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Widjiastuti I, Kunarti S, Ningtyas EK, Atikah AR, Basalamah KF, Puspita AE, Widianti NA, Noor TNEBTA. Propolis-enhanced Calcium Hydroxide Combination for Direct Pulp Capping: Impact on Oxidative Stress Markers in Wistar Rat Teeth. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2024; 19:99-104. [PMID: 38577007 PMCID: PMC10988644 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v19i2.42269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction This study explored the effects of propolis extract calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) combination on malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase expression in dental pulp, aiming to assess its potential as a direct pulp capping material. Materials and Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Mandibular molar teeth were prepared using a low-speed round bur. In Group I, no material was applied; in Group II, teeth were treated with Ca(OH)2; and in Group III, teeth were treated with Propolis extract-Ca(OH)2, followed by Cention N filling. Immunohistochemistry was conducted on pulp tissue samples obtained on the third and seventh days post-treatment to assess malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase expression. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene test, ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD. Results The samples treated with propolis extract-Ca(OH)2 combination exhibited significantly lower malondialdehyde expression on both days compared to samples treated with Ca(OH)2 (P<0.05), indicating reduced oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase expression in the propolis extract-Ca(OH)2 group was higher (P<0.05), suggesting an enhanced antioxidant activity. The control group showed intermediate results. Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences between groups for both malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase expressions (P<0.05). Conclusion The study suggests that the propolis extract-Ca(OH)2 combination holds promise for direct pulp capping applications by minimizing oxidative stress and promoting antioxidant defense mechanisms in dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Widjiastuti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia;
| | - Sri Kunarti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia;
| | - Evri Kusumah Ningtyas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia;
| | - Ayu Rafania Atikah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia;
| | - Khadijah Fauzi Basalamah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia;
| | - Amelia Evita Puspita
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia;
| | - Novelia Ayu Widianti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia;
| | - Tengku Natasha Eleena binti Tengku Ahmad Noor
- Malaysian Armed Forces Dental Officer, 609 Armed Forces Dental Clinic, Kem Semenggo, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, Royal College of Surgeon, Edinburgh University, United Kingdom
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Tanabayeva S, Almabayev Y, Kamyspaev M, Kulmanbetov R, Kopbayeva M, Akhmad N, Altynbekova G, Fakhradiyev I. Study of Morphological Changes in Rat Liver Caused by Occlusion of Inferior Vena Cava. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1451-1462. [PMID: 36340320 PMCID: PMC9630039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Up to date, there are no reports on animal survival rate and morphological changes in the liver caused by the impairment of blood outflow from the liver and its time dependence. Moreover, the impact of duration and degree of occlusion of inferior vena cava on pathological changes was not investigated yet. This study aimed at the assessment of the survival rate and morphological changes in the liver with varying degrees of occlusion of inferior vena cava. The exact timing of the reversibility of pathological processes was determined. Methods Rats (n = 160) were randomly divided into five groups: I - control group (CG) (n = 20); II - sham group (SG) (n = 20); III - intervention group (IG-1) (narrowing of the lumen of the inferior vena cava by 25%) (n = 40); IV intervention group (IG-2) (narrowing by 50%) (n = 40); and intervention group V (IG-3) (narrowing by 75%) (n = 40). The level of postoperative pain, the body and liver weight of the animals, histological examination, morphometry, and macroscopic evaluation of abdominal organs were carried out on the 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days following the surgical intervention. The survival rate of animals was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results On the 30th day, the rat grimace scale indices in the IG-1 (P ≤ 0.05), IG-2, and IG-3 (P ≤ 0.001) groups were higher. By body weight, this indicator on the 30th day was lower in the IG-1 (P ≤ 0.05), IG-2, and IG-3 (P ≤ 0.001) groups compared to the CG and SG groups. In the IG1 and IG2 groups, the survival rates were 72.5% and 65.0%, respectively. The lowest survival rate was observed in the IG3 group (22.5%). Conclusions Compression of the inferior vena cava by 75% led to an increase in animal mortality and the development of persistent morphological changes in the liver. At the same time, the survival rate of animals and the extent of changes in the liver with narrowing of the inferior vena cava by 25% and 50% had similar results. The results acquired possess scientific and practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shynar Tanabayeva
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Marat Kamyspaev
- Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan
| | - Ruslan Kulmanbetov
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Maira Kopbayeva
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurgulim Akhmad
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Ildar Fakhradiyev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Hazem RM, Ibrahim AZ, Ali DA, Moustafa YM. Dapagliflozin improves steatohepatitis in diabetic rats via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 104:108503. [PMID: 34998036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD are considered as one of the greatest worldwide metabolic disorders with growing incidence. It was found that patients with T2DM have two-fold increase to develop NAFLD. Evidence that some antidiabetic agents improve NAFLD/NASH in patients with T2DM is evolving. However, there are no certain pharmacologic therapies. The current study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms for the hepatoprotective effect of dapagliflozin against steatohepatitis in diabetic rats. Type-2 diabetes was induced by HFD followed by a single dose of STZ (30 mg/kg I.P). Fifty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Group1; normal control, Group 2; diabetic control, Groups (3-5); diabetic rats received daily dapagliflozin (0.75, 1.5, 3 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood glucose level and serum insulin were measured. Hepatic tissue homogenization was performed for measuring inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. In addition, histopathological investigation of the hepatic tissue was done. Diabetic rats exhibited remarkable increase in liver weight and liver enzymes, along with histopathological changes, significant elevation in MDA, IL-1 β, TGFβ levels and, NF-κB, alpha-SMA expressions. Dapagliflozin treatment decreased liver weight, liver enzymes, together with marked improvement in histopathological changes. Furthermore, dapagliflozin increased antioxidant enzymes, GSH levels. Interestingly, Dapagliflozin reduced IL-1 β, TGFβ levels and, NF-κB, alpha-SMA expressions. Present data show that dapagliflozin represent a viable approach to protect the liver against diabetes-encouraged steatohepatitis through inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis progression thus conserving liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Hazem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Dina A Ali
- Department of clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
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Wahyuningsih SPA, Mwendolwa AA, Winarni D, Anggreini RW, Mamuaya BKK. Protective Effect of Red Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Pods against Sodium Nitrite-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6647800. [PMID: 34221340 PMCID: PMC8221870 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6647800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetables, drinking water, and preserved meats may contain sodium nitrite (NaNO2), which causes liver disease by inducing oxidative stress. Phytochemicals are highly recommended as an alternative to synthetic drugs and affordable medicines to treat liver disease because they have fewer or no side effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of red okra fruit ethanol extract against NaNO2-induced liver damage. Thirty-six male mice were separated into six groups. The normal control group (WA) was given distilled water only, and the NaNO2 (SN) group was given only 50 mg/kg BW NaNO2. The other four groups (P1, P2, P3, and P4) were given NaNO2 and red okra ethanol extract at doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW, respectively. Gavage was administered orally for 21 consecutive days. Commercial kits define all biochemical parameters according to the manufacturer's instructions. Liver tissue staining followed standard protocols using hematoxylin and eosin. The study revealed that NaNO2 induction causes oxidative stress and damages the liver. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) significantly increased in the groups treated (P2-P4) with ethanol extract of red okra (p < 0.05). Besides, the oxidants (malondialdehyde, F2-isoprostanes, and nitric oxide) in the liver homogenate significantly decreased in the P4 group, which were given red okra ethanol extract (p < 0.05). Likewise, red okra pods decreased significantly for the serum biochemical parameters of liver damage (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase) in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05). Then, it led to a restoration of the histological structure compared to exposed mice (SN), as the pathological scores decreased significantly in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05), as well as the number of the necrotic and swollen liver cells was reduced. Hepatocytes returned to normal. The results showed that the ethanol extract of red okra fruit could be helpful as an affordable medicine. It is an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent to protect the liver from damage caused by NaNO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adamu Ayubu Mwendolwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O. Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Dwi Winarni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Rizki Wahyu Anggreini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Aristianti A, Nurkhaeri N, Tandiarrang VY, Awaluddin A, Muslimin L. Formulation and Pharmacological Studies of Leaves of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), a Novel Hepatoprotection in Oral Drug Formulations. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Moringa oleifera, Moringaceae, is a tree that is native to South East Asia. Various parts of this tree are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, hepatitis, gastric ulcer, and other ailments.
AIM: M. oleifera leaves extract was formulated into stable suspensions, characterized, and then evaluated for hepatoprotection activity against isoniazid.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The leaves were extracted using cold maceration, and suspensions of extract were prepared using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as suspension agent at various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%). The formulations were analyzed by their appearance, color, odor, and taste. Density, pH, viscosity, re-dispersibility test, and sedimentation volume were observed. The stability of oral suspensions was analyzed in accelerated studies (5°C ± 2°C and 35°C ± 2°C for 12 h for 7 cycles) to find stable formulation, while the hepatoprotection activity was analyzed using an in vivo isoniazid-induced model.
RESULTS: The appearance, color, odor, and taste of the suspensions were shown to be characteristic of the extract. Na-CMC at concentration 0.5% showed good physical properties. Stable suspension at dose 400 mg/kg BW per oral for 28 days exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase.
CONCLUSION: Suspension containing M. oleifera leaves extract at 50 mg/5 mL was successfully obtained and showed physical properties that were appropriate and characteristic of this dosage form, suitable for hepatoprotection (400 mg/kg BW), making this an alternative to tablets.
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Ezeigwe OC, Nzekwe FA, Nworji OF, Ezennaya CF, Iloanya EL, Asogwa KK. Effect of Aqueous Extract of F. capensis Leaves and Its Combination with C. aconitifolius Leaves on Essential Biochemical Parameters of Phenylhydrazine-Induced Anemic Rats. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:191-201. [PMID: 32669880 PMCID: PMC7335891 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s254003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ficus capensis Moraceae and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Euphorbiaceae leaves have been used separately in traditional medical practice to treat different ailments, of which anemia is one. This study aims to evaluate the effect of F. capensis and C. aconitifolius on hepatic, renal parameters and oxidative stress of phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats. METHODS Thirty-five rats were randomized into seven groups (A-G) of five rats each. Groups A and B served as the normal control and anemic control, respectively, while Groups C, D, E, F, and G were treated with a standard drug (vitamin B12), 200mg/kg bw. aqueous extract of F. capensis, 400mg/kg b.w. aqueous extract of F. capensis, 200mg/kg bw. of a combination of aqueous extract of F. capensis and C. aconitifolius and 400mg/kg bw. of a combination of aqueous extract of F. capensis and C. aconitifolius, respectively. The biochemical analysis (liver and kidney function analysis, oxidative stress) was carried out using standard diagnostic techniques. RESULTS The results showed that there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the values obtained for Aspartate Transaminase (AST), alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, potassium ion, Total Cholesterol (TCHOL), Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL-C), Triglycerides (TRIG), Very Low-density Lipoprotein (VLDL-C) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) and a significant increase (p<0.05) in obtained values for High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) in all the extract-treated groups compared with the anemic-untreated. The values obtained for most of these biochemical parameters in the extract-treated groups were in the range of the normal control showing that the extract did not, in any way, alter the biochemical parameters. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the glutathione peroxidase (Glut. Perox.) enzyme activity of the groups treated with the aqueous extract of F. capensis and its combination with C. aconitifolius compared with the anemic-untreated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the aqueous extracts of F. capensis and C. aconitifolius leaves may promote liver function parameters, maintain normal serum electrolyte level and kidney function indices, stimulate reduction of "bad cholesterols" and increase "good cholesterol" and reduce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obiajulu Christian Ezeigwe
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Favour Amarachi Nzekwe
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ogechukwu Frances Nworji
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chidinma Felicia Ezennaya
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Ebele Lauretta Iloanya
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Kelechi Asogwa
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
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Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Vrdoljak B, Malekinusic D, Barisic I, Petrovic A, Horvat Pavlov K, Kolovrat M, Duzel A, Knezevic M, Kasnik Kovac K, Drmic D, Batelja Vuletic L, Kokot A, Boban Blagaic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves suprahepatic occlusion of the inferior caval vein, Budd-Chiari syndrome model in rats. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2020; 11:1-19. [PMID: 32226643 PMCID: PMC7093306 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v11.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, as a possible therapy resolving solution, pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy, has been used in alleviating various vascular occlusion disturbances. BPC 157 was previously reviewed as novel mediator of Robert cytoprotection and endothelium protection in the stomach, and gut-brain axis, beneficial therapy in gastrointestinal tract, with particular reference to vascular recruitment, ulcerative colitis and tumor cachexia, and other tissues healing. Here we raised new hypothesis about BPC 157 therapy in the Budd-Chiari syndrome in rats, rapid bypassing of the suprahepatic inferior caval vein occlusion, and rats recovery with the active and effective pharmacotherapy treatment.
AIM To investigate Budd-Chiari syndrome model (inferior caval vein suprahepatic occlusion) resolution, since BPC 157 resolves various rat vascular occlusion.
METHODS We assessed the activated bypassing pathways between the inferior and superior caval veins and portocaval shunt, counteracted caval/portal hypertension, aortal hypotension, venous/arterial thrombosis, electrocardiogram disturbances, liver and gastrointestinal lesions (i.e., stomach and duodenum hemorrhages, in particular, congestion). Rats with suprahepatic occlusion of the inferior vena cava by ligation were medicated at 1 min, 15 min, 24 h, or 48 h post-ligation. Medication consisted of 10 µg/kg BPC 157, 10 ng BPC 157 or 5 mL/kg saline, administered once as an abdominal bath or intragastric application. Gross and microscopic observations were made, in addition to assessments of electrical activity of the heart (electrocardiogram), portal and caval hypertension, aortal hypotension, thrombosis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and venography. Furthermore, levels of nitric oxide, malondialdehyde in the liver and serum enzymes were determined.
RESULTS BPC 157 counteracted increased P wave amplitude, tachycardia and ST-elevation, i.e., right heart failure from acute thrombotic coronary occlusion. The bypassing pathway of the inferior vena cava-azygos (hemiazygos) vein-superior vena cava and portocaval shunt occurred rapidly. Even with severe caval ˃ portal hypertension, BPC 157 antagonized portal and caval hypertension and aortal hypotension, and also reduced refractory ascites. Thrombosis of portal vein tributaries, inferior vena cava, and hepatic and coronary arteries was attenuated. In addition, there was reduced pathology of the lungs (severe capillary congestion) and liver (dilated central veins and terminal portal venules), decreased intestine hemorrhagic lesions (substantial capillary congestion, submucosal edema and architecture loss), and increased liver and spleen weight. During the period of ligation, nitric oxide- and malondialdehyde-levels in the liver remained within normal healthy values, and increases in serum enzymes were markedly reduced.
CONCLUSION BPC 157 counteracts Budd Chiari syndrome in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Gojkovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Andreja Petrovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Horvat Pavlov
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marijan Kolovrat
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonija Duzel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mario Knezevic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Kasnik Kovac
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Batelja Vuletic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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