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Xu D, Yuan L, Meng F, Lu D, Che M, Yang Y, Liu W, Nan Y. Research progress on antitumor effects of sea buckthorn, a traditional Chinese medicine homologous to food and medicine. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1430768. [PMID: 39045282 PMCID: PMC11263281 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1430768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae Fructus), as a homologous species of medicine and food, is widely used by Mongolians and Tibetans for its anti-tumor, antioxidant and liver-protecting properties. In this review, the excellent anti-tumor effect of sea buckthorn was first found through network pharmacology, and its active components such as isorhamnetin, quercetin, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid were found to have significant anti-tumor effects. The research progress and application prospect of sea buckthorn and its active components in anti-tumor types, mechanism of action, liver protection, anti-radiation and toxicology were reviewed, providing theoretical basis for the development of sea buckthorn products in the field of anti-tumor research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duojie Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Fandi Meng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Doudou Lu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Mengying Che
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yi Nan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Massa S, Pagliarello R, Paolini F, Venuti A. Natural Bioactives: Back to the Future in the Fight against Human Papillomavirus? A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051465. [PMID: 35268556 PMCID: PMC8911515 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) still represents an important threat to health worldwide. Better therapy in terms of further improvement of outcomes and attenuation of related side-effects is desirable. The pharmaceutical industry has always targeted natural substances-phytochemicals in particular-to identify lead compounds to be clinically validated and industrially produced as antiviral and anticancer drugs. In the field of HPV, numerous naturally occurring bioactives and dietary phytochemicals have been investigated as potentially valuable in vitro and in vivo. Interference with several pathways and improvement of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents have been demonstrated. Notably, some clinical trials have been conducted. Despite being endowed with general safety, these natural substances are in urgent need of further assessment to foresee their clinical exploitation. This review summarizes the basic research efforts conducted so far in the study of anti-HPV properties of bio-actives with insights into their mechanisms of action and highlights the variety of their natural origin in order to provide comprehensive mapping throughout the different sources. The clinical studies available are reported, as well, to highlight the need of uniformity and consistency of studies in the future to select those natural compounds that may be suited to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Massa
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Riccardo Pagliarello
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesca Paolini
- HPV-Unit, Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale (UOSD) Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV-Unit, Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale (UOSD) Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (A.V.)
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Kalai FZ, Boulaaba M, Ferdousi F, Isoda H. Effects of Isorhamnetin on Diabetes and Its Associated Complications: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies and a Post Hoc Transcriptome Analysis of Involved Molecular Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:704. [PMID: 35054888 PMCID: PMC8775402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 (T2DM), is a major public health problem globally. DM is characterized by high levels of glycemia and insulinemia due to impaired insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity of the cells, known as insulin resistance. T2DM causes multiple and severe complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy causing cell oxidative damages in different internal tissues, particularly the pancreas, heart, adipose tissue, liver, and kidneys. Plant extracts and their bioactive phytochemicals are gaining interest as new therapeutic and preventive alternatives for T2DM and its associated complications. In this regard, isorhamnetin, a plant flavonoid, has long been studied for its potential anti-diabetic effects. This review describes its impact on reducing diabetes-related disorders by decreasing glucose levels, ameliorating the oxidative status, alleviating inflammation, and modulating lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation by regulating involved signaling pathways reported in the in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, we include a post hoc whole-genome transcriptome analysis of biological activities of isorhamnetin using a stem cell-based tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Zar Kalai
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology, Technopark of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Mondher Boulaaba
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology, Technopark of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (F.Z.K.); (M.B.); (F.F.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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The Involvement of Natural Polyphenols in the Chemoprevention of Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168812. [PMID: 34445518 PMCID: PMC8396230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
From all types of cancer, cervical cancer manages to be in top four most frequent types, with a 6.5% rate of occurrence. The infectious vector that induces the disease, the high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a sexually transmitted virus, is capable of transforming the host cell by modulating some of the principal signaling pathways responsible for cell cycle arrest, proliferation, and survival. Fortunately, like other cancer types, cervical cancer can be treated by chirurgical interventions or chemoradiotherapy, but these methods are not exactly the lucky clover of modern medicine because of the adverse effects they have. That is the reason why in the last years the emphasis has been on alternative medicine, more specifically on phytochemicals, as a substantial number of studies showed that diet contributes to cancer prevention and treatment. All these studies are trying to find new chemopreventive agents with less toxicity but high effectiveness both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this review is to evaluate the literature in order to underline the advantages and disadvantages of polyphenols, a class of dietary compounds, as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This review also aims to present polyphenols from different perspectives, starting with mechanisms of action and ending with their toxicity. The bigger picture illustrates that polyphenols have great potential in cervical cancer prevention, with strong effects on gene modulation.
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Zhu M, Cui S, Hao Z, Wang W, Yang Q, Chen C, Wang J, Zhou Q. [Curcumin induces human lens epithelial cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:722-728. [PMID: 34134960 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.05.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of curcumin on cell cycle and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells and the possible molecular mechanism. OBJECTIVE Cultured human lens epithelial cell line HLEC-SRA01/04 was treated with 20, 40 and 60 μmol/L curcumin for 24 or 48 h. The cell proliferation inhibition rate was determined using MTT assay, and the changes in cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rate were analyzed with flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of caspase-9, caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin B1, CDK1, β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 in the cells. OBJECTIVE Curcumin concentration- and time-dependently inhibited the proliferation of in HLEC-SRA01/04 cells as compared with the control cells (P < .05). Flow cytometric analysis showed that curcumin significantly increased apoptosis rate and cell percentage in G2/M phase and lowered mitochondrial membrane potential of HLEC-SRA01/04 cells in a concentrationdependent manner (P < 0.05). The results of Western blotting showed that curcumin also concentration-dependently increased the cellular expressions of caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax and lowered the expressions of Bcl-2, cyclin B1, CDK1 and β-catenin along with the downstream proteins cyclin D1 and c-myc in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (P < 0.05). OBJECTIVE Curcumin inhibits the proliferation of HLEC-SRA01/04 cells possibly by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and causing cell cycle arrest to induce cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - S Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Z Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - W Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Q Yang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - C Chen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Q Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
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Li X, Chen H, Zhang Z, Xu D, Duan J, Li X, Yang L, Hua R, Cheng J, Li Q. Isorhamnetin Promotes Estrogen Biosynthesis and Proliferation in Porcine Granulosa Cells via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6535-6542. [PMID: 34096286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isorhamnetin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. However, the roles of isorhamnetin involved in steroidogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) are poorly understood. We found that isorhamnetin promoted the secretion of estrogen and inhibited the secretion of progesterone and testosterone by modulating steroidogenesis-associated proteins and mRNA such as CYP19A1, StAR, and 3β-HSD in ovarian GCs. Mechanistically, isorhamnetin stimulated the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and C-myc and promoted the proliferation of GCs via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, isorhamnetin increased the protein expression of CyclinB, CyclinD, CyclinE, and CyclinA, thereby raising the ratio of S-phase cells in response to GC proliferation. Changes in the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl2, Bax, and cytochrome c) and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels showed that isorhamnetin inhibited GC apoptosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that isorhamnetin regulates steroidogenesis through the activation of PI3K/Akt, which promotes proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and alleviates oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Huali Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, P. R. China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Dejun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400000, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050000, P. R.China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Rongmao Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jianyong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qingwang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
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Curcumin Inhibits Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lens Epithelial Cells through Multiple Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6061894. [PMID: 32337261 PMCID: PMC7154973 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6061894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Posterior capsule opacification (PCO), a complication of extracapsular lens extraction surgery that causes visual impairment, is characterized by aberrant proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs). Curcumin, exerting inhibitive effects on cell proliferation and EMT in cancer, serves as a possible antidote towards PCO. Methods Cellular proliferation of LECs after treatment of curcumin was measured with MTT assay and flow cytometry. The transcriptional and expressional levels of proteins related to proliferation and EMT of LECs were quantified by western blotting and real-time PCR. Results Curcumin was found to suppress the proliferation of LECs by inducing G2/M arrest via possible inhibition of cell cycle-related proteins including CDK1, cyclin B1, and CDC25C. It had also inactivated proliferation pathways involving ERK1/2 and Akt pathways in LECs. On the other hand, curcumin downregulated the EMT of LECs through blocking the TGF-β/Smad pathway and interfering Notch pathway which play important roles in PCO. Conclusions This study shows that curcumin could suppress the proliferation and EMT in LECs, and it might be a potential therapeutic protection against visual loss induced by PCO.
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Park C, Cha HJ, Choi EO, Lee H, Hwang-Bo H, Ji SY, Kim MY, Kim SY, Hong SH, Cheong J, Kim GY, Yun SJ, Hwang HJ, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Isorhamnetin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway Activation in Human Bladder Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101494. [PMID: 31590241 PMCID: PMC6826535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isorhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol that is predominantly found in the fruits and leaves of various plants, which have been used for traditional herbal remedies. Although several previous studies have reported that this flavonol has diverse health-promoting effects, evidence is still lacking for the underlying molecular mechanism of its anti-cancer efficacy. In this study, we examined the anti-proliferative effect of isorhamnetin on human bladder cancer cells and found that isorhamnetin triggered the gap 2/ mitosis (G2/M) phase cell arrest and apoptosis. Our data showed that isorhamnetin decreased the expression of Wee1 and cyclin B1, but increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1, and increased p21 was bound to Cdk1. In addition, isorhamnetin-induced apoptosis was associated with the increased expression of the Fas/Fas ligand, reduced ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) expression, cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspases. Moreover, isorhamnetin inactivated the adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway by diminishing the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production due to impaired mitochondrial function. Furthermore, isorhamnetin stimulated production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, the interruption of ROS generation using a ROS scavenger led to an escape from isorhamnetin-mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Collectively, this is the first report to show that isorhamnetin inhibited the proliferation of human bladder cancer cells by ROS-dependent arrest of the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis. Therefore, our results provide an important basis for the interpretation of the anti-cancer mechanism of isorhamnetin in bladder cancer cells and support the rationale for the need to evaluate more precise molecular mechanisms and in vivo anti-cancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Eun Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwang-Bo
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - JaeHun Cheong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 8644, Korea;
| | - Hye Jin Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Nursing, Healthcare Sciences & Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 8644, Korea;
- Correspondence: (W.-J.K.); (Y.H.C.); Tel.: +82-43-269-6136 (W.-J.K.); +82-51-850-7413 (Y.H.C.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea; (E.O.C.); (H.L.); (H.H.-B.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
- Correspondence: (W.-J.K.); (Y.H.C.); Tel.: +82-43-269-6136 (W.-J.K.); +82-51-850-7413 (Y.H.C.)
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