Fisetin inhibits the growth and migration in the A549 human lung cancer cell line via the ERK1/2 pathway

Fisetin enhances cisplatin sensitivity in renal cell carcinoma via the CDK6/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Cisplatin resistance is ubiquitous among patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The present study assessed the role of fisetin in regulating cisplatin sensitivity and increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy for patients with RCC. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were used to assess the proliferation of RCC cells after fisetin and cisplatin treatment. The mRNA expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6 were evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The expression levels of CDK6 and key proteins of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were assessed using western blotting. The present study demonstrated that fisetin inhibited the proliferation and colony-forming ability of RCC cells, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, fisetin enhanced the antineoplastic effects of cisplatin, as demonstrated by the increase in proliferation inhibition and apoptosis promotion after fisetin and cisplatin combination treatment. Furthermore, fisetin regulated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway through CDK6 inhibition, which enhanced cisplatin sensitivity. Overexpression of CDK6 neutralized the positive effects of fisetin on the improvement of cisplatin sensitivity in RCC cells. In conclusion, fisetin may enhance the sensitivity of RCC cells to cisplatin via the CDK6/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Himalayan flora: targeting various molecular pathways in lung cancer

The fatal amplification of lung cancer across the globe and the limitations of current treatment strategies emphasize the necessity for substitute therapeutics. The incorporation of phyto-derived components in chemo treatment holds promise in addressing those challenges. Despite the significant progressions in lung cancer therapeutics, the complexities of molecular mechanism and pathways underlying this disease remain inadequately understood, necessitating novel biomarker targeting. The Himalayas, abundant in diverse plant varieties with established chemotherapeutic potential, presents a promising avenue for investigating potential cures for lung carcinoma. The vast diversity of phytocompounds herein can be explored for targeting the disease. This review delves into the multifaceted targets of lung cancer and explores the established phytochemicals with their specific molecular targets. It emphasizes comprehending the intricate pathways that govern effective therapeutic interventions for lung cancer. Through this exploration of Himalayan flora, this review seeks to illuminate potential breakthroughs in lung cancer management using natural compounds. The amalgamation of Himalayan plant-derived compounds with cautiously designed combined therapeutic approaches such as nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery and synergistic therapy offers an opportunity to redefine the boundaries of lung cancer treatment by reducing the drug resistance and side effects and enabling an effective targeted delivery of drugs. Furthermore, additional studies are obligatory to understand the possible derivation of natural compounds used in current lung cancer treatment from plant species within the Himalayan region.

Targeting extracellular matrix through phytochemicals: a promising approach of multi-step actions on the treatment and prevention of cancer

Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a pivotal and dynamic role in the construction of tumor microenvironment (TME), becoming the focus in cancer research and treatment. Multiple cell signaling in ECM remodeling contribute to uncontrolled proliferation, metastasis, immune evasion and drug resistance of cancer. Targeting trilogy of ECM remodeling could be a new strategy during the early-, middle-, advanced-stages of cancer and overcoming drug resistance. Currently nearly 60% of the alternative anticancer drugs are derived from natural products or active ingredients or structural analogs isolated from plants. According to the characteristics of ECM, this manuscript proposes three phases of whole-process management of cancer, including prevention of cancer development in the early stage of cancer (Phase I); prevent the metastasis of tumor in the middle stage of cancer (Phase II); provide a novel method in the use of immunotherapy for advanced cancer (Phase III), and present novel insights on the contribution of natural products use as innovative strategies to exert anticancer effects by targeting components in ECM. Herein, we focus on trilogy of ECM remodeling and the interaction among ECM, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and sort out the intervention effects of natural products on the ECM and related targets in the tumor progression, provide a reference for the development of new drugs against tumor metastasis and recurrence.

Increase in Anticancer Drug-Induced Toxicity by Fisetin in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Spheroid Cells Mediated by the Reduction of Claudin-2 Expression

Claudin-2 (CLDN2), a component of tight junction, is involved in the reduction of anticancer drug-induced toxicity in spheroids of A549 cells derived from human lung adenocarcinoma. Fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, inhibits cancer cell growth, but its effect on chemosensitivity in spheroids is unknown. Here, we found that fisetin (20 μM) decreases the protein level of CLDN2 to 22.3%. Therefore, the expression mechanisms were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Spheroids were formed in round-bottom plates, and anticancer drug-induced toxicity was measured by ATP content. Fisetin decreased the phosphorylated-Akt level, and CLDN2 expression was decreased by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, suggesting the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signal is involved in the reduction of CLDN2 expression. Hypoxia level, one of the hallmarks of tumor microenvironment, was reduced by fisetin. Although fisetin did not change hypoxia inducible factor-1α level, it decreased the protein level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, a stress response factor, by 25.4% in the spheroids. The toxicity of doxorubicin (20 μM) was enhanced by fisetin from 62.8% to 40.9%, which was rescued by CLDN2 overexpression (51.7%). These results suggest that fisetin can enhance anticancer drug toxicity in A549 spheroids mediated by the reduction of CLDN2 expression.

Exploration of Potential Targets and Mechanisms of Fisetin in the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma via Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Validation

Purpose

The morbidity and fatality rates of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were high, although a combination of multiple treatments was used. Fisetin, a small flavonoid compound, had shown anticancer activities. Thus, we aimed at exploring the mechanisms of Fisetin in the treatment of NSCLC.

Methods

TCMSP and Swiss target tools were used to screen the targets of Fisetin, and GeneCards was used to collect the genes related to NSCLC. The genes common to Fisetin and NSCLC were obtained by Venn analysis, whose possible functions were further annotated. A “Compound-Target-Disease” network was then constructed and hub genes were filtered. Also, molecular docking was performed to predict the binding abilities between Fisetin and the hub genes. Then, the effects of Fisetin on the expression of hub genes in lung adenocarcinoma cells were preliminarily evaluated in vitro.

Results

A total of 131 genes common to Fisetin and NSCLC were filtered out, which might be enriched in several biological processes including antioxidation, cell proliferation, and various signaling pathways, such as PI3K-Akt and IL-17 signaling pathways. Among them, PIK3R1, CTNNB1, JUN, EGFR, and APP might be the hub genes. Molecular docking indicated the close bond between Fisetin and them. Experiments implied a possible effect of Fisetin on the expression of hub genes in A549 cells.

Conclusion

The present study found a series of novel targets and pathways for Fisetin treating NSCLC. Multiple angles, targets, and pathways were involved in the biological processes, which need to be verified in further experiments.

Fisetin, a Potent Anticancer Flavonol Exhibiting Cytotoxic Activity against Neoplastic Malignant Cells and Cancerous Conditions: A Scoping, Comprehensive Review

Diet plays a crucial role in homeostasis maintenance. Plants and spices containing flavonoids have been widely used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Flavonols present in our diet may prevent cancer initiation, promotion and progression by modulating important enzymes and receptors in signal transduction pathways related to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis and reversal of multidrug resistance. The anticancer activity of fisetin has been widely documented in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. This review summarizes the worldwide, evidence-based research on the activity of fisetin toward various types of cancerous conditions, while describing the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects, molecular targets and mechanisms that contribute to the observed anticancer activity of fisetin. In addition, this review synthesized the results from preclinical studies on the use of fisetin as an anticancer agent. Based on the available literature, it might be suggested that fisetin has a bioactive potential to become a complementary drug in the prevention and treatment of cancerous conditions. However, more in-depth research is required to validate current data, so that this compound or its derivatives can enter the clinical trial phase.

Bioactivity of Two Polyphenols Quercetin and Fisetin against Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma AGS Cells as Affected by Two Coexisting Proteins

It is recognized that minor dietary components polyphenols have anticancer effects on digestive tract, lung, leukemia, and other cancers, while polyphenols also can covalently or noncovalently interact with major dietary components proteins such as casein, soybean proteins, whey proteins, and bovine serum albumin. Thus, whether the noncovalent interaction between the molecules of two polyphenols (quercetin and fisetin) and two proteins (bovine serum albumin and casein) has positive or negative impact on anticancer activities of the polyphenols against human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells was assessed in this study. The two polyphenols had obvious anticancer activities to the cells, because dose levels as low as 20-160 mmol/L caused reduced cell viability of 30.0-69.4% (quercetin) and 24.6-63.1% (fisetin) (using a cell treatment time of 24 h), or 9.9-48.6% (quercetin) and 6.4-29.9% (fisetin) (using a cell treatment time of 48 h). However, the cell treatments by the polyphenols in the presence of the two proteins mostly caused lower polyphenol activity toward the cells, compared with those treatments by the polyphenols in the absence of the proteins. Specifically, the presence of the proteins led to reduced growth inhibition in the cells, because higher cell viability of 33.2-86.7% (quercetin) and 29.1-77.7% (fisetin) at 24 h, or 14.1-66.8% (quercetin) and 7.9-59.0% (fisetin) at 48 h, were measured in these treated cells. The two coexisting proteins also yielded the polyphenol-treated cells with less mitochondrial membrane potential loss, less formation of reactive oxygen species, and decreased cell apoptosis. Thus, it is highlighted that the noncovalent interaction between dietary polyphenols and proteins resulted in weakened anticancer ability for the polyphenols to the gastric cancer cells.

Chemical Structure, Sources and Role of Bioactive Flavonoids in Cancer Prevention: A Review

There has been a major shift in the collective mindset around the world in recent decades, both in terms of food and in terms of the treatment of chronic diseases. Increasing numbers of people are choosing to prevent rather than treat, which is why many consumers are choosing plant-based diets, mainly due to their bioactive compounds. A significant case of bioactive compound is flavonoids-a wide subclass of an even wider class of phytochemicals: polyphenols. Flavonoids are a broad topic of study for researchers due to their potential in the prevention and treatment of a broad range of cancers. The aim of this review is to inform/update the reader on the diversity, accessibility and importance of flavonoids as biomolecules that are essential for optimal health, focusing on the potential of these compounds in the prevention of various types of cancer. Along with conventional sources, this review presents some of the possible methods for obtaining significant amounts of flavonoids based on a slightly different approach, genetic manipulation.

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Anti-Lung Cancer Activity of Artemesia judaica L. Crude Extract Combined with LC-MS/MS Metabolic Profiling, Docking Simulation and HPLC-DAD Quantification

Artemisia judaica L. (Family: Asteraceae) exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of A. judaica ethanolic extract was screened against a panel of cancer cell lines. The results revealed its cytotoxic activity against a lung cancer (A549) cell line with a promising IC50 of 14.2 μg/mL compared to doxorubicin as a standard. This was confirmed through the downregulation of antiapoptotic genes, the upregulation of proapoptotic genes, and the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Further in vivo study showed that a solid tumor mass was significantly reduced, with a tumor inhibition ratio of 54% relative to doxorubicin therapy in a Xenograft model. From a chemical point of view, various classes of natural products have been identified by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The docking study of the detected metabolites approved their cytotoxic activity through their virtual binding affinity towards the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) active sites. Finally, A. judaica is a fruitful source of polyphenols that are well-known for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. As such, the previously reported polyphenols with anti-lung cancer activity were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin were detected at concentrations of 6 mg/gm, 0.4 mg/gm, 0.36 mg/gm, and 3.9 mg/gm of plant dry extract, respectively. It is worth noting that kaempferol and rutin are reported for the first time. Herein, A. judaica L. may serve as an adjuvant therapy or a promising source of leading structures in drug discovery for lung cancer treatment.

Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) in NSCLC: From Prognosis to Therapy Design

Designing optimal (neo)adjuvant therapy is a crucial aspect of the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Standard methods of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy represent effective strategies for treatment. However, in some cases with high metastatic activity and high levels of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), the efficacy of standard treatment methods is insufficient and results in treatment failure and reduced patient survival. CTCs are seen not only as an isolated phenomenon but also a key inherent part of the formation of metastasis and a key factor in cancer death. This review discusses the impact of NSCLC therapy strategies based on a meta-analysis of clinical studies. In addition, possible therapeutic strategies for repression when standard methods fail, such as the administration of low-toxicity natural anticancer agents targeting these phenomena (curcumin and flavonoids), are also discussed. These strategies are presented in the context of key mechanisms of tumour biology with a strong influence on CTC spread and metastasis (mechanisms related to tumour-associated and -infiltrating cells, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and migration of cancer cells).

Chemokine signaling in cancer-stroma communications

Cancer is a multi-faceted disease in which spontaneous mutation(s) in a cell leads to the growth and development of a malignant new organ that if left undisturbed will grow in size and lead to eventual death of the organism. During this process, multiple cell types are continuously releasing signaling molecules into the microenvironment, which results in a tangled web of communication that both attracts new cell types into and reshapes the tumor microenvironment as a whole. One prominent class of molecules, chemokines, bind to specific receptors and trigger directional, chemotactic movement in the receiving cell. Chemokines and their receptors have been demonstrated to be expressed by almost all cell types in the tumor microenvironment, including epithelial, immune, mesenchymal, endothelial, and other stromal cells. This results in chemokines playing multifaceted roles in facilitating context-dependent intercellular communications. Recent research has started to shed light on these ligands and receptors in a cancer-specific context, including cell-type specificity and drug targetability. In this review, we summarize the latest research with regards to chemokines in facilitating communication between different cell types in the tumor microenvironment.

A narrative review of the migration and invasion features of non-small cell lung cancer cells upon xenobiotic exposure: insights from in vitro studies

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, being non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) sub-types the most prevalent. Since most LC cases are only detected during the last stage of the disease the high mortality rate is strongly associated with metastases. For this reason, the migratory and invasive capacity of these cancer cells as well as the mechanisms involved have long been studied to uncover novel strategies to prevent metastases and improve the patients’ prognosis. This narrative review provides an overview of the main in vitro migration and invasion assays employed in NSCLC research. While several methods have been developed, experiments using conventional cell culture models prevailed, specifically the wound-healing and the transwell migration and invasion assays. Moreover, it is provided herewith a summary of the available information concerning chemical contaminants that may promote the migratory/invasive properties of NSCLC cells in vitro, shedding some light on possible LC risk factors. Most of the reported agents with pro-migration/invasion effects derive from cigarette smoking [e.g., Benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium] and air pollution. This review further presents several studies in which different dietary/plant-derived compounds demonstrated to impair migration/invasion processes in NSCLC cells in vitro. These chemicals that have been proposed as anti-migratory consisted mainly of natural bioactive substances, including polyphenols non-flavonoids, flavonoids, bibenzyls, terpenes, alkaloids, and steroids. Some of these compounds may eventually represent novel therapeutic strategies to be considered in the future to prevent metastasis formation in LC, which highlights the need for additional in vitro methodologies that more closely resemble the in vivo tumor microenvironment and cancer cell interactions. These studies along with adequate in vivo models should be further explored as proof of concept for the most promising compounds.

Tripartite motif protein 11 (TRIM11), an oncogene for human lung cancer via the DUSP6-mediated ERK1/2 signaling pathway

Evidence suggests that Tripartite Motif Containing 11 (TRIM11) has pro-tumor activity in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the roles and underlying mechanisms of TRIM11 in NSCLC have not yet been fully elucidated. In this work, human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H446, and H1975) were transfected with siRNA or lentiviruses to knockdown or overexpress TRIM11 and dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6). The cell tumor response was assessed by determining the rate of proliferation, apoptosis, the uptake of 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diaxol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), and the secretion of lactic acid (LD). Dominant-negative (dn)-MEK1 was used to block the ERK1/2 pathway. The mechanism was investigated by assessing the protein levels of pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 (PKM2) and DUSP6, as well as the activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Our data confirmed the anti-cancer effect of siTRIM11 in human lung cancer by demonstrating inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, prevention of 2-NBDG uptake, suppression of LD production, and prevention of lung cancer cell (A549) tumorigenicity in nude mice. The underlying mechanism involved the up-regulation of DUSP6 and the inhibition of ERK1/2 activity. Overexpression of TRIM11 induced tumorigenesis of NSCLC in vitro, and the activation of ERK1/2 was significantly reversed by DUSP6 overexpression or additional dn-MEK1 treatment. Interestingly, we confirmed TRIM11 as a deubiquitinase that regulated DUSP6 accumulation, indicating that lung cancer progression is regulated via the DUSP6-ERK1/2 pathway. In conclusion, TRIM11 is an oncogene in NSCLC, likely through the DUSP6-mediated ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Fisetin: An anticancer perspective

Despite the provision of safe and cost-effective chemopreventive cancer approaches, still there are requirements to enhance their efficiency. The use of dietary agents as phytochemicals plays an imperative role against different human cancer cell lines. Among these novel dietary agents, fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is present in different fruits and vegetables such as apple, persimmon, grape, strawberry, cucumber, and onion. Being a potent anticancer agent, fisetin has been used to inhibit stages in the cancer cells (proliferation, invasion), prevent cell cycle progression, inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis, cause polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and modulate the expressions of Bcl-2 family proteins in different cancer cell lines (HT-29, U266, MDA-MB-231, BT549, and PC-3M-luc-6), respectively. Further, fisetin also suppresses the activation of the PKCα/ROS/ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, reduces the NF-κB activation, and down-regulates the level of the oncoprotein securin. Fisetin also inhibited cell division and proliferation and invasion as well as lowered the TET1 expression levels. The current review article highlights and discusses the anticancer role of fisetin in cell cultures and animal and human studies. Conclusively, fisetin as a polyphenol with pleiotropic pharmacological properties showed promising anticancer activity in a wide range of cancers. Fisetin suppresses the cancer cell stages, prevents progression in cell cycle and cell growth, and induces apoptosis.

Antiangiogenic Activity of Flavonoids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract: An imbalance of angiogenesis contributes to many pathologies such as cancer, arthritis and retinopathy, hence molecules that can modulate angiogenesis are of considerable therapeutic importance. Despite many reports on the promising antiangiogenic properties of naturally occurring flavonoids, no flavonoids have progressed to the clinic for this application. This systematic review and meta-analysis therefore evaluates the antiangiogenic activities of a wide range of flavonoids and is presented in two sections. The first part of the study (Systematic overview) included 402 articles identified by searching articles published before May 2020 using ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science databases. From this initial search, different classes of flavonoids with antiangiogenic activities, related pathologies and use of in vitro and/or in/ex vivo angiogenesis assays were identified. In the second part (Meta-analysis), 25 studies concerning the antiangiogenic evaluation of flavonoids using the in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay were included, following a targeted search on articles published prior to June 2020. Meta-analysis of 15 out of the 25 eligible studies showed concentration dependent antiangiogenic activity of six compared subclasses of flavonoids with isoflavones, flavonols and flavones being the most active (64 to 80% reduction of blood vessels at 100 µM). Furthermore, the key structural features required for the antiangiogenic activity of flavonoids were derived from the pooled data in a structure activity relationship (SAR) study. All in all, flavonoids are promising candidates for the development of antiangiogenic agents, however further investigations are needed to determine the key structural features responsible for their activity.

Role of endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) in lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

The five-year survival rate of lung adenocarcinoma patients (LUAD) is very low,and the methods of predicting survival are a great obstacle for LUAD therapies. Endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) gene is associated with tumorigenesis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of EDNRB on LUAD.

METHODS

Survival analyses was performed to assess the correlation between EDNRB expression and survival of LUAD patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) datasets. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to illustrate possible biological functions of EDNRB. Laboratory methods were used to verify the function of EDNRB in LUAD.

RESULTS

The TCGA results showed that a low expression of EDNRB was found in LUAD patients which led to poor outcome and worse survival, compared with the high expression in GSEA results which suggested that expression of EDNRB might be associated with regulation of the ERK pathway. Laboratory results suggested that EDNRB could inhibit the proliferation and migration of LUAD H1299 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

EDNRB is a potential prognostic marker for LUAD patients and might exert its functions by regulating the ERK pathway in LUAD.

FlavoDb: a web-based chemical repository of flavonoid compounds

There are many online resources that focus on chemical diversity of natural compounds, but only handful of resources exist that focus solely on flavonoid compounds and integrate structural and functional properties; however, extensive collated flavonoid literature is still unavailable to scientific community. Here we present an open access database 'FlavoDb' that is focused on providing physicochemical properties as well as topological descriptors that can be effectively implemented in deducing large scale quantitative structure property models of flavonoid compounds. In the current version of database, we present data on 1, 19,400 flavonoid compounds, thereby covering most of the known structural space of flavonoid class of compounds. Moreover, effective structure searching tool presented here is expected to provide an interactive and easy-to-use tool for obtaining flavonoid-based literature and allied information. Data from FlavoDb can be freely accessed via its intuitive graphical user interface made available at following web address: http://bioinfo.net.in/flavodb/home.html.

Progress in Research on the Role of Flavonoids in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Therefore, for the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of lung cancer, efficient preventive strategies and new therapeutic strategies are needed to face these challenges. Natural bioactive compounds and particular flavonoids compounds have been proven to have an important role in lung cancer prevention and of particular interest is the dose used for these studies, to underline the molecular effects and mechanisms at a physiological concentration. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding relevant molecular mechanisms involved in the pharmacological effects, with a special focus on the anti-cancer role, by regulating the coding and non-coding genes. Furthermore, this review focused on the most commonly altered and most clinically relevant oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and microRNAs in lung cancer. Particular attention was given to the biological effect in tandem with conventional therapy, emphasizing the role in the regulation of drug resistance related mechanisms.

Fisetin Suppresses Human Osteosarcoma U-2 OS Cell Migration and Invasion via Affecting FAK, uPA and NF-ĸB Signaling Pathway In Vitro

BACKGROUND/AIM

Evidence has indicated that fisetin induces cytotoxic effects in human cancer cell lines, including the inhibition of cell migration and invasion, however, the exact molecular mechanism of action of fisetin in human osteosarcoma cells remains unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-metastatic mechanisms of fisetin in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells were investigated in vitro.

RESULTS

Fisetin reduced the viability of cells at different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10 μM) as measured by flow cytometric assay. Fisetin suppressed cell mobility, migration and invasion of U-2 OS cells, as shown by wound healing assay and transwell filter chambers, respectively. The gelatin zymography assay showed that fisetin inhibited MMP-2 activity in U-2 OS cells. Results from western blotting indicated that fisetin reduced the levels of pEGFR, SOS-1, GRB2, Ras, PKC, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, p-p-38, VEGF, FAK, RhoA, PI3K, p-AKT, NF-ĸB, uPA, MMP-7, MMP-9, and MMP-13, but increased GSK3β and E-cadherin in U-2 OS cells after 48 h of treatment.

CONCLUSION

Fisetin can be used in the future, as a target for the treatment of metastasis of human osteosarcoma cells.

Continuous, label-free, 96-well-based determination of cell migration using confluence measurement

Cellular migration is essential in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here, we present a protocol for quantitative analysis of migration using confluence detection allowing continuous, non-endpoint measurement with minimal hands-on time under cell incubator conditions. Applicability was tested using substances which enhance (EGF) or inhibit (cytochalasin D, ouabain) migration. Using a gap-closure assay we demonstrate that automated confluence detection monitors cellular migration in the 96-well microplate format. Quantification by % confluence, % cell free-area or % confluence in cell-free area against time, allows detailed analysis of cellular migration. The study describes a practicable approach for continuous, non-endpoint measurement of migration in 96-well microplates and for detailed data analysis, which allows for medium/high-throughput analysis of cellular migration in vitro.