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Shoemaker RL, Larsen RJ, Larsen PA. Single-domain antibodies and aptamers drive new opportunities for neurodegenerative disease research. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1426656. [PMID: 39238639 PMCID: PMC11374656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1426656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) in mammals, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the presence of these pathogenic proteins, the immune response in affected individuals remains notably muted. Traditional immunological strategies, particularly those reliant on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), face challenges related to tissue penetration, blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing, and maintaining protein stability. This has led to a burgeoning interest in alternative immunotherapeutic avenues. Notably, single-domain antibodies (or nanobodies) and aptamers have emerged as promising candidates, as their reduced size facilitates high affinity antigen binding and they exhibit superior biophysical stability compared to mAbs. Aptamers, synthetic molecules generated from DNA or RNA ligands, present both rapid production times and cost-effective solutions. Both nanobodies and aptamers exhibit inherent qualities suitable for ND research and therapeutic development. Cross-seeding events must be considered in both traditional and small-molecule-based immunodiagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as well as subsequent neurotoxic impacts and complications beyond protein aggregates. This review delineates the challenges traditional immunological methods pose in ND research and underscores the potential of nanobodies and aptamers in advancing next-generation ND diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Shoemaker
- Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach (MNPRO), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Roxanne J Larsen
- Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Priogen Corp., St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Peter A Larsen
- Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach (MNPRO), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, United States
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2
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Limpikirati PK, Mongkoltipparat S, Denchaipradit T, Siwasophonpong N, Pornnopparat W, Ramanandana P, Pianpaktr P, Tongchusak S, Tian MT, Pisitkun T. Basic regulatory science behind drug substance and drug product specifications of monoclonal antibodies and other protein therapeutics. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100916. [PMID: 39035218 PMCID: PMC11259812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on providing basics and examples for each component of the protein therapeutic specifications to interested pharmacists and biopharmaceutical scientists with a goal to strengthen understanding in regulatory science and compliance. Pharmaceutical specifications comprise a list of important quality attributes for testing, references to use for test procedures, and appropriate acceptance criteria for the tests, and they are set up to ensure that when a drug product is administered to a patient, its intended therapeutic benefits and safety can be rendered appropriately. Conformance of drug substance or drug product to the specifications is achieved by testing an article according to the listed tests and analytical methods and obtaining test results that meet the acceptance criteria. Quality attributes are chosen to be tested based on their quality risk, and consideration should be given to the merit of the analytical methods which are associated with the acceptance criteria of the specifications. Acceptance criteria are set forth primarily based on efficacy and safety profiles, with an increasing attention noted for patient-centric specifications. Discussed in this work are related guidelines that support the biopharmaceutical specification setting, how to set the acceptance criteria, and examples of the quality attributes and the analytical methods from 60 articles and 23 pharmacopeial monographs. Outlooks are also explored on process analytical technologies and other orthogonal tools which are on-trend in biopharmaceutical characterization and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patanachai K. Limpikirati
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sorrayut Mongkoltipparat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thinnaphat Denchaipradit
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nathathai Siwasophonpong
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wudthipong Pornnopparat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parawan Ramanandana
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand
| | - Phumrapee Pianpaktr
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Songsak Tongchusak
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Maoxin Tim Tian
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Division of Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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3
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Pangua C, Espuelas S, Martínez-Ohárriz MC, Vizmanos JL, Irache JM. Mucus-penetrating and permeation enhancer albumin-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of macromolecules: Application to bevacizumab. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1189-1205. [PMID: 37880504 PMCID: PMC10984897 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The oral administration of therapeutic proteins copes with important challenges (mainly degradation and poor absorption) making their potential therapeutic application extremely difficult. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the potential of the combination between mucus-permeating nanoparticles and permeation enhancers as a carrier for the oral delivery of the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, used as a model of therapeutic protein. For this purpose, bevacizumab was encapsulated in PEG-coated albumin nanoparticles as a hydrophobic ion-pairing complex with either sodium deoxycholate (DS) or sodium docusate (DOCU). In both cases, complex formation efficiencies close to 90% were found. The incorporation of either DS or DOCU in PEG-coated nanoparticles significantly increased their mean size, particularly when DOCU was used. Moreover, the diffusion in mucus of DOCU-loaded nanoparticles was significantly reduced, compared with DS ones. In a C. elegans model, DS or DOCU (free or nanoencapsulated) disrupted the intestinal epithelial integrity, but the overall survival of the worms was not affected. In rats, the relative oral bioavailability of bevacizumab incorporated in PEG-coated nanoparticles as a complex with DS (B-DS-NP-P) was 3.7%, a 1000-fold increase compared to free bevacizumab encapsulated in nanoparticles (B-NP-P). This important effect of DS may be explained not only by its capability to transiently disrupt tight junctions but also to their ability to increase the fluidity of membranes and to inhibit cytosolic and brush border enzymes. In summary, the current strategy may be useful to allow the therapeutic use of orally administered proteins, including monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pangua
- NANO-VAC Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- NANO-VAC Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan M Irache
- NANO-VAC Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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Surendran N, Durasiewicz CP, Hoffmann T, Wille A, Bussmann AB, Richter M. Microfluidic Delivery of High Viscosity Liquids Using Piezoelectric Micropumps for Subcutaneous Drug Infusion Applications. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 5:21-31. [PMID: 38487095 PMCID: PMC10939327 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2024.3355692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal: Auto-injectors for self-administration of drugs are usually refrigerated. If not warmed up prior to the injection, ejection of the total drug volume is not guaranteed, as their spring and plunger mechanism cannot adjust for a change in viscosity of the drug. Here, we develop piezoelectric micro diaphragm pump that allows these modifications possible while investigating the effectiveness of this alternative dosing method. Methods: The dosing of highly viscous liquid of 25 mPa·s is made possible using application-specific micropump design. By comparing the analytical with experimental results, the practicality of the concept is verified. Results: Using a powerful piezoelectric stack actuator, the micropump achieves high fluid pressures of up to (368 ± 17) kPa. In order to assess the influence of viscosity, we characterize the fluidic performance of the designed micropump through 27G gauge needle for various water-glycerin mixtures. We find maximum flow rates of 2 mL/min for viscosities of up to 25 mPa·s. Conclusions: The developed micro diaphragm pump enables the development of smart auto-injectors with flow rate regulation to achieve drug delivery for high viscosity drugs through 27G needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedha Surendran
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Claudia Patricia Durasiewicz
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
- Fraunhofer IMTE Research Institute for Individualized and Cell-based Medical Engineering23562LübeckGermany
| | - Thalia Hoffmann
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Axel Wille
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Agnes Beate Bussmann
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Martin Richter
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
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5
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Buzas D, Bunzel AH, Staufer O, Milodowski EJ, Edmunds GL, Bufton JC, Vidana Mateo BV, Yadav SKN, Gupta K, Fletcher C, Williamson MK, Harrison A, Borucu U, Capin J, Francis O, Balchin G, Hall S, Vega MV, Durbesson F, Lingappa S, Vincentelli R, Roe J, Wooldridge L, Burt R, Anderson RJL, Mulholland AJ, Bristol UNCOVER Group, Hare J, Bailey M, Davidson AD, Finn A, Morgan D, Mann J, Spatz J, Garzoni F, Schaffitzel C, Berger I. In vitro generated antibodies guide thermostable ADDomer nanoparticle design for nasal vaccination and passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2. Antib Ther 2023; 6:277-297. [PMID: 38075238 PMCID: PMC10702856 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Due to COVID-19, pandemic preparedness emerges as a key imperative, necessitating new approaches to accelerate development of reagents against infectious pathogens. Methods Here, we developed an integrated approach combining synthetic, computational and structural methods with in vitro antibody selection and in vivo immunization to design, produce and validate nature-inspired nanoparticle-based reagents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Results Our approach resulted in two innovations: (i) a thermostable nasal vaccine called ADDoCoV, displaying multiple copies of a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding motif derived epitope and (ii) a multivalent nanoparticle superbinder, called Gigabody, against SARS-CoV-2 including immune-evasive variants of concern (VOCs). In vitro generated neutralizing nanobodies and electron cryo-microscopy established authenticity and accessibility of epitopes displayed by ADDoCoV. Gigabody comprising multimerized nanobodies prevented SARS-CoV-2 virion attachment with picomolar EC50. Vaccinating mice resulted in antibodies cross-reacting with VOCs including Delta and Omicron. Conclusion Our study elucidates Adenovirus-derived dodecamer (ADDomer)-based nanoparticles for use in active and passive immunization and provides a blueprint for crafting reagents to combat respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Buzas
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Adrian H Bunzel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Oskar Staufer
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Grace L Edmunds
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - Joshua C Bufton
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | | - Kapil Gupta
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Imophoron Ltd, Science Creates Old Market, Midland Rd, Bristol BS2 0JZ UK
| | | | - Maia K Williamson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Ufuk Borucu
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Julien Capin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ore Francis
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - Georgia Balchin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sophie Hall
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Mirella V Vega
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fabien Durbesson
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Renaud Vincentelli
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Joe Roe
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - Rachel Burt
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Hare
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Mick Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- Imophoron Ltd, Science Creates Old Market, Midland Rd, Bristol BS2 0JZ UK
| | - Adam Finn
- Bristol University COVID-19 Emergency Research Group, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
- Children's Vaccine Centre, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS2 8EF UK
| | - David Morgan
- Imophoron Ltd, Science Creates Old Market, Midland Rd, Bristol BS2 0JZ UK
| | - Jamie Mann
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Frederic Garzoni
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Bristol University COVID-19 Emergency Research Group, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Imre Berger
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol University COVID-19 Emergency Research Group, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
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6
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Bittner B. Drug delivery improvements to enable a flexible care setting for monoclonal antibody medications in oncology - Analogue-based decision framework. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:457-470. [PMID: 36855292 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2184343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The substantial acceleration in healthcare spending together with the expenditures to manage the COVID19 pandemic demand drug delivery solutions that enable a flexible care setting for high-dose monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in oncology. AREAS COVERED This expert opinion introduces an analogue-based framework applied to guide decision-making for associated product improvements for mAb medications that are either already authorized or in late-stage clinical development. The four pillars of this framework comprise (1) the drug delivery profile of current and emerging treatments in the market, (2) the needs and preferences of people treated with mAbs, (3) existing healthcare infrastructures, and (4) country-dependent reimbursement and procurement models. The following product optimization examples for mAb-based treatments are evaluated based on original research and review articles in the field: subcutaneous formulations, an established drug delivery modality to reduce parenteral dosing complexity, fixed-dose combinations, an emerging concept to complement combination therapy, and (connected) on-body delivery systems, an identified future opportunity to support dosing outside of a controlled healthcare institutional environment. EXPERT OPINION Leveraging existing synergies and learnings from other disease areas is a measure to reduce associated development and commercialization costs and thus to provide sustainable product offerings already at the initial launch of a medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Bittner
- Global Product Strategy - Product Optimization, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Mateljak Lukačević S, Kurtović T, Borić J, Halassy B. Roughness of Production Conditions: Does It Really Affect Stability of IgG-Based Antivenoms? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070483. [PMID: 35878221 PMCID: PMC9325249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antivenoms contain either pure animal IgGs or their fragments as an active substance, and are the only specific therapeutics against envenomation arising from snakebites. Although they are highly needed, the low sustainability of such preparations’ manufacture causes constant global shortages. One reason for this is the stability of the product, which contributes not only to the manufacture sustainability, but the product safety as well. It has been hypothesized that the roughness of conditions to which IgGs are exposed during downstream purification disturbs their conformation, making them prone to aggregation, particularly after exposure to secondary stress. The aim of this research was to investigate how the roughness of the downstream purification conditions influences the stability properties of purified IgGs. For this purpose, equine IgGs were extracted from unique hyperimmune plasma by two mild condition-based operational procedures (anion-exchange chromatography and caprylic acid precipitation) and three rougher ones (ammonium sulphate precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography and protein A affinity chromatography). The stability of the refined preparations was studied under non-optimal storage conditions (37 °C, 42 °C, and a transiently lower pH) by monitoring changes in the aggregate content and thermal stability of the pure IgGs. Mild purification protocols generated IgG samples with a lower aggregate share in comparison to the rougher ones. Their tendency for further aggregation was significantly associated with the initial aggregate share. The thermal stability of IgG molecules and the aggregate content in refined samples were inversely correlated. Since the initial proportion of aggregates in the samples was influenced by the operating conditions, we have shown a strong indication that each of them also indirectly affected the stability of the final preparations. This suggests that mild condition-based refinement protocols indeed generate more stable IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Mateljak Lukačević
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (J.B.)
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (B.H.)
| | - Tihana Kurtović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (J.B.)
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juraj Borić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (J.B.)
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (J.B.)
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (B.H.)
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8
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An Overview on the Recent Advances in Alternative Solvents as Stabilizers of Proteins and Enzymes. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the use of alternative solvents is increasing, namely ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in diverse fields of knowledge, such as biochemistry, chemistry, chemical engineering, biotechnology and biomedicine. Particularly, when compared to traditional solvents, these alternative solvents have great importance for biomolecules due to the enhanced solubility, structure stability and the biological activity of biomolecules, such as protein and enzymes. Thus, in this review article, the recent developments and efforts on the technological developments carried out with ILs and DESs for the stabilization and activation of proteins and enzymes are provided. The most studied IL- and DES-based formulations for proteins and enzymes are discussed and the molecular mechanisms and interactions related to the increased stability promoted by these alternative solvents are disclosed, while emphasizing their main advantages.
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Lai PK, Ghag G, Yu Y, Juan V, Fayadat-Dilman L, Trout BL. Differences in human IgG1 and IgG4 S228P monoclonal antibodies viscosity and self-interactions: Experimental assessment and computational predictions of domain interactions. MAbs 2021; 13:1991256. [PMID: 34747330 PMCID: PMC8583000 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1991256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human/humanized IgG4 antibodies have reduced effector function relative to IgG1 antibodies, which is desirable for certain therapeutic purposes. However, the developability and biophysical properties for IgG4 antibodies are not well understood. This work focuses on the head-to-head comparison of key biophysical properties, such as self-interaction and viscosity, for 14 human/humanized, and chimeric IgG1 and IgG4 S228P monoclonal antibody pairs that contain the identical variable regions. Experimental measurements showed that the IgG4 S228P antibodies have similar or higher self-interaction and viscosity than that of IgG1 antibodies in 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5. We report sequence and structural drivers for the increased viscosity and self-interaction detected in IgG4 S228P antibodies through a combination of experimental data and computational models. Further, we applied and extended a previously established computational model for IgG1 antibodies to predict the self-interaction and viscosity behavior for each antibody pair, providing insight into the structural characteristics and differences of these two isotypes. Interestingly, we observed that the IgG4 S228P swapped variants, where the CH3 domain was swapped for that of an IgG1, showed reduced self-interaction behavior. These domain swapped IgG4 S228P molecules also showed reduced viscosity from experiment and coarse-grained simulations. We also observed that experimental diffusion interaction parameter (kD) values have a high correlation with computational diffusivity prediction for both IgG1 and IgG4 S228P isotypes. Abbreviations: AHc, constant region Hamaker constant; AHv, variable region Hamaker constant; CDRs, Complementarity-determining regions; CG, Coarse-grained model; CH1, Constant heavy chain 1; CH2 Constant heavy chain 2; CH3 Constant heavy chain 3; chgCH3 Effective charge on the CH3 region; CL Constant light chain; cP, Centipoise; DLS, Dynamic light scattering; Fab, Fragment antigen-binding; Fc, Fragment crystallizable; Fv, Variable domaing; (r) Radial distribution function; H1 CDR1 of Heavy Chain; H2 CDR2 of Heavy Chain; H3 CDR3 of Heavy Chain; HVI, High viscosity index; IgG1 human immunoglobulin of IgG1 subclass; IgG4 human immunoglobulin of IgG4 subclass; kD, Diffusion interaction parameter; L1 CDR1 of Light Chain; L2 CDR2 of Light Chain; L3 CDR3 of Light Chain; mAb, Monoclonal antibody; MD, Molecular dynamics; PPI Protein–protein interactions; SCM, Spatial charge map; UP-SEC, Ultra-high-performance size-exclusion chromatography; VH, Variable domain of Heavy Chain; VL, Variable domain of Light Chain
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Kuang Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA.,Current Address: Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey USA
| | - Gaurav Ghag
- Merck & Co, Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences Department, South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Merck & Co, Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences Department, South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Veronica Juan
- Merck & Co, Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences Department, South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | | | - Bernhardt L Trout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
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10
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McNulty MJ, Berliner AJ, Negulescu PG, McKee L, Hart O, Yates K, Arkin AP, Nandi S, McDonald KA. Evaluating the Cost of Pharmaceutical Purification for a Long-Duration Space Exploration Medical Foundry. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:700863. [PMID: 34707576 PMCID: PMC8542935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are medical treatment vulnerabilities in longer-duration space missions present in the current International Space Station crew health care system with risks, arising from spaceflight-accelerated pharmaceutical degradation and resupply lag times. Bioregenerative life support systems may be a way to close this risk gap by leveraging in situ resource utilization (ISRU) to perform pharmaceutical synthesis and purification. Recent literature has begun to consider biological ISRU using microbes and plants as the basis for pharmaceutical life support technologies. However, there has not yet been a rigorous analysis of the processing and quality systems required to implement biologically produced pharmaceuticals for human medical treatment. In this work, we use the equivalent system mass (ESM) metric to evaluate pharmaceutical purification processing strategies for longer-duration space exploration missions. Monoclonal antibodies, representing a diverse therapeutic platform capable of treating multiple space-relevant disease states, were selected as the target products for this analysis. We investigate the ESM resource costs (mass, volume, power, cooling, and crew time) of an affinity-based capture step for monoclonal antibody purification as a test case within a manned Mars mission architecture. We compare six technologies (three biotic capture methods and three abiotic capture methods), optimize scheduling to minimize ESM for each technology, and perform scenario analysis to consider a range of input stream compositions and pharmaceutical demand. We also compare the base case ESM to scenarios of alternative mission configuration, equipment models, and technology reusability. Throughout the analyses, we identify key areas for development of pharmaceutical life support technology and improvement of the ESM framework for assessment of bioregenerative life support technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. McNulty
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aaron J. Berliner
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Patrick G. Negulescu
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Liber McKee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olivia Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Yates
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Adam P. Arkin
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Somen Nandi
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen A. McDonald
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Intrinsic physicochemical profile of marketed antibody-based biotherapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020577118. [PMID: 34504010 PMCID: PMC8449350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020577118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful biologic drug discovery and development involves finding functional as well as developable candidates. Once a candidate has been demonstrated to be functional, the next step is to determine whether it can be translated into a drug product. This requires that the candidate can withstand stresses encountered during manufacturing, shipping, and storage. Additionally, it must be safe, efficacious, and possess good pharmacology. In silico analyses of the variable regions of 77 marketed antibody-based biotherapeutics have revealed five nonredundant physicochemical descriptors. Distributions of these descriptors, observed for marketed biotherapeutics, can help prioritize a drug candidate for experimental testing at early discovery stages, guide engineering efforts to further optimize it, and help increase the productivity of biologic drug discovery and development. Feeding biopharma pipelines with biotherapeutic candidates that possess desirable developability profiles can help improve the productivity of biologic drug discovery and development. Here, we have derived an in silico profile by analyzing computed physicochemical descriptors for the variable regions (Fv) found in 77 marketed antibody-based biotherapeutics. Fv regions of these biotherapeutics demonstrate significant diversities in their germlines, complementarity determining region loop lengths, hydrophobicity, and charge distributions. Furthermore, an analysis of 24 physicochemical descriptors, calculated using homology-based molecular models, has yielded five nonredundant descriptors whose distributions represent stability, isoelectric point, and molecular surface characteristics of their Fv regions. Fv regions of candidates from our internal discovery campaigns, human next-generation sequencing repertoires, and those in clinical-stages (CST) were assessed for similarity with the physicochemical profile derived here. The Fv regions in 33% of CST antibodies show physicochemical properties that are dissimilar to currently marketed biotherapeutics. In comparison, physicochemical characteristics of ∼29% of the Fv regions in human antibodies and ∼27% of our internal hits deviated significantly from those of marketed biotherapeutics. The early availability of this information can help guide hit selection, lead identification, and optimization of biotherapeutic candidates. Insights from this work can also help support portfolio risk assessment, in-licensing, and biopharma collaborations.
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Di Marco F, Berger T, Esser-Skala W, Rapp E, Regl C, Huber CG. Simultaneous Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibody Variants by Strong Cation-Exchange Chromatography Hyphenated to Mass Spectrometry to Assess Quality Attributes of Rituximab-Based Biotherapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9072. [PMID: 34445776 PMCID: PMC8396523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different manufacturing processes and storage conditions of biotherapeutics can lead to a significant variability in drug products arising from chemical and enzymatic post-translational modifications (PTMs), resulting in the co-existence of a plethora of proteoforms with different physicochemical properties. To unravel the heterogeneity of these proteoforms, novel approaches employing strong cation-exchange (SCX) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) using a pH gradient of volatile salts have been developed in recent years. Here, we apply an established SCX-HPLC-MS method to characterize and compare two rituximab-based biotherapeutics, the originator MabThera® and its Indian copy product Reditux™. The study assessed molecular differences between the two drug products in terms of C-terminal lysine variants, glycosylation patterns, and other basic and acidic variants. Overall, MabThera® and Reditux™ displayed differences at the molecular level. MabThera® showed a higher degree of galactosylated and sialylated glycoforms, while Reditux™ showed increased levels of oligomannose and afucosylated glycoforms. Moreover, the two drug products showed differences in terms of basic variants such as C-terminal lysine and N-terminal truncation, present in Reditux™ but not in MabThera®. This study demonstrates the capability of this fast SCX-HPLC-MS approach to compare different drug products and simultaneously assess some of their quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Di Marco
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.D.M.); (T.B.); (W.E.-S.); (C.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.D.M.); (T.B.); (W.E.-S.); (C.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Esser-Skala
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.D.M.); (T.B.); (W.E.-S.); (C.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Biosciences, Computational Systems Biology Group, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestraße 20—ZENIT, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christof Regl
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.D.M.); (T.B.); (W.E.-S.); (C.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.D.M.); (T.B.); (W.E.-S.); (C.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Pharmacokinetics Versus In Vitro Antiproliferative Potency to Design a Novel Hyperglycosylated hIFN-α2 Biobetter. Pharm Res 2021; 38:37-50. [PMID: 33443683 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE IFN4N is a glycoengineered version of recombinant human interferon alpha 2 (rhIFN-α2) that was modified to exhibit four N-glycosylation sites. It shows reduced in vitro specific biological activity (SBA) mainly due to R23 mutation by N23. However, it has improved pharmacokinetics and led to a high in vivo antitumor activity in mice. In order to prepare a new IFN-based biobetter, this work compares the influence of glycosylation (affecting pharmacokinetics) with the in vitro antiproliferative SBA on the in vivo efficacy. METHODS Based on IFN4N, three groups of muteins were designed, produced, and characterized. Group A: variants with the same glycosylation degree (4N) but higher in vitro antiproliferative SBA (R23 restored); group B: muteins with higher glycosylation degree (5N) but similar in vitro antiproliferative activity; and group C: variants with improved glycosylation (5N and 6N) and in vitro antiproliferative bioactivity. RESULTS Glycoengineering was successful for improving pharmacokinetics, and R23 restoration considerably increased in vitro antiproliferative activity of new muteins compared to IFN4N. Hyperglycosylation was able to improve the in vivo efficacy similarly to or even better than R23 restoration. Additionally, the highest glycosylated mutein exhibited the lowest immunogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycosylation constitutes a successful strategy to prepare a novel IFN biobetter.
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Quality-Related Properties of Equine Immunoglobulins Purified by Different Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120798. [PMID: 33327454 PMCID: PMC7764988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole IgG antivenoms are prepared from hyperimmune animal plasma by various refinement strategies. The ones most commonly used at industrial scale are precipitation by sodium or ammonium sulphate (ASP), and caprylic acid precipitation (CAP) of non-immunoglobulin proteins. The additional procedures, which have so far been used for experimental purposes only, are anion-exchange (AEX) and cation-exchange chromatography (CEX), as well as affinity chromatography (AC) using IgG’s Fc-binding ligands. These protocols extract the whole IgG fraction from plasma, which contains both venom-specific and therapeutically irrelevant antibodies. Such preparations represent a complex mixture of various IgG subclasses whose functional and/or structural properties, as well as relative distribution, might be affected differently, depending on employed purification procedure. The aim of this work was to compare the influence of aforementioned refinement strategies on the IgG subclass distribution, venom-specific protective efficacy, thermal stability, aggregate formation and retained impurity profile of the final products. A unique sample of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes specific hyperimmune horse plasma was used as a starting material, enabling direct comparison of five purification approaches. The highest purity was achieved by CAP and AC (above 90% in a single step), while the lowest aggregate content was present in samples from AEX processing. Albumin was the main contaminant in IgG preparations obtained by ASP and CEX, while transferrin dominantly contaminated IgG sample from AEX processing. Alpha-1B-glycoprotein was present in CAP IgG fraction, as well as in those from ASP- and AEX-based procedures. AC approach induced the highest loss of IgG(T) subclass. CEX and AEX showed the same tendency, while CAP and ASP had almost no impact on subclass distribution. The shift in IgG subclass composition influenced the specific protective efficacy of the respective final preparation as measured in vivo. AC and CEX remarkably affected drug’s venom-neutralization activity, in contrary to the CAP procedure, that preserved protective efficacy of the IgG fraction. Presented data might improve the process of designing and establishing novel downstream processing strategies and give guidance for optimization of the current ones by providing information on potency-protecting and purity-increasing properties of each purification principle.
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Doevendans E, Schellekens H. Immunogenicity of Innovative and Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010021. [PMID: 31544827 PMCID: PMC6640699 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of hybridoma technology for producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by Kohler and Milstein (1975) counts as one of the major medical breakthroughs, opening up endless possibilities for research, diagnosis and for treatment of a whole variety of diseases. Therapeutic mAbs were introduced three decades ago. The first generation of therapeutic mAbs of murine origin showed high immunogenicity, which limited efficacy and was associated with severe infusion reactions. Subsequently chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies were introduced as therapeutics, these mAbs were considerably less immunogenic. Unexpectedly humanized mAbs generally show similar immunogenicity as chimeric antibodies; based on sequence homology chimeric mAbs are sometimes more “human” than humanized mAbs. With the introduction of the regulatory concept of similar biological medicines (biosimilars) a key concern is the similarity in terms of immunogenicity of these biosimilars with their originators. This review focuses briefly on the mechanisms of induction of immunogenicity by biopharmaceuticals, mAbs in particular, in relation to the target of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Doevendans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Huub Schellekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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