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Ashrafizadeh M, Hushmandi K, Rahmani Moghadam E, Zarrin V, Hosseinzadeh Kashani S, Bokaie S, Najafi M, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Nabavi N, Hsieh CL, Zarepour A, Zare EN, Zarrabi A, Makvandi P. Progress in Delivery of siRNA-Based Therapeutics Employing Nano-Vehicles for Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E91. [PMID: 32784981 PMCID: PMC7552721 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for a high number of deaths in males with no available curative treatments. Patients with PCa are commonly diagnosed in advanced stages due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages. Recently, the research focus was directed toward gene editing in cancer therapy. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) intervention is considered as a powerful tool for gene silencing (knockdown), enabling the suppression of oncogene factors in cancer. This strategy is applied to the treatment of various cancers including PCa. The siRNA can inhibit proliferation and invasion of PCa cells and is able to promote the anti-tumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents. However, the off-target effects of siRNA therapy remarkably reduce its efficacy in PCa therapy. To date, various carriers were designed to improve the delivery of siRNA and, among them, nanoparticles are of importance. Nanoparticles enable the targeted delivery of siRNAs and enhance their potential in the downregulation of target genes of interest. Additionally, nanoparticles can provide a platform for the co-delivery of siRNAs and anti-tumor drugs, resulting in decreased growth and migration of PCa cells. The efficacy, specificity, and delivery of siRNAs are comprehensively discussed in this review to direct further studies toward using siRNAs and their nanoscale-delivery systems in PCa therapy and perhaps other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963114, Iran; (K.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran;
| | - Vahideh Zarrin
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran;
| | | | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963114, Iran; (K.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran;
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614525, Iran;
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kermaan 55425147, Iran;
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Research Services, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | | | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61537-53843, Iran
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Chen J, Sun ZH, Chen LY, Xu F, Zhao YP, Li GQ, Tang M, Li Y, Zheng QY, Wang SF, Yang XH, Wu YZ, Xu GL. C5aR deficiency attenuates the breast cancer development via the p38/p21 axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14285-14299. [PMID: 32669478 PMCID: PMC7425439 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown activation of the complement component C5 to C5a in cancer tissues and C5aR expression in breast cancer cells relates to the tumor development and poor prognosis, suggesting the involvement of complement C5a/C5aR pathway in the breast cancer pathogenesis. In this study, we found that as compared to the non-tumoral tissues, both C5aR and MAPK/p38 showed an elevated expression, but p21/p-p21 showed lower expression, in the tumoral tissues of breast cancer patients. Mice deficient in C5aR or mice treated with the C5aR antagonist exhibited attenuation of breast cancer growth and reduction in the p38/p-p38 expression, but increase in p21/p-p21 expression, in the tumor tissues. Pre-treatment of the breast cancer cells with recombinant C5a resulted in reduced p21 expression, and MAPK/p38 inhibitors prevented C5a-induced reduction in p21 expression, suggesting the involvement of the MAPK/p38 signaling pathway in the C5a/C5aR-mediated suppression of p21/p-p21 expression. These results provide evidence that breast cancer development may rely on C5a/C5aR interaction, for which MAPK/p38 pathway participate in down-regulating the p21 expression. Inhibition of C5a/C5aR pathway is expected to be helpful for the treatment of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zi-Han Sun
- Breast Disease Center, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Li-Ying Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yun-Pei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gui-Qing Li
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - You Li
- Department of ICU, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Quan-You Zheng
- Department of Urology, 958 Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Shu-Feng Wang
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xin-Hua Yang
- Breast Disease Center, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Yu-Zhang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gui-Lian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Yang Z, Xie L, Han L, Qu X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, He Z, Wang Y, Li J. Circular RNAs: Regulators of Cancer-Related Signaling Pathways and Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Human Cancers. Theranostics 2017; 7:3106-3117. [PMID: 28839467 PMCID: PMC5566109 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are newly discovered endogenous non-coding RNAs featuring structural stability, high abundance, and tissue-specific expression. CircRNAs are prevalent and conserved in mammalian cells. They are involved in cellular processes and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level by interacting with microRNAs (miRNAs) and other molecules. Recent studies have shown that circRNAs play an important role in the progression of various human diseases including atherosclerosis, nervous system disorders, diabetes, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the advances on endogenous circRNAs in eukaryotic cells and elucidate their diagnostic and prognostic significance in human cancers. Especially, we highlight the involvement of circRNAs in signal transduction pathways as well as their clinical potential to serve as biomarkers.
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Wang LH, Jiang XR, Chen GL, Guo W, Zhang JY, Cui LJ, Li HH, Li M, Liu X, Yang JY, Wu CF. Anti-tumor activity of SL4 against breast cancer cells: induction of G 2/M arrest through modulation of the MAPK-dependent p21 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36486. [PMID: 27819344 PMCID: PMC5098232 DOI: 10.1038/srep36486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SL4, a chalcone-based compound, has been shown to retard tumor invasion and angiogenesis by suppressing HIF1 activity and to induce apoptosis by promoting ROS release. Here, we report that SL4 is able to inhibit the proliferation of different types of breast cancer cell in vitro and in vivo by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest. Our results showed that SL4 exhibited strong anti-proliferative activity in several human breast cancer cell lines, with IC50 values lower than 1.3 μM. Further studies indicated that SL4 induced G2/M arrest in these cell lines. Mechanistically, SL4 reduces the expression of cyclin A2 and cdc25C and decreases the activity of the cdc2/cyclin B1 complex. Notably, SL4 treatment resulted in an obvious increase in p21 mRNA and protein levels through activation of MAPK signaling pathways, but not the TGF-β pathway. SP600125 and PD98059, specific inhibitors of JNK kinase and ERK kinase, significantly blocked the SL4-induced G2/M phase arrest and upregulation of p21. Furthermore, SL4 suppressed the growth of established breast tumors in nude mice through upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cdc25C, and displayed a good safety profile. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential value of SL4 as a novel multi-target anti-tumor drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiao-Rui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guo-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jing-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Hua-Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jing-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Chun-Fu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
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PARRA EDUARDO, GUTIÉRREZ LUIS, FERREIRA JORGE. Inhibition of basal JNK activity by small interfering RNAs enhances cisplatin sensitivity and decreases DNA repair in T98G glioblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:413-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Parra E, Gutiérrez L, Ferreira J. Association of increased levels of TGF-β1 and p14ARF in prostate carcinoma cell lines overexpressing Egr-1. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2191-8. [PMID: 25224321 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of the overexpression of early growth response gene (Egr-1) on transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1) and p14ARF levels, in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell lines. Amplification of EGR-1, TGF-β1 and p14ARF were observed in the two cell lines treated with different stimuli and resulted in a corresponding mRNA and protein expression. The downregulation of TGF-β1 and the attenuation of p14ARF expression by siRNA against Egr-1 predominantly suggested that TGF-β1 and p14ARF may be regulated by the transcription factor EGR-1. A marginal attenuation of cell growth in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell lines overexpressing p14ARF was observed. Cells transfected with Egr-1 wild-type were able to grow and avoid cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the presence or absence of p14ARF. In addition, EGR-1 stimulated the expression of TGF β-l as well as the accumulation of the p14ARF proteins. The results suggested that TGF-β1 and p14ARF activities in the presence of EGR-1 overexpression can exist independently of the presence of cells carrying a mutant p53 (PC-3 cells) or cells carrying a wild‑type p53 (LNCaP cells). Thus, the effect of EGR-1 on the growth of prostate carcinoma cells may occur through multiple mechanisms, but be independent of p53 expression control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Parra
- Laboratory of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Tarapaca, Campus Esmeralda, Iquique, Chile
| | - Luis Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Sciences, Arturo Prat University, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Programme of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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Mooney SM, Qiu R, Kim JJ, Sacho EJ, Rajagopalan K, Johng D, Shiraishi T, Kulkarni P, Weninger KR. Cancer/testis antigen PAGE4, a regulator of c-Jun transactivation, is phosphorylated by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1, a component of the stress-response pathway. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1670-9. [PMID: 24559171 PMCID: PMC4198062 DOI: 10.1021/bi500013w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Prostate-associated gene 4 (PAGE4)
is a cancer/testis antigen that
is typically restricted to the testicular germ cells but is aberrantly
expressed in cancer. Furthermore, PAGE4 is developmentally regulated
with dynamic expression patterns in the developing prostate and is
also a stress-response protein that is upregulated in response to
cellular stress. PAGE4 interacts with c-Jun, which is activated by
the stress-response kinase JNK1, and plays an important role in the
development and pathology of the prostate gland. Here, we have identified
homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1), also a component
of the stress-response pathway, as a kinase that phosphorylates PAGE4
at T51. We show that phosphorylation of PAGE4 is critical for its
transcriptional activity since mutating this T residue abolishes its
ability to potentiate c-Jun transactivation. In vitro single molecule FRET indicates phosphorylation results in compaction
of (still) intrinsically disordered PAGE4. Interestingly, however,
while our previous observations indicated that the wild-type nonphosphorylated
PAGE4 protein interacted with c-Jun [RajagopalanK. et al. (2014) 1842, 154−16324263171], here we show that phosphorylation of PAGE4
weakens its interaction with c-Jun in vitro. These
data suggest that phosphorylation induces conformational changes in
natively disordered PAGE4 resulting in its decreased affinity for
c-Jun to promote interaction of c-Jun with another, unidentified,
partner. Alternatively, phosphorylated PAGE4 may induce transcription
of a novel partner, which then potentiates c-Jun transactivation.
Regardless, the present results clearly implicate PAGE4 as a component
of the stress-response pathway and uncover a novel link between components
of this pathway and prostatic development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Mooney
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, ‡Oncology, §Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Parra E, Ferreira J, Gutierrez L. Decreased c-Abl activity in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells overexpressing the early growth response-1 protein. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:422-7. [PMID: 24190424 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) and the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) are 2 response genes that can act as regulators of cell growth and apoptosis in response to stress. Both Egr-1 and c-Abl regulate cell proliferation and survival in different types of cancer cells. To study the effect of overexpression of EGR-1 on the activity of c-Abl in prostate cancer cells, human PC-3 and LNCaP cells were transfected with a control vector or a vector containing the murine Egr-1 cDNA and assessed for the expression of the c-Abl gene. Cells overexpressing Egr-1 were studied with respect to apoptosis (Annexin V)/DEVDase activity, Egr-1/c-Abl activation (western blotting) and cell proliferation (MTT assay). The cells were exposed to tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a known inductor of Egr-1, to c-Abl inhibitor STI-571 and to small interfering RNA (siRNA)-Egr-1, respectively. The results from our studies strongly suggest that overexpression of Egr-1 decreased c-Abl activity independent of endogenous Egr-1 inhibition by siRNA-Egr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Parra
- Laboratory of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Tarapaca, Campus Esmeralda, Iquique, Chile
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Parra E, Gutiérrez L, Ferreira J. Increased expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 and JNK with costimulation of prostate cancer cell activation by an siRNA Egr-1 inhibitor. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:911-6. [PMID: 23715767 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21Waf1/Cip1 protein (hereafter, p21) and the c‑Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are two well-characterized cell modulators that play a crucial role in cell differentiation, senescence and apoptosis. Here, we report that transcription of the p21Waf1/Cip1 and JNK-1 genes is affected by inhibition of the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in response to a small interfering RNA [siRNA)-Egr-1] in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cell lines. The expression levels of protein were determined by western blotting, and apoptosis was measured by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometric analysis. Inhibition of Egr-1, p21 and JNK-1 was carried out by siRNAs. LNCaP and PC-3 cells exhibited readily detectable Egr-1, JNK and p21, even in low serum medium without the addition of other exogenous agents. The expression of Egr-1, p21 and JNK was strongly increased after treatment of the cells with TPA, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or arsenite. Suppression of Egr-1 expression by siRNA abrogated the ability of TPA to induce Egr-1 and JNK-1 activities, moderately increasing the p21 activity and abrogating the anti-apoptotic effect of Egr-1 observed in the prostate cancer cell lines. Moreover, blockade of p21 and JNK was unable to decrease the activity of Egr-1, while siRNA against p21 abrogated the pro‑apoptotic effect of p21. The results demonstrated that Egr-1 acts as a key player in prostate tumor cell growth and survival, while p21 plays a key pro‑apoptotic role in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Parra
- Laboratory of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Tarapaca, Campus Esmeralda, Iquique, Chile.
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