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Abd El-Hack ME, Abdelnour SA, Kamal M, Khafaga AF, Shakoori AM, Bagadood RM, Naffadi HM, Alyahyawi AY, Khojah H, Alghamdi S, Jaremko M, Świątkiewicz S. Lactoferrin: Antimicrobial impacts, genomic guardian, therapeutic uses and clinical significance for humans and animals. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114967. [PMID: 37290189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein found in several bodily fluids, such as milk. This protein has a diverse range of functions and is evolutionarily conserved. Lactoferrin is a multifunction protein with distinct biological abilities affecting mammals' immune structures. Reports indicated that the daily uptake of LF from dairy products is unsatisfactory in detecting further health-promoting abilities. Research has shown that it protects against infection, mitigates cellular senescence, and improves nutritional quality. Additionally, LF is being studied as a potential treatment for various diseases and conditions, including gastrointestinal issues and infections. Studies have also demonstrated its effectiveness against various viruses and bacteria. In this article, we'll look closer at the structure of LF and its various biological activities, including its antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-osteoporotic, detoxifying, and immunomodulatory properties. More specifically, the protective effect of LF against oxidative DNA damage was also clarified through its ability to abolish DNA damaging issues without interfacing with host genetic material. Fortification with LF protects mitochondria dysfunction syndromes via sustaining redox status and biogenesis and suppressing apoptosis and autophagy singling. Additionally, we'll examine the potential benefits of lactoferrin and provide an overview of recent clinical trials conducted to examine its use in laboratory and living models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Kamal
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Afnan M Shakoori
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab M Bagadood
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind M Naffadi
- Department of medical genetics,college of medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Y Alyahyawi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Khojah
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of clinical pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Xing X, Zhang C, Ji P, Yang J, Li Q, Pan H, An Q. Effects of Different Iron Supplements on Reproductive Performance and Antioxidant Capacity of Pregnant Sows as Well as Iron Content and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Newborn Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030517. [PMID: 36766406 PMCID: PMC9913290 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the reproductive performance of sows and the iron nutrition of newborn piglets, we studied the effects of dietary iron on reproductive performance in pregnant sows as well as antioxidant capacity and the visceral iron content of sows and newborn piglets. Forty pregnant sows were divided into four groups, the iron deficiency group (Id group) was fed a basic diet while sows in the treatment groups were fed diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg lactoferrin (LF group), 0.8% heme-iron (Heme-Fe group), or 500 mg/kg iron-glycine complex (Fe-Gly group). The results indicated that (1) different sources of iron had no significant effect on litter size, live litter size, and litter weight of sows; (2) the three additives improved iron nutrition in newborn piglets, with LF and Heme-Fe having better improvement effects; and (3) the addition of different iron sources improved the level of serum antioxidant biochemical indexes of sows and newborn piglets, and it can have an effect on gene level, among which lactoferrin has the best effect. Thus, adding LF, Heme-iron, or Fe-Gly to the diet of sows during the second and third trimester of gestation can improve the antioxidant capacity of the sows. The supplementation of LF in pregnant sow diets can also improve the antioxidant capacity and the iron nutrition of newborn piglets, with better additive effects than in Heme-Fe and Fe-Gly.
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Lactoferrin Restores the Deoxynivalenol-Impaired Spermatogenesis and Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity via Improving the Antioxidant Capacity and Modifying the Cell Adhesion and Inflammatory Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010152. [PMID: 36671014 PMCID: PMC9855165 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is among the most prevalent contaminants in cereal crops and has been demonstrated to impair male spermatogenesis and induce oxidative stress, testicular apoptosis, and disruption of the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein with multifunctions including anti-inflammation and antioxidation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of LF on the spermatogenesis and integrity of the BTB in DON-exposed mice. Thirty-two male mice were allotted to four groups for a 35-day feeding period: vehicle (basal diet), DON (12 mg/kg), LF (10 mg/d, p.o.), and DON + LF. The results showed that DON induced vacuolization of the spermatogenic epithelium, broke the adhesion junction between Sertoli cells and spermatids established by N-cadherin and induced testicular oxidative stress. LF administration restored sperm production, attenuated the DON-induced oxidative stress and reduced the breakages in adhesion junction. DON exposure enhanced the protein expression of occludin. Transcriptional profiling of the testis observed a disturbance in the expression profiles of cell adhesion and inflammatory response genes, and LF administration reversed these gene expressions. Furthermore, down-regulated signaling pathways, including the apical junction, TNFα signaling via NF-κB, and TGF-β in the DON group were observed. These were restored by LF. Enrichment analysis between DON + LF group and vehicle also confirmed the absence of these pathways. These findings indicated that LF eliminated the DON-induced detriment to spermatogenesis and cell connections between Sertoli cells and spermatids via improving antioxidant capacity and modifying the inflammatory response and cell adhesion genes.
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Spiers JG, Cortina Chen HJ, Barry TL, Bourgognon JM, Steinert JR. Redox stress and metal dys-homeostasis appear as hallmarks of early prion disease pathogenesis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 192:182-190. [PMID: 36170956 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with a multitude of dysfunctional cellular pathways. One major contributory factor is a redox stress challenge during the development of several protein misfolding conditions including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and less common conditions such as Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD). CJD is caused by misfolding of the neuronal prion protein and is characterised by a neurotoxic unfolded protein response involving chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced protein translation and spongiosis leading subsequently to synaptic and neuronal loss. Here we have characterised prion disease in mice to assess redox stress components including nitrergic and oxidative markers associated with neuroinflammatory activation. Aberrant regulation of the homeostasis of several redox metals contributes to the overall cellular redox stress and we have identified altered levels of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in the hippocampus of prion diseased mice. Our data show that early in disease, there is evidence for oxidative stress in conjunction with reduced antioxidant superoxide dismutase mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, expression of divalent metal transporter proteins was reduced for Atp7b, Atox1, Slc11a2, Slc39a14 at 6-7 weeks but increased for Slc39a14 and Mt1 at 10 weeks of disease. Our data present evidence for a strong pro-oxidant environment and altered redox metal homeostasis in early disease pathology which both may be contributory factors to aggravating this protein misfolding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jereme G Spiers
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tiffany L Barry
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Julie-Myrtille Bourgognon
- School of Infection and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Joern R Steinert
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2NR, UK.
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Zahan MS, Ahmed KA, Moni A, Sinopoli A, Ha H, Uddin MJ. Kidney protective potential of lactoferrin: pharmacological insights and therapeutic advances. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:1-13. [PMID: 34965991 PMCID: PMC8723984 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease is becoming a global public health issue. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have serious adverse health outcomes. However, there is no effective therapy to treat these diseases. Lactoferrin (LF), a multi-functional glycoprotein, is protective against various pathophysiological conditions in various disease models. LF shows protective effects against AKI and CKD. LF reduces markers related to inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and kidney fibrosis, and induces autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in the kidney. Although there are no clinical trials of LF to treat kidney disease, several clinical trials and studies on LF-based drug development are ongoing. In this review, we discussed the possible kidney protective mechanisms of LF, as well as the pharmacological and therapeutic advances. The evidence suggests that LF may become a potent pharmacological agent to treat kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akhi Moni
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Alessandra Sinopoli
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit Roma 1, Rome 00185, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Li B, Zhang B, Liu X, Zheng Y, Han K, Liu H, Wu C, Li J, Fan S, Peng W, Zhang F, Liu X. The effect of lactoferrin in aging: role and potential. Food Funct 2021; 13:501-513. [PMID: 34928288 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is frequently accompanied by various types of physiological deterioration, which increases the risk of human pathologies. Global public health efforts to increase human lifespan have increasingly focused on lowering the risk of aging-related diseases, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. Dietary intervention is a promising approach to maintaining human health during aging. Lactoferrin (LF) is known for its physiologically pleiotropic properties. Anti-aging interventions of LF have proven to be safe and effective for various pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cellular senescence, anti-inflammation, and anti-carcinogenic. Moreover, LF has a pivotal role in modulating the major signaling pathways that influence the longevity of organisms. Thus, LF is expected to be able to attenuate the process of aging and greatly ameliorate its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, The Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Applications, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Yidan Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Kuntong Han
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Henan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Changjing Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Shuhua Fan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, Henan, PR China.
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Ryskalin L, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Polzella M, Lenzi P, Frati A, Ferrucci M, Fornai F. Lactoferrin Protects against Methamphetamine Toxicity by Modulating Autophagy and Mitochondrial Status. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103356. [PMID: 34684361 PMCID: PMC8537867 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) was used at first as a vehicle to deliver non-soluble active compounds to the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). Nonetheless, it soon became evident that, apart from acting as a vehicle, LF itself owns active effects in the CNS. In the present study, the effects of LF are assessed both in baseline conditions, as well as to counteract methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurodegeneration by assessing cell viability, cell phenotype, mitochondrial status, and specific autophagy steps. In detail, cell integrity in baseline conditions and following METH administration was carried out by using H&E staining, Trypan blue, Fluoro Jade B, and WST-1. Western blot and immuno-fluorescence were used to assess the expression of the neurofilament marker βIII-tubulin. Mitochondria were stained using Mito Tracker Red and Green and were further detailed and quantified by using transmission electron microscopy. Autophagy markers were analyzed through immuno-fluorescence and electron microscopy. LF counteracts METH-induced degeneration. In detail, LF significantly attenuates the amount of cell loss and mitochondrial alterations produced by METH; and mitigates the dissipation of autophagy-related proteins from the autophagy compartment, which is massively induced by METH. These findings indicate a protective role of LF in the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (P.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Carla L. Busceti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Maico Polzella
- Aliveda Laboratories, Viale Karol Wojtyla, 19, 56042 Crespina Lorenzana, Italy;
| | - Paola Lenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (P.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Alessandro Frati
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
- Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (P.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.R.); (P.L.); (M.F.)
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (C.L.B.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Li YQ, Guo C. A Review on Lactoferrin and Central Nervous System Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071810. [PMID: 34359979 PMCID: PMC8307123 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are currently one of the major health issues around the world. Most CNS disorders are characterized by high oxidative stress levels and intense inflammatory responses in affected tissues. Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein, plays a significant role in anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulator, antitumor immunity, and anti-apoptotic processes. Previous studies have shown that Lf is abnormally expressed in a variety of neurological diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, the promotion of neurodevelopment and neuroprotection by Lf has attracted widespread attention, and Lf could be exploited both as an active therapeutic agent and drug nanocarrier. However, our understanding of the roles of Lf proteins in the initiation or progression of CNS diseases is limited, especially the roles of Lf in regulating neurogenesis. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the major pharmacological effects of Lf in CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular disease, developmental delays in children, and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuang Guo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-24-8365-6109
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Rascón-Cruz Q, Espinoza-Sánchez EA, Siqueiros-Cendón TS, Nakamura-Bencomo SI, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Iglesias-Figueroa BF. Lactoferrin: A Glycoprotein Involved in Immunomodulation, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Processes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010205. [PMID: 33401580 PMCID: PMC7795860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein with multiple roles in the body. Its participation in apoptotic processes in cancer cells, its ability to modulate various reactions of the immune system, and its activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms, including respiratory viruses, have made it a protein of broad interest in pharmaceutical and food research and industry. In this review, we have focused on describing the most important functions of lactoferrin and the possible mechanisms of action that lead to its function.
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Nara PL, Sindelar D, Penn MS, Potempa J, Griffin WST. Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles as the Major Driver of and Explanation for Neuropathogenesis, the Cholinergic Hypothesis, Iron Dyshomeostasis, and Salivary Lactoferrin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1417-1450. [PMID: 34275903 PMCID: PMC8461682 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a primary oral pathogen in the widespread biofilm-induced "chronic" multi-systems inflammatory disease(s) including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is possibly the only second identified unique example of a biological extremophile in the human body. Having a better understanding of the key microbiological and genetic mechanisms of its pathogenesis and disease induction are central to its future diagnosis, treatment, and possible prevention. The published literature around the role of Pg in AD highlights the bacteria's direct role within the brain to cause disease. The available evidence, although somewhat adopted, does not fully support this as the major process. There are alternative pathogenic/virulence features associated with Pg that have been overlooked and may better explain the pathogenic processes found in the "infection hypothesis" of AD. A better explanation is offered here for the discrepancy in the relatively low amounts of "Pg bacteria" residing in the brain compared to the rather florid amounts and broad distribution of one or more of its major bacterial protein toxins. Related to this, the "Gingipains Hypothesis", AD-related iron dyshomeostasis, and the early reduced salivary lactoferrin, along with the resurrection of the Cholinergic Hypothesis may now be integrated into one working model. The current paper suggests the highly evolved and developed Type IX secretory cargo system of Pg producing outer membrane vesicles may better explain the observed diseases. Thus it is hoped this paper can provide a unifying model for the sporadic form of AD and guide the direction of research, treatment, and possible prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc S. Penn
- Summa Heart Health and Vascular Institute, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases in the School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - W. Sue T. Griffin
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Tan N, Hu S, Hu Z, Wu Z, Wang B. Quantitative proteomic characterization of microvesicles/exosomes from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute bilirubin encephalopathy. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1257-1268. [PMID: 32468033 PMCID: PMC7339682 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hyperbilirubinemia causes neurotoxicity and may lead to acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) during the critical period of central nervous system development. The aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in microvesicles/exosomes (MV/E) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with ABE. Co-precipitation was used to isolate the MV/E from the CSF of patients with ABE and age-matched controls. Isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomic technology combined with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify DEPs in the MV/E. Bioinformatics analysis was subsequently performed to investigate Gene Ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enriched signaling pathways of these DEPs. A total of four proteins were selected for further validation via western blotting. A total of 291 dysregulated proteins were identified by comparing the patients with ABE with the controls. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the involvement of immune-inflammation-associated cellular processes and signaling pathways in the pathophysiology of ABE. In conclusion, the present study identified the proteomic profile of MV/E isolated from the CSF of patients with ABE. These results may provide an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of ABE and may help to identify early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Shuiwang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Hu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High‑through Molecular Diagnosis Technology, Translational Medicine Institute, Collaborative Research Center for Post‑doctoral Mobile Stations of Central South University, Affiliated The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Southern Medical University, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Zhouli Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Southern Medical University, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Abdelhamid M, Jung CG, Zhou C, Abdullah M, Nakano M, Wakabayashi H, Abe F, Michikawa M. Dietary Lactoferrin Supplementation Prevents Memory Impairment and Reduces Amyloid-β Generation in J20 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 74:245-259. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-191181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdelhamid
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mohammad Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakano
- Food Ingredients and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd. Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wakabayashi
- Food Ingredients and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd. Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Abe
- Food Ingredients and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd. Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Zheng J, Xie Y, Li F, Zhou Y, Qi L, Liu L, Chen Z. Lactoferrin improves cognitive function and attenuates brain senescence in aged mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Hu P, Zhao F, Wang J, Zhu W. Lactoferrin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses and barrier impairment through the modulation of NF-κB/MAPK/Nrf2 pathways in IPEC-J2 cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:8516-8526. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory responsesviainhibiting NF-κB/MAPK pathways in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
| | - Jing Wang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
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Ma F, Wei J, Hao L, Shan Q, Li H, Gao D, Jin Y, Sun P. Bioactive Proteins and their Physiological Functions in Milk. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:759-765. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125104532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk is the basic food for infants and newborn animals, providing a rich source of proteins,
carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Milk also provides nourishment for people of all ages due to its
abundant nutrients, and it is used in the manufacture of numerous health-related products. Milk contains
caseins and whey proteins as the two major protein classes. Caseins fall into four major types
known as αs1-, αs2-, β- and κ-casein, whereas whey proteins comprise a mixture of globular proteins
including β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, lactoferrin, and other bioactivators. The various
biological activities of these proteins are involved in preventing and treating numerous nutritional,
physiological and metabolic diseases. This article reviews the bioactivities and functions of milk proteins,
which may shed light on future application of milk bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Duo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Azmanov DN, Siira SJ, Chamova T, Kaprelyan A, Guergueltcheva V, Shearwood AMJ, Liu G, Morar B, Rackham O, Bynevelt M, Grudkova M, Kamenov Z, Svechtarov V, Tournev I, Kalaydjieva L, Filipovska A. Transcriptome-wide effects of aPOLR3Agene mutation in patients with an unusual phenotype of striatal involvement. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4302-4314. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Pandey AP, More MP, Karande KP, Chitalkar RV, Patil PO, Deshmukh PK. Optimization of desolvation process for fabrication of lactoferrin nanoparticles using quality by design approach. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1-14. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1202259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet P. Pandey
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh P. More
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran P. Karande
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramesh V. Chitalkar
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravin O. Patil
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant K. Deshmukh
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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Mayeur S, Spahis S, Pouliot Y, Levy E. Lactoferrin, a Pleiotropic Protein in Health and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:813-36. [PMID: 26981846 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Lactoferrin (Lf) is a nonheme iron-binding glycoprotein strongly expressed in human and bovine milk and it plays many functions during infancy such as iron homeostasis and defense against microorganisms. In humans, Lf is mainly expressed in mucosal epithelial and immune cells. Growing evidence suggests multiple physiological roles for Lf after weaning. RECENT ADVANCES The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances concerning multifunctional Lf activities. CRITICAL ISSUES First, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms related to Lf intrinsic synthesis or intestinal absorption as well as its interaction with a wide spectrum of mammalian receptors and distribution in organs and cell types. Second, we will discuss the large variety of its physiological functions such as iron homeostasis, transportation, immune regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis while specifying the mechanisms of action. Third, we will focus on its recent physiopathology implication in metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Additional efforts are necessary before suggesting the potential use of Lf as a diagnostic marker or as a therapeutic tool. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The main sources of Lf in human cardiometabolic disorders should be clarified to identify new perspectives for future research and develop new strategies using Lf in therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 813-836.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Mayeur
- 1 Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada .,2 Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (INAF) , Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- 1 Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada .,2 Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (INAF) , Université Laval, Quebec, Canada .,3 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada
| | - Yves Pouliot
- 3 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- 1 Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada .,2 Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (INAF) , Université Laval, Quebec, Canada .,3 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada
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Villarreal-Calderon R, Franco-Lira M, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Harritt L, Pérez-Guillé B, Ferreira-Azevedo L, Drecktrah D, Zhu H, Sun Q, Torres-Jardón R, Aragón-Flores M, Calderón-Garcidueñas A, Diaz P, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Up-regulation of mRNA ventricular PRNP prion protein gene expression in air pollution highly exposed young urbanites: endoplasmic reticulum stress, glucose regulated protein 78, and nanosized particles. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23471-91. [PMID: 24287918 PMCID: PMC3876057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children and young adults exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants including fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) vs. clean air controls, exhibit myocardial inflammation and inflammasome activation with a differential right and left ventricular expression of key inflammatory genes and inflammasomes. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of the prion protein gene PRNP, which plays an important role in the protection against oxidative stress and metal toxicity, and the glucose regulated protein 78, a key protein in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, in ventricular autopsy samples from 30 children and young adults age 19.97 ± 6.8 years with a lifetime of low (n:4) vs. high (n:26) air pollution exposures. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out in human ventricles, and electron microscopy studies were also done in 5 young, highly exposed Mexico City dogs. There was significant left ventricular PRNP and bi-ventricular GRP78 mRNA up-regulation in Mexico City young urbanites vs. controls. PRNP up-regulation in the left ventricle was significantly different from the right, p < 0.0001, and there was a strong left ventricular PRNP and GRP78 correlation (p = 0.0005). Marked abnormalities in capillary endothelial cells, numerous nanosized particles in myocardial ER and in abnormal mitochondria characterized the highly exposed ventricles. Early and sustained cardiac ER stress could result in detrimental irreversible consequences in urban children, and while highly complex systems maintain myocardial homeostasis, failure to compensate for chronic myocardial inflammation, oxidative and ER stress, and particles damaging myocardial organelles may prime the development of pathophysiological cardiovascular states in young urbanites. Nanosized PM could play a key cardiac myocyte toxicity role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Lou Harritt
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Guillé
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Lara Ferreira-Azevedo
- Visiting Student, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 20000-000, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Dan Drecktrah
- Division of Biological Sciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mails: (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mails: (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Mariana Aragón-Flores
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | | | - Philippe Diaz
- Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
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Comparison of anticancer activity between lactoferrin nanoliposome and lactoferrin in Caco-2 cells in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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