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Knezevic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Vranes H, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Knezevic T, Horvat Pavlov K, Drmic D, Staroveski M, Djuzel A, Rajkovic Z, Kolak T, Lovric E, Milavic M, Sikiric S, Barisic I, Tepes M, Tvrdeic A, Patrlj L, Strbe S, Sola M, Situm A, Kokot A, Boban Blagaic A, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Complex Syndrome of the Complete Occlusion of the End of the Superior Mesenteric Vein, Opposed with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1029. [PMID: 34440233 PMCID: PMC8394093 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy in rats compensated irremovable occlusion of various vessels and counteracted the consequent multiorgan dysfunction syndromes by activation of the corresponding collateral bypassing loops. Thus, we used BPC 157 therapy against the irremovable occlusion of the end of the superior mesenteric vein. Methods. Assessments, for 30 min (gross recording, venography, ECG, pressure, microscopy, biochemistry, and oxidative stress) include the portal and caval hypertension, aortal hypotension, and centrally, the superior sagittal sinus hypertension, systemic arterial and venous thrombosis, ECG disturbances, MDA-tissue increase, and heart, lung, liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract, in particular, and brain (cortex (cerebral, cerebellar), hypothalamus/thalamus, hippocampus) lesions. Rats received BPC 157 medication (10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg) intraperitoneally at 1 or 15 min ligation time. Results. BPC 157 rapidly activated the superior mesenteric vein-inferior anterior pancreati-coduodenal vein-superior anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein-pyloric vein-portal vein pathway, reestablished superior mesenteric vein and portal vein connection and reestablished blood flow. Simultaneously, toward inferior caval vein, an additional pathway appears via the inferior mesenteric vein united with the middle colic vein, throughout its left colic branch to ascertain alternative bypassing blood flow. Consequently, BPC 157 acts peripherally and centrally, and counteracted the intracranial (superior sagittal sinus), portal and caval hypertension, aortal hypotension, ECG disturbances attenuated, abolished progressing venous and arterial thrombosis. Additionally, BPC 157 counteracted multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, heart, lung, liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract, and brain lesions, and oxidative stress in tissues. Conclusion. BPC 157 therapy may be specific management also for the superior mesenteric vein injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Helena Zizek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Hrvoje Vranes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Tamara Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Katarina Horvat Pavlov
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Miro Staroveski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Antonija Djuzel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Zoran Rajkovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Toni Kolak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Eva Lovric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Marija Milavic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Marijan Tepes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Ante Tvrdeic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Leonardo Patrlj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Marija Sola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Andrej Situm
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (H.V.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (M.T.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.B.B.)
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Knezevic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Knezevic T, Vranes H, Drmic D, Staroveski M, Djuzel A, Rajkovic Z, Kolak T, Lovric E, Milavic M, Sikiric S, Tvrdeic A, Patrlj L, Strbe S, Sola M, Situm A, Kokot A, Boban Blagaic A, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Occluded Superior Mesenteric Artery and Vein. Therapy with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070792. [PMID: 34356860 PMCID: PMC8301404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. We investigated the occluded essential vessel tributaries, both arterial and venous, occluded superior mesenteric vein and artery in rats, consequent noxious syndrome, peripherally and centrally. As therapy, we hypothesized the rapidly activated alternative bypassing pathways, arterial and venous, and the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 since it rapidly alleviated venous occlusion syndromes. Methods. Assessments were performed for 30 min (gross recording, venography, ECG, pressure, microscopy, biochemistry, and oxidative stress), including portal hypertension, caval hypertension, aortal hypotension, and centrally, the superior sagittal sinus hypertension; systemic arterial and venous thrombosis, ECG disturbances, MDA-tissue increase, the multiple organs lesions, heart, lung, liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract, including brain (swelling, and cortex (cerebral, cerebellar), hypothalamus/thalamus, hippocampus lesions). Rats received BPC 157 medication (10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg) intraperitoneally at 1 min ligation-time. Results. BPC 157 rapidly activated collateral pathways. These collateral loops were the superior mesenteric vein-inferior anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein-superior anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein-pyloric vein-portal vein pathway, an alternative pathway toward inferior caval vein via the united middle colic vein and inferior mesenteric vein through the left colic vein, and the inferior anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior mesenteric artery. Consequently, BPC 157 counteracted the superior sagittal sinus, portal and caval hypertension, aortal hypotension, progressing venous and arterial thrombosis peripherally and centrally, ECG disturbances attenuated. Markedly, the multiple organs lesions, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract, in particular, as well as brain lesions, and oxidative stress in tissues were attenuated. Conclusions. BPC 157 therapy rapidly recovered rats, which have complete occlusion of the superior mesenteric vein and artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Helena Zizek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Tamara Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Hrvoje Vranes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Miro Staroveski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Antonija Djuzel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Zoran Rajkovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Toni Kolak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Eva Lovric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Marija Milavic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ante Tvrdeic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Leonardo Patrlj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Marija Sola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Andrej Situm
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (P.S.); Tel.: +385-1-4566-980 (A.S.); +385-1-4566-833 (P.S.); Fax: +385-1-492-0050 (A.S. & P.S.)
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (T.K.); (H.V.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (A.B.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (P.S.); Tel.: +385-1-4566-980 (A.S.); +385-1-4566-833 (P.S.); Fax: +385-1-492-0050 (A.S. & P.S.)
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Knezevic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Vranes H, Knezevic T, Barisic I, Horvat Pavlov K, Drmic D, Staroveski M, Djuzel A, Rajkovic Z, Kolak T, Kocman I, Lovric E, Milavic M, Sikiric S, Tvrdeic A, Patrlj L, Strbe S, Kokot A, Boban Blagaic A, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Rats Reversed by Collateral Pathways Activation: Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Counteracts Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; Intracranial, Portal, and Caval Hypertension; and Aortal Hypotension. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060609. [PMID: 34073625 PMCID: PMC8229949 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy counteracts multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in rats, which have permanent occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery close to the abdominal aorta. Previously, when confronted with major vessel occlusion, its effect would rapidly activate collateral vessel pathways and resolve major venous occlusion syndromes (Pringle maneuver ischemia, reperfusion, Budd-Chiari syndrome) in rats. This would overwhelm superior mesenteric artery permanent occlusion, and result in local, peripheral, and central disturbances. Methods: Assessments, for 30 min (gross recording, angiography, ECG, pressure, microscopy, biochemistry, and oxidative stress), included the portal hypertension, caval hypertension, and aortal hypotension, and centrally, the superior sagittal sinus hypertension; systemic arterial and venous thrombosis; ECG disturbances; MDA-tissue increase; and multiple organ lesions and disturbances, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract, in particular, as well as brain (cortex (cerebral, cerebellar), hypothalamus/thalamus, hippocampus). BPC 157 therapy (/kg, abdominal bath) (10 µg, 10 ng) was given for a 1-min ligation time. Results: BPC 157 rapidly recruits collateral vessels (inferior anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior mesenteric artery) that circumvent occlusion and ascertains blood flow distant from the occlusion in the superior mesenteric artery. Portal and caval hypertension, aortal hypotension, and, centrally, superior sagittal sinus hypertension were attenuated or eliminated, and ECG disturbances markedly mitigated. BPC 157 therapy almost annihilated venous and arterial thrombosis. Multiple organ lesions and disturbances (i.e., heart, lung, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, in particular, as well as brain) were largely attenuated. Conclusions: Rats with superior mesenteric artery occlusion may additionally undergo BPC 157 therapy as full counteraction of vascular occlusion-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Helena Zizek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Hrvoje Vranes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Tamara Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Katarina Horvat Pavlov
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Miro Staroveski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Antonija Djuzel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Zoran Rajkovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Toni Kolak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Ivica Kocman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Eva Lovric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Marija Milavic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ante Tvrdeic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Leonardo Patrlj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.P.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (S.G.); (I.K.); (H.Z.); (D.M.); (B.V.); (H.V.); (T.K.); (I.B.); (D.D.); (M.S.); (A.D.); (T.K.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (A.B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4566-833; Fax: +385-1-492-0050
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Vukojević J, Vrdoljak B, Malekinušić D, Siroglavić M, Milavić M, Kolenc D, Boban Blagaić A, Batelja L, Drmić D, Seiverth S, Sikirić P. The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01726. [PMID: 32558293 PMCID: PMC7428500 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We focused on the, yet undescribed, therapy effect of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries, after bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries in rats. The background is the proven therapy effect of BPC 157 in ischemia/reperfusion injuries in different tissues. Furthermore, there is the subsequent oxidative stress counteraction, particularly when given during reperfusion. The recovering effect it has on occluded vessels, results with activation of the alternative pathways, bypassing the occlusion in deep vein thrombosis. Finally, the BPC 157 therapy benefits with its proposed role as a novel mediator of Roberts' cytoprotection and bidirectional effects in the gut-brain axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats underwent bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries for a 20-min period. At 30 s thereafter, we applied medication (BPC 157 10 µg/kg; or saline) as a 1 ml bath directly to the operated area, that is, trigonum caroticum. We documented, in reperfusion, the resolution of the neuronal damages sustained in the brain, resolution of the damages reflected in memory, locomotion, and coordination disturbances, with the presentation of the particular genes expression in hippocampal tissues. RESULTS In the operated rats, at 24 and 72 hr of the reperfusion, the therapy counteracted both early and delayed neural hippocampal damage, achieving full functional recovery (Morris water maze test, inclined beam-walking test, lateral push test). mRNA expression studies at 1 and 24 hr, provided strongly elevated (Egr1, Akt1, Kras, Src, Foxo, Srf, Vegfr2, Nos3, and Nos1) and decreased (Nos2, Nfkb) gene expression (Mapk1 not activated), as a way how BPC 157 may act. CONCLUSION Together, these findings suggest that these beneficial BPC 157 effects may provide a novel therapeutic solution for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakša Vukojević
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dominik Malekinušić
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Siroglavić
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Milavić
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Kolenc
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaić
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Batelja
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Drmić
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiverth
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikirić
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Kolovrat M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Kasnik Kovac K, Kralj T, Drmic D, Barisic I, Horvat Pavlov K, Petrovic A, Duzel A, Knezevic M, Mirkovic I, Kokot A, Boban Blagaic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves Pringle maneuver in rats, both ischemia and reperfusion. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:184-206. [PMID: 32547687 PMCID: PMC7280862 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i5.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pringle maneuver [portal triad obstruction(PTO)] provides huge disturbances during ischemia and even more thereafter in reperfusion. Contrarily, a possible solution may be stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, with already documented beneficial effects in ischemia/reperfusion conditions. Recently, BPC 157, as a cytoprotective agent, successfully resolved vessel occlusions in rats (ischemic colitis; deep vein thrombosis, superior anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein; bile duct cirrhosis) through rapid collateral vessel recruitment to circumvent vessel occlusion. Thereby, medication BPC 157 regimens were administered as a single challenge before and during ischemia or, alternatively, at various time points during reperfusion.
AIM To introduce BPC 157 therapy against pringle maneuver-damage.
METHODS In deeply anesthetised rats, the portal triad was clamped up for 30 min. Rats then underwent reperfusion for either 15 min or 24 h. Medication [(10 µg, 10 ng/kg) regimens, administered as a single challenge] picked (a) ischemia, PTO period [at 5 min before (ip) or at 5 or 30 min of ligation time (as a bath to PTO)] or (b) reperfusion, post-PTO period [at 1 or 15 min (bath during surgery) or 24 h (ip) reperfusion-time]. We provided gross, microscopy, malondialdehyde, serum enzymes, electrocardiogram, portal, caval, and aortal pressure, thrombosis and venography assessments.
RESULTS BPC 157 counteracts electrocardiogram disturbances (increased P wave amplitude, S1Q3T3 QRS pattern and tachycardia). Rapidly presented vascular pathway (portal vein-superior mesenteric vein-inferior mesenteric vein-rectal veins-left ileal vein-inferior caval vein) as the adequate shunting immediately affected disturbed haemodynamics. Portal hypertension and severe aortal hypotension during PTO, as well as portal and caval hypertension and mild aortal hypotension in reperfusion and refractory ascites formation were markedly attenuated (during PTO) or completely abrogated (reperfusion); thrombosis in portal vein tributaries and inferior caval vein or hepatic artery was counteracted during portal triad obstruction PTO. Also, counteraction included the whole vicious injurious circle [i.e., lung pathology (severe capillary congestion), liver (dilated central veins and terminal portal venules), intestine (substantial capillary congestion, submucosal oedema, loss of villous architecture), splenomegaly, right heart (picked P wave values)] regularly perpetuated in ischemia and progressed by reperfusion in Pringle rats.
CONCLUSION BPC 157 resolves pringle maneuver-damage in rats, both for ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Kolovrat
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Kasnik Kovac
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tamara Kralj
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Horvat Pavlov
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Andreja Petrovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonija Duzel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mario Knezevic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mirkovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Vrdoljak B, Malekinusic D, Barisic I, Petrovic A, Horvat Pavlov K, Kolovrat M, Duzel A, Knezevic M, Kasnik Kovac K, Drmic D, Batelja Vuletic L, Kokot A, Boban Blagaic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves suprahepatic occlusion of the inferior caval vein, Budd-Chiari syndrome model in rats. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2020; 11:1-19. [PMID: 32226643 PMCID: PMC7093306 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v11.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, as a possible therapy resolving solution, pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy, has been used in alleviating various vascular occlusion disturbances. BPC 157 was previously reviewed as novel mediator of Robert cytoprotection and endothelium protection in the stomach, and gut-brain axis, beneficial therapy in gastrointestinal tract, with particular reference to vascular recruitment, ulcerative colitis and tumor cachexia, and other tissues healing. Here we raised new hypothesis about BPC 157 therapy in the Budd-Chiari syndrome in rats, rapid bypassing of the suprahepatic inferior caval vein occlusion, and rats recovery with the active and effective pharmacotherapy treatment.
AIM To investigate Budd-Chiari syndrome model (inferior caval vein suprahepatic occlusion) resolution, since BPC 157 resolves various rat vascular occlusion.
METHODS We assessed the activated bypassing pathways between the inferior and superior caval veins and portocaval shunt, counteracted caval/portal hypertension, aortal hypotension, venous/arterial thrombosis, electrocardiogram disturbances, liver and gastrointestinal lesions (i.e., stomach and duodenum hemorrhages, in particular, congestion). Rats with suprahepatic occlusion of the inferior vena cava by ligation were medicated at 1 min, 15 min, 24 h, or 48 h post-ligation. Medication consisted of 10 µg/kg BPC 157, 10 ng BPC 157 or 5 mL/kg saline, administered once as an abdominal bath or intragastric application. Gross and microscopic observations were made, in addition to assessments of electrical activity of the heart (electrocardiogram), portal and caval hypertension, aortal hypotension, thrombosis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and venography. Furthermore, levels of nitric oxide, malondialdehyde in the liver and serum enzymes were determined.
RESULTS BPC 157 counteracted increased P wave amplitude, tachycardia and ST-elevation, i.e., right heart failure from acute thrombotic coronary occlusion. The bypassing pathway of the inferior vena cava-azygos (hemiazygos) vein-superior vena cava and portocaval shunt occurred rapidly. Even with severe caval ˃ portal hypertension, BPC 157 antagonized portal and caval hypertension and aortal hypotension, and also reduced refractory ascites. Thrombosis of portal vein tributaries, inferior vena cava, and hepatic and coronary arteries was attenuated. In addition, there was reduced pathology of the lungs (severe capillary congestion) and liver (dilated central veins and terminal portal venules), decreased intestine hemorrhagic lesions (substantial capillary congestion, submucosal edema and architecture loss), and increased liver and spleen weight. During the period of ligation, nitric oxide- and malondialdehyde-levels in the liver remained within normal healthy values, and increases in serum enzymes were markedly reduced.
CONCLUSION BPC 157 counteracts Budd Chiari syndrome in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Gojkovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Andreja Petrovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Horvat Pavlov
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marijan Kolovrat
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonija Duzel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mario Knezevic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Kasnik Kovac
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Batelja Vuletic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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7
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Drmic D, Samara M, Vidovic T, Malekinusic D, Antunovic M, Vrdoljak B, Ruzman J, Milkovic Perisa M, Horvat Pavlov K, Jeyakumar J, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Counteraction of perforated cecum lesions in rats: Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157, L-NAME and L-arginine. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5462-5476. [PMID: 30622376 PMCID: PMC6319139 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i48.5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the counteraction of perforated cecum lesion using BPC 157 and nitric oxide (NO) system agents.
METHODS Alongside with the agents’ application (after 1 min, medication (/kg, 10 mL/2 min bath/rat) includes: BPC 157 (10 μg), L-NAME (5 mg), L-arginine (100mg) alone or combined, and saline baths (controls)) on the rat perforate cecum injury, we continuously assessed the gross reappearance of the vessels (USB microcamera) quickly propagating toward the defect at the cecum surface, defect contraction, bleeding attenuation, MDA- and NO-levels in cecum tissue at 15 min, and severity of cecum lesions and adhesions at 1 and 7 d.
RESULTS Post-injury, during/after a saline bath, the number of vessels was significantly reduced, the defect was slightly narrowed, bleeding was significant and MDA-levels increased and NO-levels decreased. BPC 157 bath: the vessel presentation was markedly increased, the defect was noticeably narrowed, the bleeding time was shortened and MDA- and NO-levels remained normal. L-NAME: reduced vessel presentation but not more than the control, did not change defect and shortened bleeding. L-arginine: exhibited less vessel reduction, did not change the defect and prolonged bleeding. In combination, mutual counteraction occurred (L-NAME + L-arginine) or the presentation was similar to that of BPC 157 rats (BPC 157 + L-NAME; BPC 157 + L-arginine; BPC 157 + L-NAME + L-arginine), except the defect did not change. Thereby at day 1 and 7, saline, L-NAME, L-arginine and L-NAME + L-arginine failed (defect was still open and large adhesions present).
CONCLUSION The therapeutic effect was achieved with BPC 157 alone or in combination with L-NAME and L-arginine as it was able to consolidate the stimulating and inhibiting effects of the NO-system towards more effective healing recruiting vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Drmic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mariam Samara
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tinka Vidovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marko Antunovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Jelena Ruzman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marija Milkovic Perisa
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Horvat Pavlov
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Jerusha Jeyakumar
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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8
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Solak Mekić M, Pedišić I, Šobat H, Vučićević Boras V, Kirac I, Štefančić L, Šekerija M, Vrdoljak B, Vrdoljak DV. THE ROLE OF COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. Acta Clin Croat 2018; 57:624-629. [PMID: 31168198 PMCID: PMC6544112 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2018.57.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY – Chronic inflammation has been linked with many cancers. It seems that easily available and usual blood inflammatory markers might serve as a prognostic factor for overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with various cancers. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), as well as hemoglobinemia, thrombocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein values, neutropenia and leukocytosis have been shown to affect overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), however, with controversial results. Complete blood count, NLR and PLR were determined in 71 patients with CRC (stages 3 and 4) after neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and before surgery, treated at Hospital for Tumors in Zagreb. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U test, Student’s t-test, univariate and multivariate analysis. The results of Mann-Whitney U test and Student’s t-test showed that neutrophil count (p=0.024), NLR (p=0.003) and PLR (p=0.007) correlated significantly with overall survival. However, there was no significant correlation of age, leukocyte, lymphocyte and platelet counts and hemoglobin values with overall survival of patients. Furthermore, the same tests showed that leukocyte (p=0.04), neutrophil (p=0.0014) and platelet (p=0.006) counts, NLR (p=0.0006) and PLR (p=0.0015), as well as hemoglobin values (p=0.028) correlated significantly with disease-free survival. The results of univariate analysis showed that unlike PLR, NLR correlated with overall survival and disease-free survival (p=0.0002), although the correlation of PLR and disease-free survival almost reached significance (p=0.059). Furthermore, the results of univariate analysis showed significant correlation of advanced pathological TNM stage with overall survival. There was no correlation of patient age and gender, tumor stage and neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy with overall survival and disease-free survival. The results of multivariate analysis showed that NLR (cut-off value 3.27) and advanced pathological TNM stage significantly correlated with disease-free survival but not with overall survival. It seems that NLR might be an accurate marker for overall survival and disease-free survival in CRC patients after neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivo Pedišić
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Šobat
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanja Vučićević Boras
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Kirac
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljilja Štefančić
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Šekerija
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danko V Vrdoljak
- 1Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5fifth year student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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9
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Muhaxheri G, Vucicevic Boras V, Fucic A, Plavec D, Sekerija M, Filipovic M, Grsic K, Stubljar B, Krnic T, Vrdoljak B. Multivariate analysis of preoperative and postoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma outcome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:965-970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Duzel A, Vlainic J, Antunovic M, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Samara M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Vidovic T, Bilic Z, Knezevic M, Sever M, Lojo N, Kokot A, Kolovrat M, Drmic D, Vukojevic J, Kralj T, Kasnik K, Siroglavic M, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in the treatment of colitis and ischemia and reperfusion in rats: New insights. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8465-8488. [PMID: 29358856 PMCID: PMC5752708 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i48.8465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To provide new insights in treatment of colitis and ischemia and reperfusion in rats using stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157.
METHODS Medication [BPC 157, L-NAME, L-arginine (alone/combined), saline] was bath at the blood deprived colon segment. During reperfusion, medication was BPC 157 or saline. We recorded (USB microscope camera) vessel presentation through next 15 min of ischemic colitis (IC-rats) or reperfusion (removed ligations) (IC + RL-rats); oxidative stress as MDA (increased (IC- and IC + RL-rats)) and NO levels (decreased (IC-rats); increased (IC + RL-rats)) in colon tissue. IC + OB-rats [IC-rats had additional colon obstruction (OB)] for 3 d (IC + OB-rats), then received BPC 157 bath.
RESULTS Commonly, in colon segment (25 mm, 2 ligations on left colic artery and vein, 3 arcade vessels within ligated segment), in IC-, IC + RL-, IC + OB-rats, BPC 157 (10 μg/kg) bath (1 mL/rat) increased vessel presentation, inside/outside arcade interconnections quickly reappeared, mucosal folds were preserved and the pale areas were small and markedly reduced. BPC 157 counteracted worsening effects induced by L-NAME (5 mg) and L-arginine (100 mg). MDA- and NO-levels were normal in BPC 157 treated IC-rats and IC + RL-rats. In addition, on day 10, BPC 157-treated IC + OB-rats presented almost completely spared mucosa with very small pale areas and no gross mucosal defects; the treated colon segment was of normal diameter, and only small adhesions were present.
CONCLUSION BPC 157 is a fundamental treatment that quickly restores blood supply to the ischemically injured area and rapidly activates collaterals. This effect involves the NO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Duzel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Josipa Vlainic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marko Antunovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Dominik Malekinusic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Borna Vrdoljak
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mariam Samara
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tinka Vidovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Zdenko Bilic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mario Knezevic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marko Sever
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Nermin Lojo
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marijan Kolovrat
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Jaksa Vukojevic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tamara Kralj
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Katarina Kasnik
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marko Siroglavic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Medical Faculty J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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