function. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes myogenic differentiation and multinucleated myotube formation through Akt activation in a dose-dependent manner, without any cytotoxicity. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment restores myotube formation and increases myotube diameters under TNF-α-treated conditions. Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling that in turn stimulates muscle-specific gene expression such as myosin heavy chain (MHC) and Myogenin, and suppresses the expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases. In addition, ginsenoside Rg3 in TNF-α-treated myotubes significantly inhibits the production of mitochondrial ROS and restores mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP contents. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates the activities and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and the mitochondrial biogenetic transcription factors, nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in TNF-α-induced myotube atrophy. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a mechanistic insight into the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myogenic differentiation and myotube atrophy, suggesting that ginsenoside Rg3 has a promising potential as a therapeutic or neutraceutical remedy to intervene muscle weakness and atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyun Bae
- Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hani Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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Lei S, She Y, Zeng J, Chen R, Zhou S, Shi H. Expression patterns of regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs in muscular atrophy models induced by starvation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4175-4185. [PMID: 31545487 PMCID: PMC6798001 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Starvation or severe deprivation of nutrients, which is commonly seen in surgical patients, can result in catabolic changes in skeletal muscles, such as muscle atrophy. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms during skeletal muscle atrophy. In the present study, muscular atrophy was induced by starvation and the results demonstrated that myosin heavy chain was decreased, whereas muscle RING finger protein 1 and atrogin-1 were increased, both in vitro and in vivo. The impact of starvation on the expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) was next determined. The expression patterns of miR-23a, miR-206 and miR-27b in the starved mice exhibited similar trends as those in starved C2C12 cells in vitro, whereas the expression patterns of six other miRNAs (miR-18a, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-186, miR-1a and miR-29b) differed between the in vivo and the in vitro starvation models. The present study indicated that in vitro expression of the selected miRNAs was not completely consistent with that in vivo. By contrast, lncRNAs showed excellent consistency in their expression patterns in both the in vitro and in vivo starvation models; six of the lncRNAs (Atrolnc-1, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA of muscle differentiation 1, Myolinc, lncRNA myogenic differentiation 1, Dum and muscle anabolic regulator 1) were significantly elevated in starved tissues and cells, while lnc-mg was significantly decreased, compared with the control groups. Thus, lncRNAs involved in muscle atrophy have the potential to be developed as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Lei
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Yanling She
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Shanyao Zhou
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Huacai Shi
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
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Panax ginseng Total Protein Facilitates Recovery from Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy through the Activation of Glucose Consumption in C2C12 Myotubes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3719643. [PMID: 31467885 PMCID: PMC6699344 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3719643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) can cause many side effects such as muscle atrophy for long-term use. Muscle atrophy induced by DEX may be caused by decrease of glucose consumption. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was previously considered to be an antiatrophic agent for glucocorticoid- (GC-) treated therapies. As one of the main components, it remains unclear whether ginseng total protein (GP) facilitates recovery from muscle atrophy induced by DEX. Methods In this study, GP was extracted and purified with Sephadex-G50. C2C12 myoblasts was induced with 2% horse serum to differentiate into C2C12 myotubes. Cell viability was analyzed by the MTT assay, and Ca2+ concentration was analyzed by a flow cytometer. The release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and the glucose consumption were analyzed by spectrophotometry. The phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt) and the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were analyzed by Western blotting. The phosphorylation of AS160 was quantified by Immunofluorescence staining. Results We found that GP increased cell viability and increased myotube diameter in high-dose DEX-treated C2C12 myotubes for 24 h, but this activity was not found in the enzymatic hydrolyzed GP group. GP reduced muscle atrophy by decreasing the expression of key proteins such as muscle RING-finger protein-1 and muscle atrophy F-box, reducing the Ca2+ concentration, and decreasing the release of LDH in DEX-injured C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, GP improved glucose consumption and increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, PI3K, Akt, and AS160 and the expression of GLUT4 in DEX-treated C2C12 myotubes. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that GP has effects on recovering DEX-induced muscle atrophy and cell injury, which may improve glucose consumption via the AMPK and PI3K/Akt pathways in high-dose DEX-treated C2C12 myotubes. This study provides in vitro mechanistic insights into the recovery of muscle atrophy with GP treatment.
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A Review of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies on Muscular Atrophy: A Literature Review of In Vivo/In Vitro Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8654719. [PMID: 30581489 PMCID: PMC6276427 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8654719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this review is to evaluate the recent treatment and study trends of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments on muscular atrophy by reviewing in vivo/in vitro studies. Materials and Methods The searches were conducted via electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang MED, and five Korean databases. Only in vivo and in vitro studies were included in this study. Results A total of 44 studies (27 in vivo studies, 8 in vitro studies, and 9 in vivo with in vitro) were included. No serious maternal or fetal complications occurred. There were various animal models induced with muscular atrophy through “hindlimb suspension”, “nerve damage”, ‘alcohol or dexamethasone treatment', “diabetes”, “CKD”, “stroke”, “cancer”, “genetic modification”, etc. In 28 of 36 articles measuring muscle mass, CAM significantly increased the mass. Additionally, 10 of them showed significant improvement in muscle function. In most in vitro studies, significant increases in both the diameter of myotubes and muscle cell numbers were reported. The mechanisms of action of protein synthesis, degradation, autophagy, and apoptotic markers were also investigated. Conclusions These results demonstrate that CAM could prevent muscular atrophy. Further studies about CAM on muscular atrophy are needed.
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Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes browning by inducing UCP1 expression and mitochondrial activity in 3T3-L1 and subcutaneous white adipocytes. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:589-599. [PMID: 31695565 PMCID: PMC6823768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer is known as a conventional herbal medicine, and ginsenoside Rg1, a steroid glycoside, is one of its components. Although Rg1 has been proved to have an antiobesity effect, the mechanism of this effect and whether it involves adipose browning have not been elucidated. Methods 3T3-L1 and subcutaneous white adipocytes from mice were used to access the thermogenic effect of Rg1. Adipose mitochondria and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Protein level and mRNA of UCP1 were also evaluated by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results Rg1 dramatically enhanced expression of brown adipocyte–specific markers, such as UCP1 and fatty acid oxidation genes, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. In addition, it modulated lipid metabolism, activated 5′ adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase, and promoted lipid droplet dispersion. Conclusions Rg1 increases UCP1 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in 3T3-L1 and subcutaneous white adipose cells isolated from C57BL/6 mice. We suggest that Rg1 exerts its antiobesity effects by promoting adipocyte browning through activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Yang T, Guo Q, Shi X, Wu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Chai L, Gao Y, Lou L, Dong B, Zhu L. Panax notoginseng saponins promotes cerebral recovery from ischemic injury by downregulating LINGO-1 and activating the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in vivo. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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