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Mazhar MU, Naz S, Zulfiqar T, Khan JZ, Ghazanfar S, Tipu MK. Immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective potential of Bacillus subtilis (NMCC-path-14) in comparison to dexamethasone in alleviating CFA-induced arthritis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3275-3299. [PMID: 37930392 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate and compare efficacy as well as safety of Bacillus subtilis and dexamethasone (Dexa) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis, we used glucocorticoid monotherapy (Dexa 5 mg/kg/day) and B. subtilis (1 × 108 CFU/animal/day p.o) as pre-treatment and concurrent treatment for a duration of 35 days. Specific emphasis was on chronic aspect of this study since long-term use of Dexa is known to produce undesirable side effects. Treatment with Dexa significantly attenuated the arthritic symptoms but produced severe side effects like weight loss, increased mortality, immunosuppression, and altered histology of liver, kidney, and spleen. Oxidative stress was also elevated by Dexa in these organs which contributed to the damage. Treatment with B. subtilis improved symptoms of arthritis without producing any deleterious side effects as seen with Dexa therapy. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) profile revealed decreased expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) expression by B. subtilis and Dexa treatment in ankle joint of arthritic mice. Radiological scores were also improved by both treatments. This study concludes that B. subtilis could be an effective alternative for treating arthritis than Dexa since it does not produce life-threatening side effects on prolong treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usama Mazhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Naz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Zulfiqar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jehan Zeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid Tipu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Filluelo O, Ferrando J, Picart P. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis toward the efficient and stable production of C 30-carotenoids. AMB Express 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 37119332 PMCID: PMC10148934 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial carotenoid production is dominated by chemical synthesis and plant extraction, both of which are unsustainable and can be detrimental to the environment. A promising alternative for the mass production of carotenoids from both an ecological and commercial perspective is microbial synthesis. To date, C30 carotenoid production in Bacillus subtilis has been achieved using plasmid systems for the overexpression of biosynthetic enzymes. In the present study, we employed a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system to develop an efficient, safe, and stable C30 carotenoid-producing B. subtilis strain, devoid of plasmids and antibiotic selection markers. To this end, the expression levels of crtM (dehydrosqualene synthase) and crtN (dehydrosqualene desaturase) genes from Staphylococcus aureus were upregulated by the insertion of three gene copies into the chromosome of B. subtilis. Subsequently, the supply of the C30 carotenoid precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), which is the substrate for CrtMN enzymes, was enhanced by expressing chromosomally integrated Bacillus megaterium-derived farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme in the FPP pathway, and abolishing the expression of farnesyl diphosphate phosphatase (YisP), an enzyme responsible for the undesired conversion of FPP to farnesol. The consecutive combination of these features resulted in a stepwise increased production of C30 carotenoids. For the first time, a B. subtilis strain that can endogenously produce C30 carotenoids has been constructed, which we anticipate will serve as a chassis for further metabolic engineering and fermentation optimization aimed at developing a commercial scale bioproduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Filluelo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science Technology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Microbiology Section, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jordi Ferrando
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science Technology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Microbiology Section, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Pere Picart
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science Technology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Microbiology Section, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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Kim M, Jung DH, Hwang CY, Siziya IN, Park YS, Seo MJ. 4,4'-Diaponeurosporene Production as C 30 Carotenoid with Antioxidant Activity in Recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:135-151. [PMID: 36066805 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids, a group of isoprenoid pigments, are naturally synthesized by various microorganisms and plants, and are industrially used as ingredients in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical product formulations. Although several types of carotenoids and diverse microbial carotenoid producers have been reported, studies on lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-derived carotenoids are relatively insufficient. There is a notable lack of research focusing on C30 carotenoids, the functional characterizations of their biosynthetic genes and their mass production by genetically engineered microorganisms. In this study, the biosynthesis of 4,4'-diaponeurosporene in Escherichia coli harboring the core biosynthetic genes, dehydrosqualene synthase (crtM) and dehydrosqualene desaturase (crtN), from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226 was constructed to evaluate and enhance 4,4'-diaponeurosporene production and antioxidant activity. The production of 4,4'-diapophytoene, a substrate of 4,4'-diaponeurosporene, was confirmed in E. coli expressing only the crtM gene. In addition, recombinant E. coli carrying both C30 carotenoid biosynthesis genes (crtM and crtN) was confirmed to biosynthesize 4,4'-diaponeurosporene and exhibited a 6.1-fold increase in carotenoid production compared to the wild type and had a significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene. This study presents the discovery of an important novel E. coli platform in consideration of the industrial applicability of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mibang Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Gyeongbuk, Korea.,Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Jung
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Young Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Inonge Noni Siziya
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Bio Material & Process Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ji Seo
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Bio Material & Process Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
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Fu Y, Gao H, Hou X, Chen Y, Xu K. Pretreatment with IPA ameliorates colitis in mice: Colon transcriptome and fecal 16S amplicon profiling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1014881. [PMID: 36159803 PMCID: PMC9495931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA) is a tryptophan metabolite that has anti-inflammatory properties. The present study try to investigate the phylactic effects of IPA on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice. The results showed that IPA pretreatment ameliorated the DSS-induced decrease in growth performance, and intestinal damage and enhanced immunity in mice. RNA-seq analysis of mouse colon samples revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that IPA pretreatment ameliorated DSS-induced colonic microbiota dysbiosis. Moreover, the expression levels of gut immune genes were positively correlated with the relative abundance of several probiotics, such as Alloprevotella and Catenibacterium. In conclusion, IPA alleviates DSS-induced acute colitis in mice by regulating inflammatory cytokines, balancing the colonic microbiota and modulating the expression of genes related to inflammation, which would also provide a theoretical basis for IPA as a strategy to improve intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Xu,
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López GD, Álvarez-Rivera G, Carazzone C, Ibáñez E, Leidy C, Cifuentes A. Bacterial Carotenoids: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1239-1262. [PMID: 34915787 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2016366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural carotenoids are secondary metabolites that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. These types of compounds are highly demanded by pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and food industries, leading to the search for new natural sources of carotenoids. In recent years, the production of carotenoids from bacteria has become of great interest for industrial applications. In addition to carotenoids with C40-skeletons, some bacteria have the ability to synthesize characteristic carotenoids with C30-skeletons. In this regard, a great variety of methodologies for the extraction and identification of bacterial carotenoids has been reported and this is the first review that condenses most of this information. To understand the diversity of carotenoids from bacteria, we present their biosynthetic origin in order to focus on the methodologies employed in their extraction and characterization. Special emphasis has been made on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the analysis and identification of bacterial carotenoids. We end up this review showing their potential commercial use. This review is proposed as a guide for the identification of these metabolites, which are frequently reported in new bacteria strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson-Dirceu López
- Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Physics Department, Laboratory of Biophysics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Chiara Carazzone
- Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chad Leidy
- Physics Department, Laboratory of Biophysics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Discovery of a Novel Multi-Strains Probiotic Formulation with Improved Efficacy toward Intestinal Inflammation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071945. [PMID: 32629887 PMCID: PMC7400193 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis is commonly detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), supporting the concept that a dysregulated immune reaction to bacterial antigens has a pathogenic role in the development of intestinal inflammation. In the present study, we have investigated the beneficial effects of a novel probiotic formulation assembled by combining four probiotics (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis) with Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive bacterium, with extensive bio-applications. Mice rendered colitic by administration of TNBS or DSS were administered with Bacillus subtilis alone, Vivomixx® or the novel Five strains formulation. Vivomixx® attenuated the severity of inflammation and reduced the development of signs and symptoms of colitis in both models. Adding Bacillus subtilis to Vivomixx® improved the beneficial effects of the bacterial therapy. The novel Five strains formulation was as effective as Vivomixx® in reducing the development of signs and symptoms of colitis and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators including Il-6 and Tnf-α while increased the expression of Il-10 mRNA and the number of Treg. In summary, we have shown that a novel Five strains probiotics formulation exerts beneficial effects on two chemical models of colitis, establishing Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic in rodent models of inflammation.
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Zhang E, Wang J, Li Y, Huang L, Wang Y, Yang Q. Comparison of oral and nasal immunization with inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on intestinal immunity in piglets. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1596-1606. [PMID: 32742391 PMCID: PMC7388329 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has proven to be a major problem for the porcine industry worldwide. Conventional injectable vaccines induce effective systemic immune responses but are less effective in preventing PEDV at mucosal invasion sites, including the nasal or oral mucosa. Additionally, antigens delivered orally are easily degraded. Nasal immunization induces intestinal mucosal immune responses, which can aid in blocking viral invasion, and requires fewer antigen inoculation doses. Therefore, nasal immunizations are considered to be a potential approach to overcome viral infections. In the present study, nasal immunization of piglets was performed using inactivated PEDV combined with Bacillus subtilis as an immunopotentiator and the efficacy of nasal immunization was assessed. The results demonstrated that compared with oral immunization, piglets from the nasal immunization group exhibited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (P<0.01) in the intestine, PEDV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G (P<0.01) in serum and PEDV-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) in saliva (P<0.01) and nasal secretions (P<0.01). An increased number of intestinal CD3+ T cells, IgA-secreting cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (P<0.05) were also observed. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ, relative to the control PEDV infection, were also significantly elevated (P<0.05). The results of the present study indicate that nasal immunization is more effective at inducing the intestinal mucosal immune response, and provide new insights into a novel vaccination strategy that may be used to decrease the incidence of PEDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jialu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
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Yoon JW, Ahn SI, Jhoo JW, Kim GY. Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Fermented at Low Temperature and Its Anti-inflammatory Effect on DSS-induced Colitis in Mice. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:162-176. [PMID: 30882084 PMCID: PMC6411250 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of yogurt fermented
at low temperature and the anti-inflammatory effect it has on induced colitis
with 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in Balb/c mice. Yogurt premix were
fermented with a commercial starter culture containing Lactobacillus
acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis,
Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus
delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus at different
temperatures: 22°C (low fermentation temperature) for 27 h and
37°C (general fermentation temperature) for 12 h. To measure antioxidant
activity of yogurt samples, DPPH, ABTS+ and ferric reducing
antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays were conducted. For animal experiments,
inflammation was induced with 2.5% DSS in Balb/c mice. Yogurt fermented
at low temperature showed higher antioxidant activity than that of the yogurt
fermented at general temperature. In the inflammatory study, IL-6 (interleukin
6) was decreased and IL-4 and IL-10 increased significantly in DSS group with
yogurt fermented at general temperature (DYG) and that with yogurt fermented at
low temperature (DYL) compared to that in DSS-induced colitic mice (DC),
especially DYL had higher concentration of cytokines IL-4, and IL-10 than DYG.
MPO (myeloperoxidase) tended to decrease more in treatments with yogurt than DC.
Additionally, yogurt fermented at low temperature had anti-inflammatory
activity, although there was no significant difference with general
temperature-fermented yogurt (p>0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Yoon
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sung-Il Ahn
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jhoo
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Gur-Yoo Kim
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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