Low KRT15 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast invasive carcinoma

Towards key genes identification for breast cancer survival risk with neural network models

Breast cancer, one common malignant tumor all over the world, has a considerably high rate of recurrence, which endangers the health and life of patients. While more and more data have been available, how to leverage the gene expression data to predict the survival risk of cancer patients and identify key genes has become a hot topic for cancer research. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the gene expression and clinical data of breast cancer patients, specifically a novel framework is proposed focusing on the survival risk classification and key gene identification task. We firstly combine the differential expression and univariate Cox regression analysis to achieve dimensional reduction of gene expression data. The median survival time is subsequently proposed as the risk classification threshold and a learning model based on neural network is trained to classify the survival risk of patients. Innovatively, in this work, the activation region visualization technology is selected as the identification tool, which identify 20 key genes related to the survival risk of breast cancer patients. We further analyze the gene function of these 20 key genes based on STRING database. It is critical to learn that, the genetic biomarkers identified in this paper may possess value for the following clinical treatment of breast cancer according to the literature findings. Importantly, the genetic biomarkers identified in this paper may possess value for the following clinical treatment of breast cancer according to the literature findings. Our work accomplishes the objective of proposing a targeted approach to enhancing the survival analysis and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer through advanced computational techniques and gene analysis.

High keratin 15 expression reflects favorable prognosis in early cervical cancer patients

OBJECTIVE

Keratin 15 (KRT15) exhibits inconsistent prognostic roles in different cancers, and its prognostic value in early cervical cancer patients who receive tumor resection remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the relationship of KRT15 expression with prognosis in these patients.

METHODS

Totally, 147 early cervical cancer patients who received tumor resection were reviewed in this retrospective study. KRT15 was detected in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC). KRT15 IHC scores were computed by multiplying the percentage of positively stained cells (scored as 0-4) and corresponding staining intensity (scored as 0-3), ranging from 0 to 12.

RESULTS

Elevated KRT15 IHC score was linked with moderate to well differentiation (P = 0.005), tumor size ≤ 4 cm (P = 0.017), and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage Ia/Ib (P < 0.001). KRT15 IHC score was inversely associated with adjuvant radiotherapy (P = 0.025) and adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.016). KRT15 IHC score ≥ 1 was linked with increased disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.003) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.049). Meanwhile, KRT15 IHC score ≥ 1 independently predicted increased DFS (hazard ratio = 0.213, P = 0.017), but not OS (P > 0.05). KRT15 IHC score ≥ 3 and KRT15 IHC score ≥ 6 could not predict DFS or OS (all P > 0.05). By subgroup analyses, KRT15 IHC score ≥ 1 forecasted favorable DFS in patients with age > 45 years, human papillomavirus-positive, squamous carcinoma, and tumor size ≤ 4 cm (all P < 0.05). KRT15 IHC score ≥ 1 and KRT15 IHC score ≥ 3 predicted ascended DFS in patients without adjuvant radiotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

High KRT15 expression reflects favorable tumor features and longer survival in early cervical cancer patients who receive tumor resection.

Plakins are involved in the regulation of centrosome position in polarized epithelial cells

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The control of epithelial cell polarity is key to their function. Its dysregulation is a major cause of tissue transformation. In polarized epithelial cells,the centrosome is off-centred toward the apical pole. This asymmetry determines the main orientation of the microtubule network and intra-cellular traffic. However, the mechanism regulating centrosome positioning at the apical pole of polarized epithelial cells is still poorly undertood.

RESULTS

In this study we used transcriptomic data from breast cancer cells to identify molecular changes associated with the different stages of tumour transformation. We correlated these changes with variations in centrosome position or with cell progression along the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that involves centrosome repositioning. We found that low levels of epiplakin, desmoplakin and periplakin correlated with centrosome mispositioning in cells that had progressed through EMT or tissue transformation. We further tested the causal role of these plakins in the regulation of centrosome position by knocking down their expression in a non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A). The downregulation of periplakin reduced the length of intercellular junction, which was not affected by the downregulation of epiplakin or desmoplakin. However, down-regulating any of them disrupted centrosome polarisation towards the junction without affecting microtubule stability.

CONCLUSIONS

Altogether, these results demonstrated that epiplakin, desmoplakin and periplakin are involved in the maintenance of the peripheral position of the centrosome close to inter-cellular junctions. They also revealed that these plakins are downregulated during EMT and breast cancer progression, which are both associated with centrosome mispositioning.

SIGNIFICANCE

These results revealed that the down-regulation of plakins and the consequential centrosome mispositioning are key signatures of disorganised cytoskeleton networks, inter-cellular junction weakening, shape deregulation and the loss of polarity in breast cancer cells. These metrics could further be used as a new readouts for early phases of tumoral development.

Mechanism of Dahuang Mudan Decotion in the treatment of colorectal cancer based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacological activity and therapeutic mechanism of Dahuang Mudan Decotion (DHMDD) for colorectal cancer using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), network pharmacology and in vitro experiments.

Methods

The chemical components of DHMDD were identified by UPLC-MS. Network pharmacological analysis was utilized to screen the active ingredients and targets associated with DHMDD for colorectal cancer. Based on the results of network pharmacology, the potential mechanism of DHMDD on colorectal cancer predicted was experimentally studied and verified in vitro.

Results

DHMDD primarily exerts its effects on colorectal cancer through 52 active ingredients. AKT1, ESR1, HSP90AA1, JUN, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3R1, SRC, STAT3, TP53 were the top 10 targets. The top 10 ingredient nodes were Quercetin, Physcione, Pontigenin, Crysophanol, Linolenic acid, Piceatannol, Adenosine, Emodin, Sambunigrin, and Prunasin. The main compounds and the target proteins exhibited strong binding ability in molecular docking studies. The results of cell experiments demonstrated that DHMDD can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of CRC cells through the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Conclusion

Through network pharmacology analysis and cell experiments, this study suggests that DHMDD can exert its therapeutic effects on colorectal cancer through a combination of multiple components and targets.

Prognostic Value and Immune Signatures of Anoikis-related Genes in Breast Cancer

From databases of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE42568, transcriptome data of breast cancer patients was obtained. Then, anoikis-related genes (ANRGs) were identified and constructed a risk score system. As a threshold value, the median risk score was used to stratify patients into low-risk and high-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis was then conducted to evaluate the prognostic ability of the risk score system, which was validated using GSE7390. Furthermore, we identified potential enrichment of function and tumor immune infiltration in the model. Finally, the biological functions of a risk gene (EPB41L4B) in breast cancer were investigated through in vitro experiments. We constructed a risk score system via 9 prognosis ANRGs (CXCL2, EPB41L4B, SLC7A5, SFRP1, SDC1, BHLHE41, SPINT1, KRT15, and CD24). The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that both TCGA-BRCA (training set) and GSE7390 (testing set) patients with high-risk status had significantly worse survival outcomes. In addition, the calibration plots were in good agreement with the prognosis prediction. Breast cancer patients with immunosuppressive microenvironment could be screened using risk groups since risk scores were correlated negatively with ESTIMATE score, tumor-infiltration lymphocytes, immune checkpoints, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, cellular viability and cell migration of cancerous breast cells were inhibited and apoptosis was promoted by down-regulation of EPB41L4B gene expression. Based on ANRGs, a 9-gene prognostic model could be developed to predict breast cancer prognosis; moreover, patients of the high-risk group were in an immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment.

Prelude to malignancy: A gene expression signature in normal mammary gland from breast cancer patients suggests pre-tumorous alterations and is associated with adverse outcomes

Despite advances in early detection and treatment strategies, breast cancer recurrence and mortality remain a significant health issue. Recent insights suggest the prognostic potential of microscopically healthy mammary gland, in the vicinity of the breast lesion. Nonetheless, a comprehensive understanding of the gene expression profiles in these tissues and their relationship to patient outcomes remain missing. Furthermore, the increasing trend towards breast-conserving surgery may inadvertently lead to the retention of existing cancer-predisposing mutations within the normal mammary gland. This study assessed the transcriptomic profiles of 242 samples from 83 breast cancer patients with unfavorable outcomes, including paired uninvolved mammary gland samples collected at varying distances from primary lesions. As a reference, control samples from 53 mammoplasty individuals without cancer history were studied. A custom panel of 634 genes linked to breast cancer progression and metastasis was employed for expression profiling, followed by whole-transcriptome verification experiments and statistical analyses to discern molecular signatures and their clinical relevance. A distinct gene expression signature was identified in uninvolved mammary gland samples, featuring key cellular components encoding keratins, CDH1, CDH3, EPCAM cell adhesion proteins, matrix metallopeptidases, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, along with crucial genes (FOXA1, RAB25, NRG1, SPDEF, TRIM29, and GABRP) having dual roles in cancer. Enrichment analyses revealed disruptions in epithelial integrity, cell adhesion, and estrogen signaling. This signature, named KAOS for Keratin-Adhesion-Oncogenes-Suppressors, was significantly associated with reduced tumor size but increased mortality rates. Integrating molecular assessment of non-malignant mammary tissue into disease management could enhance survival prediction and facilitate personalized patient care.

Cytokeratin 15 is a novel and independent predictor of poor outcome in luminal B HER2-negative breast carcinomas

Cytokeratin 15 (CK15) has been described as a stem cell marker in human organs and its expression is seen in breast tissue. CK15 expression is associated with aggressive features in endometrial and oesophageal cancers, but data on the breast are lacking. This study aims to investigate the clinicopathological associations and prognostic significance of CK15 in breast carcinomas. A multi-institute cohort of breast carcinomas were retrieved. Clinicopathological and outcome data were obtained and compared with immunohistochemical expression CK15 and a panel of biomarkers. In total, 1,476 cases were included, with an expression rate of 3.5%, preferentially expressed in luminal subtypes (p=0.024), with luminal B carcinomas being the highest (4.7%), as opposed to basal-like (1%) and HER2-overexpressed carcinomas (0%). Except for nodal stage (p=0.013) and nodal metastasis (p=0.048), oestrogen (p=0.035) and progesterone receptor (p=0.001) positivity, there were no associations with other clinicopathological parameters. A trend was observed with shorter breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) in CK15-positive luminal B carcinomas (p=0.062). On further subgroup multivariate analysis of luminal B HER2-negative carcinomas, CK15 expression exhibited robust correlation with shorter BCSS (HR=9.004, p=0.001) and disease-free survival (HR=7.085, p<0.001). Restricted to luminal breast carcinomas, specifically luminal B HER2-negative, CK15 is demonstrated to be a robust independent predictor of higher risk of recurrence and shorter survival, with potential as a clinical prognostic marker and an exclusive stem cell marker for this subgroup of carcinomas.

High-Throughput Transcriptomics of Nontumorigenic Breast Cells Exposed to Environmentally Relevant Chemicals

BACKGROUND

There is a suite of chemicals, including metals, pesticides, and personal care product compounds, which are commonly detected at high levels in US Center for Disease Control's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) chemical biomarker screens. Whether these chemicals influence development of breast cancer is not well understood.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives were to perform an unbiased concentration-dependent assessment of these chemicals, to quantify differences in cancer-specific genes and pathways, to describe if these differences occur at human population-relevant concentrations, and to specifically test for differences in markers of stemness and cellular plasticity.

METHODS

We treated nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, MCF10A, with 21 chemicals at four concentrations (25  nM , 250  nM , 2.5 μ M , and 25 μ M ) for 48 h. We conducted RNA-sequencing for these 408 samples, adapting the plexWell plate-based RNA-sequencing method to analyze differences in gene expression. We calculated gene and biological pathway-specific benchmark concentrations (BMCs) using BMDExpress3, identifying differentially expressed genes and generating the best fit benchmark concentration models for each chemical across all genes. We identified enriched biological processes and pathways for each chemical and tested whether chemical exposures change predicted cell type distributions. We contextualized benchmark concentrations relative to human population biomarker concentrations in NHANES.

RESULTS

We detected chemical concentration-dependent differences in gene expression for thousands of genes. Enrichment and cell type distribution analyses showed benchmark concentration responses correlated with differences in breast cancer-related pathways, including induction of basal-like characteristics for some chemicals, including arsenic, lead, copper, and methyl paraben. Comparison of benchmark data to NHANES chemical biomarker (urine or blood) concentrations indicated an overlap between exposure levels and levels sufficient to cause a gene expression response.

DISCUSSION

These analyses revealed that many of these 21 chemicals resulted in differences in genes and pathways involved in breast cancer in vitro at human exposure-relevant concentrations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12886.

Tumor keratin 15 expression links with less extent of invasion and better prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer patients receiving tumor resection

OBJECTIVE

Keratin 15 (KRT15) is identified as a useful biomarker in several solid tumors, while its clinical role in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains unknown. Herein, this study is intended to explore the correlation of tumor KRT15 with clinical features and survival in PTC patients who received tumor resection.

METHODS

This study retrospectively screened 350 PTC patients who received tumor resection and 50 thyroid benign lesions (TBL) patients. KRT15 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lesion specimens of all subjects was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).

RESULTS

KRT15 was reduced in PTC patients compared to TBL patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, KRT15 was negatively associated with tumor size (P = 0.017), extrathyroidal invasion (P = 0.007), pathological tumor (pT) stage (P < 0.001), and postoperative radioiodine application (P = 0.008) in PTC patients. Regarding prognostic value, high KRT15 (cut-off by an IHC value of 3) is linked with prolonged accumulating disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.008) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.008) in PTC patients. Also, the multivariate Cox regression model showed that high KRT15 (vs. low) was an independent factor for longer DFS (hazard ratio = 0.433, P = 0.049), but not for OS (P > 0.050) in PTC patients. Subgroup analyses revealed that KRT15 possessed a better prognostic value in PTC patients with age ≥ 55 years, tumor size > 4 cm, pathological node stage 1, or pathological tumor-node-metastasis stage ≤ 2 (all P < 0.050).

CONCLUSION

Increased tumor KRT15 associates with a lower invasive degree, prolonged DFS, and OS, revealing its prognostic utility in PTC patients undergoing tumor resection.

High resolution mapping of the tumor microenvironment using integrated single-cell, spatial and in situ analysis

Single-cell and spatial technologies that profile gene expression across a whole tissue are revolutionizing the resolution of molecular states in clinical samples. Current commercially available technologies provide whole transcriptome single-cell, whole transcriptome spatial, or targeted in situ gene expression analysis. Here, we combine these technologies to explore tissue heterogeneity in large, FFPE human breast cancer sections. This integrative approach allowed us to explore molecular differences that exist between distinct tumor regions and to identify biomarkers involved in the progression towards invasive carcinoma. Further, we study cell neighborhoods and identify rare boundary cells that sit at the critical myoepithelial border confining the spread of malignant cells. Here, we demonstrate that each technology alone provides information about molecular signatures relevant to understanding cancer heterogeneity; however, it is the integration of these technologies that leads to deeper insights, ushering in discoveries that will progress oncology research and the development of diagnostics and therapeutics.

Silencing of keratin 15 impairs viability and mobility while facilitating the doxorubicin chemosensitivity by inactivating the β‑catenin pathway in liver cancer

Keratin 15 (KRT15) regulates the invasion as well as the stemness and is associated with tumor size and metastasis of several gastrointestinal cancers apart from liver cancer. The present study aimed to explore the effect of KRT15 knockdown on liver cancer malignant behaviors and its interaction with the β-catenin pathway. Small interfering (si)-KRT15 and si-negative control (NC) were transfected into liver cancer cell lines, followed by the addition or not of CHIR-99021 (a β-catenin agonist). Cell viability, invasion, apoptosis, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of doxorubicin (Dox) were then assessed. The present study illustrated that KRT15 gene and protein expression levels were upregulated in most liver cancer cell lines (Huh7, PLC, Hep3B and HepG2) compared to the normal liver cell line THLE-2. si-KRT15 reduced cell viability and invasive cell count while promoting the apoptosis rate in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. In addition, si-KRT15 also reduced the IC50 value of Dox. Furthermore, si-KRT15 inactivated the β-catenin pathway as reflected by β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression levels in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Subsequently, CHIR-99021 treatment increased the cell viability and invasive cell count while reducing the apoptosis rate in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Concurrently, the IC50 value of Dox was also increased. Notably, CHIR-99021 treatment attenuated the effect of si-KRT15 on mediating the aforementioned Huh7 and HepG2 cell malignant behaviors and Dox chemosensitivity. In conclusion, KRT15 knockdown suppressed viability and mobility but facilitated Dox chemosensitivity via inactivating the β-catenin pathway in liver cancer, suggesting its potential as a target for liver cancer treatment.

Taxifolin Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth by Facilitating CD8+ T Cell Infiltration and Inducing a Novel Set of Genes including Potential Tumor Suppressor Genes in 1q21.3

Taxifolin inhibits breast cancer (BC) via novel mechanisms. In a syngeneic mouse BC model, taxifolin suppressed 4T-1 cell-derived allografts. RNA-seq of 4T-1 tumors identified 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated by taxifolin. Among their human homologues, 19, 7, and 2 genes were downregulated in BCs, high-proliferative BCs, and BCs with high-fatality risks, respectively. Three genes were established as tumor suppressors and eight were novel to BC, including HNRN, KPRP, CRCT1, and FLG2. These four genes exhibit tumor suppressive actions and reside in 1q21.3, a locus amplified in 70% recurrent BCs, revealing a unique vulnerability of primary and recurrent BCs with 1q21.3 amplification with respect to taxifolin. Furthermore, the 36 DEGs formed a multiple gene panel (DEG36) that effectively stratified the fatality risk in luminal, HER2+, and triple-negative (TN) equivalent BCs in two large cohorts: the METABRIC and TCGA datasets. 4T-1 cells model human TNBC cells. The DEG36 most robustly predicted the poor prognosis of TNBCs and associated it with the infiltration of CD8+ T, NK, macrophages, and Th2 cells. Of note, taxifolin increased the CD8+ T cell content in 4T-1 tumors. The DEG36 is a novel and effective prognostic biomarker of BCs, particularly TNBCs, and can be used to assess the BC-associated immunosuppressive microenvironment.

KRT15 in early breast cancer screening and correlation with HER2 positivity, pathological grade and N stage

Objective: This study was designed to explore KRT15 dysregulation and its correlation with clinical characteristics among ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), DCIS with microinvasion (DCIS-MI) and invasive breast cancer (IBC) patients. Methods: KRT15 from lesion samples of 50 DCIS patients, 48 DCIS-MI patients and 50 IBC patients was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: KRT15 discriminated IBC patients from DCIS patients (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.895; 95% CI = 0.836-0.954) and DCIS-MI patients (AUC = 0.707; 95% CI = 0.606-0.808). In DCIS patients, KRT15 was negatively correlated with pathological grade (p = 0.015). In DCIS-MI patients, KRT15 was positively related to estrogen receptor positivity but negatively associated with Ki-67 (both p < 0.05). In IBC patients, KRT15 was negatively linked to HER2 positivity, histological grade, N stage and tumor node metastasis stage (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: KRT15 assessment may help with early breast cancer screening.

"In the light of evolution:" keratins as exceptional tumor biomarkers

Keratins (KRTs) are the intermediate filament-forming proteins of epithelial cells, classified, according to their physicochemical properties, into "soft" and "hard" keratins. They have a key role in several aspects of cancer pathophysiology, including cancer cell invasion and metastasis, and several members of the KRT family serve as diagnostic or prognostic markers. The human genome contains both, functional KRT genes and non-functional KRT pseudogenes, arranged in two uninterrupted clusters on chromosomes 12 and 17. This characteristic renders KRTs ideal for evolutionary studies. Herein, comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of KRT homologous proteins in the genomes of major taxonomic divisions were performed, so as to fill a gap in knowledge regarding the functional implications of keratins in cancer biology among tumor-bearing species. The differential expression profiles of KRTs in diverse types of cancers were investigated by analyzing high-throughput data, as well. Several KRT genes, including the phylogenetically conserved ones, were found to be deregulated across several cancer types and to participate in a common protein-protein interaction network. This indicates that, at least in cancer-bearing species, these genes might have been under similar evolutionary pressure, perhaps to support the same important function(s). In addition, semantic relations between KRTs and cancer were detected through extensive text mining. Therefore, by applying an integrative in silico pipeline, the evolutionary history of KRTs was reconstructed in the context of cancer, and the potential of using non-mammalian species as model organisms in functional studies on human cancer-associated KRT genes was uncovered.

Combining Molecular Subtypes with Multivariable Clinical Models Has the Potential to Improve Prediction of Treatment Outcomes in Prostate Cancer at Diagnosis

Clinical management of prostate cancer is challenging because of its highly variable natural history and so there is a need for improved predictors of outcome in non-metastatic men at the time of diagnosis. In this study we calculated the model score from the leading clinical multivariable model, PREDICT prostate, and the poor prognosis DESNT molecular subtype, in a combined expression and clinical dataset that were taken from malignant tissue at prostatectomy (n = 359). Both PREDICT score (p < 0.0001, IQR HR = 1.59) and DESNT score (p < 0.0001, IQR HR = 2.08) were significant predictors for time to biochemical recurrence. A joint model combining the continuous PREDICT and DESNT score (p < 0.0001, IQR HR = 1.53 and 1.79, respectively) produced a significantly improved predictor than either model alone (p < 0.001). An increased probability of mortality after diagnosis, as estimated by PREDICT, was characterised by upregulation of cell-cycle related pathways and the downregulation of metabolism and cholesterol biosynthesis. The DESNT molecular subtype has distinct biological characteristics to those associated with the PREDICT model. We conclude that the inclusion of biological information alongside current clinical prognostic tools has the potential to improve the ability to choose the optimal treatment pathway for a patient.

Upregulated keratin 15 links to the occurrence of lymphovascular invasion, stromal cervical invasion as well as unfavorable survival profile in endometrial cancer patients

Keratin 15 (KRT15) overexpression links with tumor initiation, metastasis, and poor survival in several solid carcinomas. While its clinical relevance is scarcely reported in endometrial cancer (EC). Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the abnormal expression of KRT15 and its correlation with clinical characteristics, survival in EC patients. Totally, 135 surgical EC patients were enrolled. KRT15 protein expression in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor and adjuvant tissues was detected by immunohistochemical staining; meanwhile, KRT15 mRNA expression in fresh-frozen tumor and adjacent tissues was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. KRT15 protein and mRNA expressions were higher in tumor tissue compared with adjacent tissue (both P < .001). Elevated KRT15 protein expression was correlated with the occurrence of lymphovascular invasion (P = .010) and more advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P = .018); meanwhile, elevated KRT15 mRNA expression was linked with more advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P = .038) and marginally associated with the occurrence of stromal cervical invasion (P = .052). Besides, KRT15 protein and mRNA expressions were not correlated with other clinical features (all P > .05). KRT15 protein high was marginally correlated with poor accumulating disease-free survival (DFS) (P = .091) and overall survival (OS) (P = .059); meanwhile, the correlation of KRT15 mRNA expression with accumulating DFS (P = .212) and OS (P = .092) was even weaker. However, multivariate Cox's regressions showed that tumor KRT15 protein (high vs low) was independently correlated with poor DFS (P = .045) and OS (P = .043). KRT15 is abnormally increased in EC tissue, meanwhile, its upregulation links to the occurrence of lymphovascular invasion, stromal cervical invasion, and poor prognosis in EC patients.

KRT15 promotes colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion through β-catenin/MMP-7 signaling pathway

KRT15 has been reported to act as an oncogene in colorectal cancer. However, whether KRT15 promotes colorectal cancer migration and invasion remain unclear. In this study, western blot and qRT-PCR assay were used to determine the expression of KRT15 in colorectal cancer cells. Wound-healing and transwell migration assay were performed to assess the migration of colorectal cancer cells. Matrigel transwell invasion assay was employed to examine the invasion of colorectal cancer cells. We found that KRT15 was highly expressed in colorectal cancer cells. Ectopic expression of KRT15 dramatically promoted colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. Conversely, silencing KRT15 remarkably suppressed the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Importantly, we found that MMP-7 was crucial for KRT15-induced migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Knockdown of MMP-7 significantly diminished the migration and invasion induced by KRT15; overexpression of MMP-7 almost completely rescued the inhibitory effects of KRT15 shRNAs on colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. In addition, by gain- and loss-of function, we confirmed that β-catenin was responsible for the increased expression of MMP-7 induced by KRT15 colorectal cancer cell lines. In conclusion, KRT15 promotes migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cell at least partly through β-catenin/MMP7 signaling pathway, suggesting KRT15 is a potential therapeutic target for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Breast Cancer Patients Sensitive and Resistant to Chemotherapy: Looking for Overall Survival and Drug Resistance Biomarkers

Worldwide breast cancer ranks first in mortality and incidence rates in women over 20 years old. Rather than one disease, breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases that express distinct molecular profiles. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an important therapeutic strategy for breast cancer patients independently of their molecular subtype, with the drawback of resistance development. In addition, chemotherapy has adverse effects that combined with resistance could contribute to lower overall survival. Although great efforts have been made to find diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer and for response to targeted and immune therapy for this pathology, little has been explored regarding biomarkers of response to anthracyclines and taxanes based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This work aimed to evaluate the molecular profile of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that could be used as biomarkers of chemotherapy response and overall survival. Breast cancer patients who were candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. After treatment and according to their pathological response, they were assigned as sensitive or resistant. To evaluate DEGs, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia Gene and Genome (KEGG), and protein–protein interactions, RNA-seq information from all patients was obtained by next-generation sequencing. A total of 1985 DEGs were found, and KEGG analysis indicated a great number of DEGs in metabolic pathways, pathways in cancer, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. A selection of 73 DEGs was used further for an analysis of overall survival using the METABRIC study and the ductal carcinoma dataset of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Nine DEGs correlated with overall survival, of which the subexpression of C1QTNF3, CTF1, OLFML3, PLA2R1, PODN, KRT15, HLA-A, and the overexpression of TUBB and TCP1 were found in resistant patients and related to patients with lower overall survival.

Aspects of the Epigenetic Regulation of EMT Related to Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs during the pathological process associated with tumor progression and is considered to influence and promote the metastatic cascade. Characterized by loss of cell adhesion and apex base polarity, EMT enhances cell motility and metastasis. The key markers of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition are proteins characteristic of the epithelial phenotype, e.g., E-cadherin, cytokeratins, occludin, or desmoplakin, the concentration and activity of which are reduced during this process. On the other hand, as a result of acquiring the characteristics of mesenchymal cells, an increased amount of N-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, or vitronectin is observed. Importantly, epithelial cells undergo partial EMT where some of the cells show both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics. The significant influence of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms is observed in the gene expression involved in EMT. Among the epigenetic modifications accompanying incorrect genetic reprogramming in cancer are changes in the level of DNA methylation within the CpG islands and posttranslational covalent changes of histone proteins. All observed modifications, which are stable but reversible changes, affect the level of gene expression leading to the development and progression of the disease, and consequently affect the uncontrolled growth of the population of cancer cells.

Estimating DNA methylation potential energy landscapes from nanopore sequencing data

High-throughput third-generation nanopore sequencing devices have enormous potential for simultaneously observing epigenetic modifications in human cells over large regions of the genome. However, signals generated by these devices are subject to considerable noise that can lead to unsatisfactory detection performance and hamper downstream analysis. Here we develop a statistical method, CpelNano, for the quantification and analysis of 5mC methylation landscapes using nanopore data. CpelNano takes into account nanopore noise by means of a hidden Markov model (HMM) in which the true but unknown (“hidden”) methylation state is modeled through an Ising probability distribution that is consistent with methylation means and pairwise correlations, whereas nanopore current signals constitute the observed state. It then estimates the associated methylation potential energy function by employing the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and performs differential methylation analysis via permutation-based hypothesis testing. Using simulations and analysis of published data obtained from three human cell lines (GM12878, MCF-10A, and MDA-MB-231), we show that CpelNano can faithfully estimate DNA methylation potential energy landscapes, substantially improving current methods and leading to a powerful tool for the modeling and analysis of epigenetic landscapes using nanopore sequencing data.