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Do HTT, Shanak S, Barghash A, Helms V. Differential exon usage of developmental genes is associated with deregulated epigenetic marks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12256. [PMID: 37507411 PMCID: PMC10382575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative exon usage is known to affect a large portion of genes in mammalian genomes. Importantly, different splice isoforms sometimes possess distinctly different protein functions. Here, we analyzed data from the Human Epigenome Atlas for 11 different human adult tissues and for 8 cultured cells that mimic early developmental stages. We found a significant enrichment of cases where differential usage of exons in various developmental stages of human cells and tissues is associated with differential epigenetic modifications in the flanking regions of individual exons. Many of the genes that were differentially regulated at the exon level and showed deregulated histone marks at the respective exon flanks are functionally associated with development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siba Shanak
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Ahmad Barghash
- Department of Computer Science, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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2
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Schierz IAM, Piro E, Giuffrè M, Pinello G, Angelini A, Antona V, Cimador M, Corsello G. Clinical and genetic approach in the characterization of newborns with anorectal malformation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:4513-4520. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1854213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Anne Mandy Schierz
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ettore Piro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Pinello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Angelini
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Antona
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Cimador
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Pediatric Surgery Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy
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Bzdega K, Karolak JA. Phenotypic spectrum of FGF10-related disorders: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14003. [PMID: 36124135 PMCID: PMC9482362 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF10, as an FGFR2b-specific ligand, plays a crucial role during cell proliferation, multi-organ development, and tissue injury repair. The developmental importance of FGF10 has been emphasized by the identification of FGF10 abnormalities in human congenital disorders affecting different organs and systems. Single-nucleotide variants in FGF10 or FGF10-involving copy-number variant deletions have been reported in families with lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, aplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands, or lethal lung developmental disorders. Abnormalities involving FGF10 have also been implicated in cleft lip and palate, myopia, or congenital heart disease. However, the exact developmental role of FGF10 and large phenotypic heterogeneity associated with FGF10 disruption remain incompletely understood. Here, we review human and animal studies and summarize the data on FGF10 mechanism of action, expression, multi-organ function, as well as its variants and their usefulness for clinicians and researchers.
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The Role of De Novo Variants in Formation of Human Anorectal Malformations. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091298. [PMID: 34573284 PMCID: PMC8466114 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARM) represent a rare birth defect of the hindgut that occur in approximately 1 in 3000 live births. Around 60% of ARM occur with associated anomalies including defined genetic syndromes and associations with chromosomal aberrations. The etiology of ARM is heterogeneous, with the individual environmental or genetic risk factors remaining unknown for the majority of cases. The occurrence of familial ARM and previous epidemiologic analysis suggest autosomal dominant inheritance in a substantial subset of ARM patients. The implicated mortality and reduced fecundity in patients with ARM would lead to allele loss. However, mutational de novo events among the affected individuals could compensate for the evolutionary pressure. With the implementation of exome sequencing, array-based molecular karyotyping and family-based rare variant analyses, the technologies are available to identify the respective factors. This review discusses the identification of disease-causing variants among individuals with ARM. It highlights the role of mutational de novo events.
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Campione E, Cosio T, Di Prete M, Piccolo A, Lanna C, Lombardo P, Diluvio L, Dika E, Baciorri F, Orlandi A, Bianchi L. Effectiveness of a cosmetic device containing a combination of alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids, urea, and thuja for the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2113-2119. [PMID: 34263966 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seborrheic keratosis is a benign epidermal tumor of cosmetic concern-as it progressively increases in size, thickness, and pigmentation-on which topical treatments are poorly effective. Considering its keratotic component, effective products may include active principles with keratolytic action. AIMS Evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a topical cosmetic product with urea and hydroxy acids, in the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty patients were enrolled in an observational, prospective, open-label study. The topical device was applied on seborrheic keratoses twice daily for 30 days. We evaluated the progression of the treatment by clinical examination-using Daily Life Quality Index-and epiluminescence microscopy at baseline and day 30. RESULTS After 30 days of treatment, we documented a significant reduction in seborrheic keratosis thickness and number, which was confirmed also by epiluminescence microscopy. On day 30, global Daily Life Quality Index improved by 99.95%. The tolerability of the cosmetic device was considered excellent, according to 19/20 subjects (95%). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study showed the efficacy and tolerability of this cosmetic device. Its active compounds favor gradual removal of seborrheic keratoses, even in case of pigmented variants. This non-invasive treatment represents an alternative to surgical procedures, mainly for fragile patients and delicate skin areas. It is possible to speculate its usefulness in the topical treatment of circumscribed hyperkeratosis, palmoplantar keratoderma, and thick psoriatic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campione
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Di Prete
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Piccolo
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Lombardo
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Diluvio
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emi Dika
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Baciorri
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Li SY, Wang CY, Xiao YX, Tang XB, Yuan ZW, Bai YZ. RNA-Seq Profiling of Circular RNAs During Development of Hindgut in Rat Embryos With Ethylenethiourea-Induced Anorectal Malformations. Front Genet 2021; 12:605015. [PMID: 33927745 PMCID: PMC8076906 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.605015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are among the most common congenital terminal digestive tract malformations. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of endogenous non-coding RNAs, play roles in the development of the digestive system; however, their contributions to the pathogenesis of ARMs are not well-established. In this study, we explored the mechanism underlying ethylenethiourea (ETU)-induced ARMs by profiling circRNA expression via RNA-seq and constructing a regulatory circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. Nine pregnant rats were gavage-fed a single dose of 125 mg/kg 1% ETU (ARM group) on gestational day 10 (GD10), and another 9 pregnant rats received a similar dose of saline (normal group) as a control. Embryos were obtained by cesarean section on the key time-points of anorectal development (GD14, GD15, and GD16). Hindgut samples isolated from the fetuses were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing and differentially expressed circRNAs were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, agarose gel electrophoresis, and Sanger cloning and sequencing. A total of 18295 circRNAs were identified in the normal and ARM groups. Based on the 425 differentially expressed circRNAs (|Fc| > 2, p < 0.05), circRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA pairs were predicted using miREAP, miRanda, and TargetScan. A total of 55 circRNAs (14 up- and 41 downregulated in the ARM group compared to the normal group) were predicted to bind to 195 miRNAs and 947 mRNAs. Competing endogenous RNA networks and a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that novel_circ_001042 had the greatest connectivity and was closely related to ARM-associated signaling pathways, such as the Wingless Type MMTV integration site family, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and transforming growth factor-β pathways. These results provide original insight into the roles of circRNAs in ARMs and provide a valuable resource for further analyses of molecular mechanisms and signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Xia Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Bing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Wei Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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The Classification of VACTERL Association into 3 Groups According to the Limb Defect. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3360. [PMID: 33680640 PMCID: PMC7929542 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The VACTERL association (VA) is defined as the nonrandom co-occurrence of 6 anomalies: vertebral anomalies (V), Anal atresia (A), Cardiac defects (C), Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TE), Renal defects (R), and Limb anomalies (L). The current communication presents an argument that patients with VA should be classified into three district groups based on their limb defects: VACTERL1: patients with normal limbs; VACTERL2: patients with limb anomalies other than radial ray defects of the upper limbs; and VACTERL3: patients with radial ray defects of the upper limbs. The author will demonstrate that the rationale behind the L1-3 classification in patients in VA is based on the embryogenesis of the 6 affected anatomical areas in VA. The pathogenesis of VACTERL1 is secondary to perturbations of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) interactions. SHH signaling is known to have a major role in the normal development of the vertebrae, ano-rectal area, heart, tracheo-esophageal area, and kidney. However, SHH is not involved in the development of the radial ray; hence, patients present with no limb defects. The pathogenesis of VACTERL2 is variable depending on the type of gene mutation. The pathogenesis of VACTERL3 is related to errors in a group of proteins (namely, the proteins of the TBX5-SALL4-SALL1 loop and the FGF8-FGF10 loop/ pathway). These proteins are essential for the normal development of the radial ray and they interact in the development of the other anatomical areas of VA including the heart and kidney. Hence, VACTERL3 patients present with radial ray deficiency.
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Liu D, Qu Y, Cao ZN, Jia HM. Rno_circ_0005139 regulates apoptosis by targeting Wnt5a in rat anorectal malformations. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4272-4287. [PMID: 32848333 PMCID: PMC7422537 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i29.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms underlying anorectal malformations (ARM) are not fully established. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are new born non-coding RNAs, and their role in ARM is unclear. We assumed that rno_circ_0005139 influences apoptosis and proliferation by acting as a miR-324-3p sponge, and downregulating Wnt5a in ARM.
AIM To identify the differential expression of circRNAs and mRNAs in a rat ARM model.
METHODS Sixty-six pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: ARM group (2-imidazolidinethione-induced) and control groups. Embryos were harvested by cesarean delivery, and anorectal tissue was taken on embryonic days 16 (E16), 17 (E17), 19 (E19), and 21 (E21). RNA sequencing and gene microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed circRNAs and mRNAs in the ARM in a rat model. We selected 6 circRNAs and 3 mRNAs in the Wnt signal pathway from the result of the RNA sequencing and gene microarray analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate their tissue expression. According to bioinformatics prediction, rno_circ_0005139 acted as a miR-324-3p sponge to regulate the expression of Wnt5a. We chose rno_circ_0005139 and Wnt5a as the final candidates. We tested the function of rno_circ_0005139 and the binding sites between rno_circ_0005139 and miR-324-3p, miR-324-3p and Wnt5a by luciferase assays. Co-transfection of rno_circ_0005139 and miR-324-3p was to verify their functional consistency.
RESULTS We identified 38 upregulated and 42 downregulated circRNAs on E17 (P < 0.05), and 301 mRNAs were upregulated and 256 downregulated in the ARM on E17 (P < 0.05, fold-change > 2.0). We found that rno_circ_0006880 and rno_circ_0011386 were upregulated, whereas rno_circ_0000436, rno_circ_0005139, rno_circ_0009285, rno_circ_0014367, Wnt5a, Wnt10b, and Wnt2b were downregulated in ARM tissues. According to bioinformatics prediction, rno_circ_0005139 acted as a miR-324-3p sponge to regulate the expression of Wnt5a. We chose rno_circ_0005139 and Wnt5a as the final candidates. Because the role and molecular mechanism of rno_circ_0005139 are poorly understood, its effect on apoptosis and proliferation was investigated by in vitro plasmid transfection. A luciferase experiment showed that rno_circ_0005139 could bind with miR-324-3p, which negatively regulated Wnt5a expression. The expression of miR-324-3p was significantly higher in ARM anorectal tissues than that in control group on E17 and E19; Wnt5a expression showed the opposite trend. In addition, a miR-324-3p inhibitor attenuated the effects of rno_circ_0005139 knockdown on ARM development.
CONCLUSION Rno_circ_0005139 influences cell proliferation and apoptosis by acting as a miR-324-3p sponge, thereby downregulating Wnt5a in ARM. Accordingly, rno_circ_0005139, miR-324-3p, and Wnt5a could be targeted therapeutic factors for ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zheng-Nong Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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Upregulation of miR-92a-2-5p potentially contribute to anorectal malformations by inhibiting proliferation and enhancing apoptosis via PRKCA/β-catenin. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Long C, Xiao Y, Li S, Tang X, Yuan Z, Bai Y. Involvement of proliferative and apoptotic factors in the development of hindgut in rat fetuses with ethylenethiourea-induced anorectal malformations. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151466. [PMID: 31787253 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are common congenital malformations of the terminal digestive tract, but little is known regarding their pathogenesis. Aberrant cell proliferation/apoptosis are believed to be involved in ARMs. However, there are no studies on proliferation/apoptosis-related genes. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal expression patterns of two proliferation/apoptosis-related genes (MYC proto-oncogene and tumor protein p53) and explore their potential functions in the hindguts of ethylene thiourea-induced ARMs rat fetuses. METHODS MYC and p53 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and p53 costaining were performed to assay the colocalization of apoptotic and p53-expressing cells. RESULTS Rat fetuses with ARMs displayed fusion failure of the urogenital septum and cloacal membrane. In the control group, MYC was persistently expressed from gestational day (GD)14 to GD16 and distributed throughout the hindgut, while p53 was weakly detected in the terminal segment of the urethra and hindgut; in the ARMs group, MYC expression was obviously reduced, while p53 was widely and highly expressed in the urethra and hindgut. Western blotting and RT-qPCR confirmed the decrease in MYC and increase in p53 expression in ARMs. TUNEL and p53 co-staining revealed considerable overlap between apoptotic and p53-expressing cells. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of c-myc and p53 were disrupted in ARMs rat embryos, and the downregulation of c-myc and upregulation of p53 might be related to the development of ARMs at the key time points of ARMs morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Long
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Yunxia Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Siying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Yuzuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
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Abnormal Expression of Fgf9 during the Development of the Anorectum in Rat Embryos with Anorectal Malformations. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019; 2019:1986196. [PMID: 31379938 PMCID: PMC6657636 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1986196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9) in normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) embryos during the development of the anorectum. Fgf9 expression was assayed in both normal rat embryos and embryos with ARM induced by exposure to ethylenethiourea (ETU) on embryonic day 10 (E10). Fgf9 expression was assayed by immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical staining revealed spatiotemporal changes in Fgf9 expression between E13 and E16. Fgf9-positive cells predominated in the mesenchyme of the cloaca on E13 and E14 and at the fusion site of the urorectal septum and cloacal membrane, rectal epithelium, and anal membrane on E15. Fgf9-positive cells were obviously decreased after the anal membrane ruptured on E16. Fgf9-positive staining was significantly decreased in embryos with ARM compared with normal embryos from E13 to E15. The results of Western blots and qRT-PCR were consistent, with significantly increased Fgf9 expression in the hindgut and rectum of normal embryos than in embryos with ARM from E13 to E15. However, there was no difference between the two groups on E16. These results suggested that the anorectal embryogenesis might depend on the induction of Fgf9 signal. The expression of Fgf9 was downregulated in ETU-induced ARM embryos, which might be related to the development of ARM.
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van de Putte R, Wijers CHW, Reutter H, Vermeulen SH, Marcelis CLM, Brosens E, Broens PMA, Homberg M, Ludwig M, Jenetzky E, Zwink N, Sloots CEJ, de Klein A, Brooks AS, Hofstra RMW, Holsink SAC, van der Zanden LFM, Galesloot TE, Tam PKH, Steehouwer M, Acuna-Hidalgo R, van de Vorst M, Kiemeney LA, Garcia-Barceló MM, de Blaauw I, Brunner HG, Roeleveld N, van Rooij IALM. Exome chip association study excluded the involvement of rare coding variants with large effect sizes in the etiology of anorectal malformations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217477. [PMID: 31136621 PMCID: PMC6538182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anorectal malformations (ARM) are rare congenital malformations, resulting from disturbed hindgut development. A genetic etiology has been suggested, but evidence for the involvement of specific genes is scarce. We evaluated the contribution of rare and low-frequency coding variants in ARM etiology, assuming a multifactorial model. METHODS We analyzed 568 Caucasian ARM patients and 1,860 population-based controls using the Illumina HumanExome Beadchip array, which contains >240,000 rare and low-frequency coding variants. GenomeStudio clustering and calling was followed by re-calling of 'no-calls' using zCall for patients and controls simultaneously. Single variant and gene-based analyses were performed to identify statistically significant associations, applying Bonferroni correction. Following an extra quality control step, candidate variants were selected for validation using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS When we applied a MAF of ≥1.0%, no variants or genes showed statistically significant associations with ARM. Using a MAF cut-off at 0.4%, 13 variants initially reached statistical significance, but had to be discarded upon further inspection: ten variants represented calling errors of the software, while the minor alleles of the remaining three variants were not confirmed by Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION Our results show that rare and low-frequency coding variants with large effect sizes, present on the exome chip do not contribute to ARM etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy van de Putte
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotte H. W. Wijers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo L. M. Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital—Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M. A. Broens
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Homberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ekkehart Jenetzky
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Zwink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelius E. J. Sloots
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sophia’s Children’s Hospital—Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alice S. Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M. W. Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie A. C. Holsink
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Loes F. M. van der Zanden
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Kwong-Hang Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marloes Steehouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Acuna-Hidalgo
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje van de Vorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-Mercè Garcia-Barceló
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo de Blaauw
- Department of Surgery—Pediatric Surgery, Radboudumc Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris A. L. M. van Rooij
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery—Pediatric Surgery, Radboudumc Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Long C, Xiao Y, Li S, Tang X, Yuan Z, Bai Y. Identification of optimal endogenous reference RNAs for RT-qPCR normalization in hindgut of rat models with anorectal malformations. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6829. [PMID: 31065464 PMCID: PMC6485207 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive method for quantifying mRNA abundance. With relative expression analysis, however, reliable data output is dependent on stably expressed reference genes across the samples being studied. In anorectal malformations (ARMs), there is limited data on the selection of appropriate reference genes. Purpose This study was aimed to investigate the optimal reference genes for PCR in ARM rat models. Methods We selected 15 commonly used reference genes (Rps18, Actb, B2m, Gapdh, Ppia, Hprt1, Pgk1, Ywhaz, Tbp, Ubc, Rps16, Rpl13a, Rplp1, Sdha, and Hmbs) as candidate reference genes and detected their mRNA expression in ARM samples by RT-qPCR. The expression stability and variability of these transcripts were subsequently evaluated using four methods (geNorm, NormFinder, comparative ΔCt, and BestKeeper). Results The abundance of the candidate reference genes was qualified by RT-qPCR and the cycle threshold (Ct) values ranged between 14.07 (Rplp1) and 21.89 (Sdha). In the overall candidate genes, different variations existed across the different algorithms. A comprehensive analysis revealed that Rpl13a ranked first among the relatively stable genes, followed by Ywhaz, Rps18, Sdha, and Hmbs. Conclusions The most stable reference genes for RT-qPCR were Rpl13a, Ywhaz, and Rps18 in ETU-induced ARMs in rat fetus. This study provided a foundation for reference gene selection for future gene expression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Long
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yunxia Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Siying Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaobing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhengwei Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuzuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Microarray analysis of miRNAs during hindgut development in rat embryos with ethylenethiourea‑induced anorectal malformations. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2363-2372. [PMID: 30106085 PMCID: PMC6192757 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are one of the most common congenital malformations of the digestive tract; however, the pathogenesis of this disease remains to be fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important in gastrointestinal development and may be involved in the pathogenesis of ARMs. The present study aimed to profile miRNAs and examine their potential functions in rats with ethylenethiourea (ETU)-induced ARMs. Pregnant Wistar rats (n=36) were divided randomly into ETU-treated and control groups. The rats in the ETU-treated group were gavage-fed 1% ETU (125 mg/kg) on gestational day 10 (GD10), whereas the control group rats received a corresponding dose of saline. Embryos were harvested by cesarean section on GD14, GD15 and GD16. Hindgut tissue was isolated from the fetuses for RNA extraction and microarray analysis, followed by bioinformatics analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) validation. Overall, 38 miRNAs were differentially expressed (all upregulated) on GD14, 49 (32 upregulated and 17 downregulated) on GD15, and 42 (all upregulated) on GD16 in the ARM group compared with the normal group. The top 18 miRNAs with |log2(fold change)| >4.25 were selected for further bioinformatics analysis. Among these miRNAs, five were differentially expressed at two time-points and were involved in ARM-associated signaling pathways. The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that three miRNA (miR), miR-125b-2-3p, miR-92a-2-5p and miR-99a-5p, were significantly differentially expressed in rats with ARMs compared with the normal group. In conclusion, the results suggested that the differential expression of miR-125b-2-3p, miR-92a-2-5p and miR-99a-5p during key time-points of anorectal formation in rats may have functions in the pathogenesis of ARM.
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15
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Zwink N, Jenetzky E. Maternal drug use and the risk of anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:75. [PMID: 29747656 PMCID: PMC5946541 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Origin of anorectal malformations (ARM) are considered multifactorial. Several genetic and non-genetic risk factors are discussed in literature. Maternal periconceptional medical drug use as possible risk factor, however, has not been reviewed systematically. Methods Studies published between 1977 and April 2017 were reviewed through systematic search in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases. Furthermore, related and cross-referencing publications were reviewed. Pooled odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were determined to quantify associations of maternal periconceptional use of folic acid, multivitamins, anti-asthma medication (separated in any anti-asthma medication, inhaled corticosteroids and salbutamol), thyroid hormone supplements, psychiatric drugs (separated in antidepressants, any selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRI], sertraline, citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, hypnotics and benzodiazepine) and aspirin with ARM using meta-analyses. Results Thirty-seven studies that reported on the association between maternal periconceptional drug intake and infants born with ARM were included in this review. These were conducted in the United States of America (n = 14), Sweden (n = 6), Hungary (n = 5), Germany (n = 3), the Netherlands (n = 3), Denmark (n = 2), France (n = 2), Norway (n = 1) and the UK (n = 1). However, only few of these studies reported on the same risk factors. Studies were heterogeneous with respect to case numbers, period ingestion of medical drug use, control selection and adjustment for covariates. Consistently increased risks were observed for any anti-asthma medication, and hypnotics and benzodiazepine, but not for folic acid, multivitamins, inhaled corticosteroids, salbutamol, thyroid hormone supplements, antidepressants, any SSRI, sertraline, citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and aspirin. In meta-analyses, pooled odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for any anti-asthma medication, and hypnotics and benzodiazepine were 1.64 (1.22–2.21), and 2.43 (1.03–5.73), respectively. Conclusion Evidence on maternal drug use before conception and during pregnancy as risk factor for ARM from epidemiological studies is still very limited. Nevertheless, the few available studies indicate any anti-asthma medication, and hypnotics and benzodiazepine to be associated with increased risks. Further, ideally large-scale multicenter and register-based studies are needed to clarify the role of maternal drug intake for the development of ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Zwink
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ekkehart Jenetzky
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Child Center Maulbronn GmbH, Hospital for Pediatric Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Maulbronn, Germany
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16
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Wijers CHW, van Rooij IALM, Marcelis CLM, Brunner HG, de Blaauw I, Roeleveld N. Genetic and nongenetic etiology of nonsyndromic anorectal malformations: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:382-400. [PMID: 25546370 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anorectal malformations (ARMs) are one of the most frequently observed birth defects of the digestive system. However, their etiology remains elusive. Therefore, we aim to summarize and critically appraise all existing literature on the genetic and nongenetic etiology of nonsyndromic ARM and to conclude with unifying hypotheses and directions for future research. A structured literature search on English language human studies was conducted in PubMed and Embase up to October 1, 2013, resulting in 112 included articles. Research on the identification of genes underlying nonsyndromic ARM is remarkably scarce. Most studies were focused on screening of candidate genes for mutations or single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which did not yield any substantial evidence. Nongenetic factors fairly consistently found to be associated with ARM are assisted reproductive techniques, multiple pregnancy, preterm delivery, low birth weight, maternal overweight or obesity, and preexisting diabetes. This review provides indications for the involvement of both genes and nongenetic risk factors in the etiology of ARM. In future studies, large cohorts of patients with ARM from national and international collaborations are needed to acquire new hypotheses and knowledge through hypothesis-generating approaches. Challenges for future studies may also lie in the investigation of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H W Wijers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Anorectal malformation (ARM) is a congenital anomaly commonly encountered in pediatric surgery practice. Although surgical procedures correct the anatomical anomalies, the post-operative bowel function is not universally satisfactory. The etiology of ARM remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to the pathogenesis of ARM, based on published animal models, human genetics and epidemiological researches. Appreciation of these factors may be helpful in the management of ARM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2 Ya Bao Road, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
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Ren X, Mi J, Jia H, Gao H, Bai Y, Wang W. Reduced Wnt3a expression correlates with poor development of the hindgut in rats with anorectal malformations. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:81-5. [PMID: 26024594 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is orchestrated by the wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT) signaling pathways, including Wnt3a. This study was performed to investigate the expression of Wnt3a in the terminal hindgut in ethylenethiourea (ETU)-exposed rat embryos with anorectal malformations (ARMs) and its potential association between Wnt3a and the maldevelopment of the terminal hindgut in ARMs. ARM rat embryos were induced by ethylenethiourea on embryonic day 10 (E10). The expression levels of protein and mRNA of Wnt3a were confirmed using immunohistochemistry staining, Western blotting analyses, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in normal rat and ARM embryos. Immunostaining revealed a variation in the expression of Wnt3a in the developing terminal hindgut of ARM embryos. The expression of Wnt3a in the terminal hindgut of ARM rat embryos decreased at both the mRNA level and protein level (P<0.05) compared with normal tissues. This study demonstrated that the expression of Wnt3a in the ARMs of ETU-exposed rat embryos was remarkably reduced, which indicated its potential role in the pathogenesis of the terminal hindgut maldevelopment in ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantian Ren
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China.
| | - Hong Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yuzuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
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19
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Celli J. Genetics of gastrointestinal atresias. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:424-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gredler ML, Seifert AW, Cohn MJ. Morphogenesis and Patterning of the Phallus and Cloaca in the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Sex Dev 2014; 9:53-67. [DOI: 10.1159/000364817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) represent a complex group of congenital anomalies resulting from abnormal development of the hindgut, allantois and Mullerian duct resulting in complete or partial urorectal septal malformations. There is a wide variety of phenotypic expression, ranging from mild anorectal to very complex severe ARM with >75 % having other associated malformations. 50 % of cases are syndromic although many may have other associated anomalies. This suggests a genetic link but the genetics of ARM are highly complex with a number of candidate genes being identified. Many can be classified as "field defects" as a result of a complex set of genetic interactions. Patients with associated malformations can be classified into those with multiple congenital anomalies (non-syndromic), those with chromosomal abnormalities and those with non-chromosomal syndromic associations, also, those with non-chromosomal syndromes and the influence of environmental factors (e.g. drugs in pregnancy). Although much is not known about the aetiology of ARM, the weight of evidence points to genetic factors as major causes for the condition. In this review, we look at the chromosomal and genetic associations and their underlying signalling pathways, to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in developing ARM. The spectrum of ARM phenotypic expression probably results from involvement and crosstalk between a number of critical signalling systems involved in development of this region. As a result, it may be expressed as a "field developmental defect" with many associated abnormalities. The role of environmental factors in the development of ARM is probably less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W Moore
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Yin SJ, Tang XB, Li FF, Zhang T, Yuan ZW, Wang WL, Bai YZ. Spatiotemporal Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 in Human Hindgut and Anorectal Development. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:28-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000351472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhang T, Tang XB, Wang LL, Bai YZ, Qiu GR, Yuan ZW, Wang WL. Mutations and down-regulation of CDX1 in children with anorectal malformations. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:191-7. [PMID: 23329892 PMCID: PMC3547218 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorectal malformations (ARMs) represent a variety of congenital disorders that involve abnormal termination of the anorectum. This study was to reveal relation between CDX1 and human ARMs phenotypes. METHODS 108 Chinese patients and 120 Chinese controls were included in this study. We analyzed the relation between two by PCR, qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Four heterozygous mutations in CDX1 gene were identified in ARMs patients (3.7%, 4/108), no found in controls. CDX1 protein expression was significantly decreased in the ARMs compared with the control anorectum. All samples analyzed in ARMs group exhibited down-regulated CDX1 mRNA expression in comparison to matched normal group, demonstrated significant differences statistically. CONCLUSION The findings represented the relation between CDX1 mutations and CDX1 genotype. Furthermore, it was suggested that the downregulation of CDX1 might be related to the development of ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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