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Xu JC, Wu K, Ma RQ, Li JH, Tao J, Hu Z, Fan XY. Establishment of an in vitro model of monocyte-like THP-1 cells for trained immunity induced by bacillus Calmette-Guérin. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:130. [PMID: 38643095 PMCID: PMC11031977 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacteria bloodstream infections are common in immunocompromised people and usually have disastrous consequences. As the primary phagocytes in the bloodstream, monocytes and neutrophils play critical roles in the fight against bloodstream mycobacteria infections. In contrast to macrophages, the responses of monocytes infected with the mycobacteria have been less investigated. RESULTS In this study, we first established a protocol for infection of non-adherent monocyte-like THP-1 cells (i.e. without the differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Via the protocol, we were then capable of exploring the global transcriptomic profiles of non-adherent THP-1 cells infected with BCG, and found that NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways were enhanced, as well as some inflammatory chemokine/cytokine genes (e.g. CCL4, CXCL10, TNF and IL-1β) were up-regulated. Surprisingly, the Akt-HIF-mTOR signaling pathway was also activated, which induces trained immunity. In this in vitro infection model, increased cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) restimulation, higher cell viability, and decreased Candida albicans loads were observed. CONCLUSIONS We have first characterized the transcriptomic profiles of BCG-infected non-adherent THP-1 cells, and first developed a trained immunity in vitro model of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chuan Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai R & S Biotech. Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
- Zhejiang Free Trade Area R & S Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui-Qing Ma
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Rystsov GK, Lisov AV, Zemskova MY. Polymers of 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Induce Formation of Spheroids in Mammalian Cells. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816202206019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Wirthgen E, Hornschuh M, Wrobel IM, Manteuffel C, Däbritz J. Mimicking of Blood Flow Results in a Distinct Functional Phenotype in Human Non-Adherent Classical Monocytes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080748. [PMID: 34439980 PMCID: PMC8389597 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Monocytes are immune cells of increasing interest as cellular-based therapeutic products in inflammation-related diseases. The underlying mechanism is that isolated monocytes are modified outside the body. After re-injection, monocytes are recruited to the site of inflammation, exerting their therapeutic effect. One current challenge is that isolated monocytes rapidly lose migratory capacity during culture, limiting their therapeutic efficacy. During suspension culture, mimicking blood flow has been shown to preserve the migratory capacity. However, the effects on the inflammatory response and other functional properties have not been studied so far. Hence, the present study investigates the effect of shear flow on cytokine secretion and selected features of human blood-derived classical monocytes. Our results demonstrate that mimicking blood flow resulted in a distinct phenotype with an anti-inflammatory cytokine response and a higher migratory capacity than cultured under static conditions. These features could be particularly relevant for further developing monocyte-based products as unwanted inflammatory signaling at the injection site or peripheral blood circulation will be attenuated. Abstract Ex vivo culture conditions during the manufacturing process impact the therapeutic effect of cell-based products. Mimicking blood flow during ex vivo culture of monocytes has beneficial effects by preserving their migratory ability. However, the effects of shear flow on the inflammatory response have not been studied so far. Hence, the present study investigates the effects of shear flow on both blood-derived naïve and activated monocytes. The activation of monocytes was experimentally induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which acts as a pro-survival and growth factor on monocytes with a potential role in inflammation. Monocytes were cultured under dynamic (=shear flow) or static conditions while preventing monocytes’ adherence by using cell-repellent surfaces to avoid adhesion-induced differentiation. After cultivation (40 h), cell size, viability, and cytokine secretion were evaluated, and the cells were further applied to functional tests on their migratory capacity, adherence, and metabolic activity. Our results demonstrate that the application of shear flow resulted in a decreased pro-inflammatory signaling concurrent with increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and increased migratory capacity. These features may improve the efficacy of monocyte-based therapeutic products as both the unwanted inflammatory signaling in blood circulation and the loss of migratory ability will be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Wirthgen
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.H.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)381-494-7076
| | - Melanie Hornschuh
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Ida Maria Wrobel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Christian Manteuffel
- Institute of Behavioral Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Jan Däbritz
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.H.); (J.D.)
- Center for Immunobiology, The Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London E1 4NS, UK
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Esteves AM, Papaevangelou E, Dasgupta P, Galustian C. Combination of Interleukin-15 With a STING Agonist, ADU-S100 Analog: A Potential Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621550. [PMID: 33777767 PMCID: PMC7988118 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men with mortality rates, overtaking those for breast cancer in the last 2 years in the UK. Despite advances in prostate cancer treatments, over 25% of men do not survive over 5 years with advanced disease. Due to the success of immunotherapies in treating other cancers, this treatment modality has been investigated for Prostate cancer, however, the sole FDA approved immunotherapy so far (Provenge™) only extends life by a few months. Therefore, finding immunotherapeutic agents to treat prostate cancer is of major interest. Our group has previously shown that Interleukin-15 (IL-15), unlike other therapeutic cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-12, can stimulate expansion and activity of CD8 T cells and NK cells in vitro when they are exposed to prostate cancer cells, while studies in mice have shown a 50% reduction in tumor size with no apparent toxicity. In this study, we aim to examine potencies of IL-15 in combination with a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) that activates the Stimulator of Interferon-Gene (STING) receptor. Selected CDNs (also known as STING agonists) have previously been shown to activate both T cells and dendritic cells through STING. We hypothesize that the combination of STING agonists and IL-15 can additively increase NK and T cell activity as they act to increase type I interferons (IFNs) through STING activation and IFN-γ through IL-15. In prostate cancer-lymphocyte co-cultures we now show that combination of IL-15 and the STING agonist ADU-S100 analog induces a marked killing of cancer cells above that seen with IL-15 or ADU-S100 alone. We show that this is related to a potent activation of NK cells resulting in increased perforin and CD69 expression, and up to a 13-fold increase in IFNγ secretion in the co-cultures. NK cells are responsible for killing of the cancer cells, as shown by a lack of cytotoxicity in NK depleted lymphocyte-tumor cell co-cultures, or in co-cultures of B and T cells with tumor cells. In summary, we propose that the combination of IL-15 and the sting agonist ADU-S100 analog may be potently effective in treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Esteves
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Efthymia Papaevangelou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Urology Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Galustian
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Fang SY, Chen JL, Chiu MH, Huang CC, Lin MW, Lam CF. Distinct phenotypic expression levels of macrophages in neonatal lungs. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:369. [PMID: 33732342 PMCID: PMC7903444 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are the front-line defense against environmental pathogens. However, to the best of our knowledge, differences in function and phenotypic expression levels of macrophages between neonatal and adult lungs have not previously been determined. The present study investigated lung tissues and analyzed blood samples to find cell markers of M1 and M2 macrophages in neonatal and adult rats. Pulmonary sepsis was induced by intrapleural instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 mg/kg) and survival time after administration of LPS was measured. In certain neonates, a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400w, was administered prior to induction of pulmonary sepsis. Compared with adults, fetal and neonatal lung tissues had significantly higher levels of iNOS and CD86 (M1 markers), whereas the expression levels of CD206 and arginase-1 (M2 markers) were lower in the neonatal lung. The circulating cells that co-expressed CD68 (monocytes and macrophages) and CD86 in the blood were also significantly higher in neonates than in adults (25.9±6.6 vs. 11.6±2.2%; P=0.007. At basal unstimulated conditions, lung tissue concentrations of nitrite and nitrate (NOx) were significantly lower in the neonates than in adults (112.1±55.9 vs. 340.9±124.9 µM/g; P<0.001). However, NOx was increased following administration of LPS. Administration of 1400w suppressed lung tissue levels of NOx and improved the survival time in neonatal rats treated with LPS. The present study demonstrated that M1 is the primary macrophage phenotype in the neonatal lung and that higher iNOS expression levels do not have a protective effect against pulmonary endotoxins in neonates. Overproduction of NO by iNOS in neonatal alveolar macrophages may result in detrimental effects during pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yuan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Lung Chen
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Hsuan Chiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Fuh Lam
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Anesthesiology, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Heinemann C, Adam J, Kruppke B, Hintze V, Wiesmann HP, Hanke T. How to Get Them off?-Assessment of Innovative Techniques for Generation and Detachment of Mature Osteoclasts for Biomaterial Resorption Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031329. [PMID: 33572748 PMCID: PMC7865995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion process of mononuclear monocytes into multinuclear osteoclasts in vitro is an essential process for the study of osteoclastic resorption of biomaterials. Thereby biomaterials offer many influencing factors such as sample shape, material composition, and surface topography, which can have a decisive influence on the fusion and thus the entire investigation. For the specific investigation of resorption, it can therefore be advantageous to skip the fusion on samples and use mature, predifferentiated osteoclasts directly. However, most conventional detachment methods (cell scraper, accutase), lead to a poor survival rate of osteoclasts or to a loss of function of the cells after their reseeding. In the present study different conventional and novel methods of detachment in combination with different culture surfaces were investigated to obtain optimal osteoclast differentiation, yield, and vitality rates without loss of function. The innovative method-using thermoresponsive surfaces for cultivation and detachment-was found to be best suited. This is in particular due to its ability to maintain osteoclast activity, as proven by TRAP 5b-, CTSK-activity and resorption pits on dentin discs and decellularized osteoblast-derived matrix plates. In conclusion, it is shown, that osteoclasts can be predifferentiated on cell culture dishes and transferred to a reference biomaterial under preservation of osteoclastic resorption activity, providing biomaterial researchers with a novel tool for material characterization.
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CD34 Identifies a Subset of Proliferating Microglial Cells Associated with Degenerating Motor Neurons in ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163880. [PMID: 31395804 PMCID: PMC6720880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons accompanied by proliferation of reactive microglia in affected regions. However, it is unknown whether the hematopoietic marker CD34 can identify a subpopulation of proliferating microglial cells in the ALS degenerating spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry for CD34 and microglia markers was performed in lumbar spinal cords of ALS rats bearing the SOD1G93A mutation and autopsied ALS and control human subjects. Characterization of CD34-positive cells was also performed in primary cell cultures of the rat spinal cords. CD34 was expressed in a large number of cells that closely interacted with degenerating lumbar spinal cord motor neurons in symptomatic SOD1G93A rats, but not in controls. Most CD34+ cells co-expressed the myeloid marker CD11b, while only a subpopulation was stained for Iba1 or CD68. Notably, CD34+ cells actively proliferated and formed clusters adjacent to damaged motor neurons bearing misfolded SOD1. CD34+ cells were identified in the proximity of motor neurons in autopsied spinal cord from sporadic ALS subjects but not in controls. Cell culture of symptomatic SOD1G93A rat spinal cords yielded a large number of CD34+ cells exclusively in the non-adherent phase, which generated microglia after successive passaging. A yet unrecognized CD34+ cells, expressing or not the microglial marker Iba1, proliferate and accumulate adjacent to degenerating spinal motor neurons, representing an intriguing cell target for approaching ALS pathogenesis and therapeutics.
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