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El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Korma SA, Salem HM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Alkafaas SS, Elsalahaty MI, Elkafas SS, Mosa WFA, Ahmed AE, Mathew BT, Albastaki NA, Alkuwaiti AA, El-Tarabily MK, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA, Ibrahim SA. Garlic bioactive substances and their therapeutic applications for improving human health: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1277074. [PMID: 38915405 PMCID: PMC11194342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1277074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely abundant spice, known for its aroma and pungent flavor. It contains several bioactive compounds and offers a wide range of health benefits to humans, including those pertaining to nutrition, physiology, and medicine. Therefore, garlic is considered as one of the most effective disease-preventive diets. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the sulfur-containing compounds, allicin and ajoene, for their effective anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immune-boosting, and cardioprotective properties. As a rich natural source of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, saponins, tannins, linalool, geraniol, phellandrene, β-phellandrene, ajoene, alliin, S-allyl-mercapto cysteine, and β-phellandrene, garlic has many therapeutic applications and may play a role in drug development against various human diseases. In the current review, garlic and its major bioactive components along with their biological function and mechanisms of action for their role in disease prevention and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sameh A. Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heba M. Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Taia A. Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Elsalahaty
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
- Faculty of Control System and Robotics, Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO) University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Walid F. A. Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Betty T. Mathew
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor A. Albastaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aysha A. Alkuwaiti
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Synan F. AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled A. El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Salam A. Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Food and Nutritional Science Program, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Yu S, Liu Z, Li M, Zhou D, Hua P, Cheng H, Fan W, Xu Y, Liu D, Liang S, Zhang Y, Xie M, Tang J, Jiang Y, Hou S, Zhou Z. Resequencing of a Pekin duck breeding population provides insights into the genomic response to short-term artificial selection. Gigascience 2023; 12:giad016. [PMID: 36971291 PMCID: PMC10041536 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term, intense artificial selection drives fast phenotypic changes in domestic animals and leaves imprints on their genomes. However, the genetic basis of this selection response is poorly understood. To better address this, we employed the Pekin duck Z2 pure line, in which the breast muscle weight was increased nearly 3-fold after 10 generations of breeding. We denovo assembled a high-quality reference genome of a female Pekin duck of this line (GCA_003850225.1) and identified 8.60 million genetic variants in 119 individuals among 10 generations of the breeding population. RESULTS We identified 53 selected regions between the first and tenth generations, and 93.8% of the identified variations were enriched in regulatory and noncoding regions. Integrating the selection signatures and genome-wide association approach, we found that 2 regions covering 0.36 Mb containing UTP25 and FBRSL1 were most likely to contribute to breast muscle weight improvement. The major allele frequencies of these 2 loci increased gradually with each generation following the same trend. Additionally, we found that a copy number variation region containing the entire EXOC4 gene could explain 1.9% of the variance in breast muscle weight, indicating that the nervous system may play a role in economic trait improvement. CONCLUSIONS Our study not only provides insights into genomic dynamics under intense artificial selection but also provides resources for genomics-enabled improvements in duck breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zihua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ping Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenlei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Suyun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuisheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Evaluation of Expression of Cytochrome P450 Aromatase and Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Apoptotic Markers in Testicular Tissue of Obese Rats (Pre)Treated with Garlic Powder. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:4858274. [PMID: 36644444 PMCID: PMC9833927 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4858274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, adolescent obesity is recognized as an epidemic and a cause of reproductive disorders. Decreased testosterone levels occur due to functional defects in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, excessive activity of cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme, and testicular dysfunction in these people. Oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis are also the main mechanisms of testicular damage during obesity. The use of herbal products such as garlic can improve this disorder due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pretreatment and treatment of garlic powder on the expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme and the expression of genes involved in testosterone synthesis, inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis in testicular tissue, and metabolic function of liver tissue in young male obese rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into the controlled and treated groups. Serum levels of lipid, glucose, and insulin as metabolic factors were measured along with the testicular antioxidant and inflammation markers. The expression of Bcl2, Bax, and caspase-3 along with NF-κB, SREBP-1c, CPT-1beta, Nrf-2, CD36, FAS, CYP19A1, P450scc, StAR, 17βHSD, PPARα, and aromatase (CYP19, P450arom) was also measured. Testicular histological evaluation and spermatogenic process was also performed. The results showed that oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic factors significantly increased in obese rats. The testicular expression of aromatase, NF-κB, Bax, and caspase 3 increased and Nrf2 expression decreased in obese rats, while (pre) treatment with garlic powder significantly decreased the expression of these genes in obese rats. These results were also confirmed by the findings of the histological evaluation and sperm analysis. It can be concluded that garlic powder could improve reproductive dysfunction in obese rats.
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Ettehad-Marvasti F, Ejtahed HS, Siadat SD, Soroush AR, Hoseini-Tavassol Z, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Larijani B. Effect of garlic extract on weight loss and gut microbiota composition in obese women: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1007506. [PMID: 36352899 PMCID: PMC9638143 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1007506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective From a nutritional perspective, garlic extract could be a prebiotic product, which is useful for obese subjects, and one of its health-promoting underlying mechanisms is modulating gut microbiota composition. In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, the goal was to determine the effect of Allium (garlic extract) on anthropometric indices and gut microbiota composition in obese women following a low-calorie diet. Materials and methods Forty-three obese women were randomly divided into garlic extract (400 mg Allium sativum powder containing 1,100 mcg allicin/tablet) or placebo groups. During the 2 months of the study, each participant took two tablets per day. At the beginning and at the end of the clinical trial, anthropometric measurements were done and blood and fecal samples were collected. We evaluated the gut microbiota composition using quantitative real-time PCR. Results In total, 16 subjects in each group completed the 2-month trial. Allium and placebo groups’ participants had mean ages of 37.8 ± 7.4 and 34.2 ± 6.8 years, respectively (P > 0.05). Baseline body mass index (BMI) was significantly different between groups, subjects in the placebo group had lower BMI compared with the Allium group (P < 0.05). Allium and placebo caused a 1.7% and 2.7% decrease in BMI from the baseline values, respectively (P < 0.01). Fasting insulin level significantly decreased in the both groups (P < 0.01). Level of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) has decreased significantly in the Allium group (P = 0.007). The frequency of Akkermansia had decreasing trend while the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium showed increasing trend in the Allium group. Conclusion In the both groups, a decrease in BMI and other anthropometric indices has been observed. Despite weight loss after following a low-calorie diet and taking Allium, slight changes have been shown in the composition of gut microbiota in obese women. Trial registration This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) (code: IRCT090420001825N2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Ettehad-Marvasti
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed,
| | | | - Ahmad-Reza Soroush
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hoseini-Tavassol
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar,
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mahajan N, Khare P, Kondepudi KK, Bishnoi M. TRPA1: Pharmacology, natural activators and role in obesity prevention. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174553. [PMID: 34627805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is a calcium permeable, non-selective cation channel, expressed in the sensory neurons and non-neuronal cells of different tissues. Initially studied for its role in pain and inflammation, TRPA1 has now functionally involved in multiple other physiological functions. TRPA1 channel has been extensively studied for modulation by pungent compounds present in the spices and herbs. In the last decade, the role of TRPA1 agonism in body weight reduction, secretion of hunger and satiety hormones, insulin secretion and thermogenesis, has unveiled the potential of the TRPA1 channel to be used as a preventive target to tackle obesity and associated comorbidities including insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of TRPA1 based dietary/non-dietary modulation for its role in obesity prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mahajan
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Pragyanshu Khare
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India.
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Li N, Chen K, Dong H, Yang J, Yoshizawa M, Kagami H, Li X. Alliin inhibits adipocyte differentiation by downregulating Akt expression: Implications for metabolic disease. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:563. [PMID: 33850535 PMCID: PMC8027764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently an important health problem and is associated with an increased likelihood of various diseases. The efficacies of various natural treatments have been assessed for their utility in treating obesity. Alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxides) is considered the major component of garlic and has a wide range of natural antioxidant properties. However, the direct effects of alliin on obesity have not been well clarified. The present study investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of alliin on adipocyte differentiation. The 3T3-L1 cells were treated with alliin (0-40 µg/ml) during adipogenic differentiation. The effect of alliin on lipid accumulation was evaluated by Oil red O staining. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to investigate the expression levels of adipogenic differentiation-related genes. The accumulation of lipid droplets was markedly inhibited following alliin treatment. The expression levels of multiple adipogenic transcription markers, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β, C/EBP α and peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor γ, were markedly decreased following treatment with alliin during adipogenic differentiation. Expression levels of several adipocyte-related genes were subsequently suppressed. Additionally, alliin suppressed PKB/Akt and PI3K expression. These results suggested that alliin exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by downregulating major adipogenic differentiation-related genes and Akt/PI3K expression. Alliin may have a potential therapeutic effect on metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China.,Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Dong
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Michiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kagami
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Xianqi Li
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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