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Zhou YJ, Li LS, Sun JL, Guan K, Wei JF. 1H NMR-based metabolomic study of metabolic profiling for pollinosis. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100005. [PMID: 30937130 PMCID: PMC6439407 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis is the main symptom of pollinosis, relieved by non-specific treatment universally. This study aimed to find the changes of serum metabolites between the seizure and remission periods of pollinosis and provide assistance in the diagnosis and/or therapy. Methods Metabonomics based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study the 37 serum samples of pollinosis patients. Results We believed that the decreased levels of isoleutine, leutine, valine, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, allo-threonine, alanine, methionine, glutamine, lysine, glycine, l-tyrosine, histidine, phenylalanine, lactate, acetate, O-acetylcholine, creatine and creatinine and the increased level of N-acetylglutamine at the seizure stage were statistically significant. Conclusions Pollinosis could change the metabolic profiles of energy, amino acid and lipid in patients, which might be the diagnosis and/or prognosis markers for hay fever patients.
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Key Words
- Amino acid
- Energy
- FIDs, free induction decay
- Lipid metabolism
- Metabonomics
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- OPLS-DA, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis
- OSC-PLS-DA, orthogonal signal correction-partial least squares discriminant analysis
- PBS, phosphate buffer solution
- PCA, principle component analysis
- Pollinosis
- SD, standard deviation
- SIT, allergen-specific immunotherapy
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TSP, 3-trimethylsilyl-propionic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zhou
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China
| | - Li-Sha Li
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Jin-Lu Sun
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, PR China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China
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Wu X, Sun H, Xue M, Wang D, Guan LL, Liu J. Serum metabolome profiling revealed potential biomarkers for milk protein yield in dairy cows. J Proteomics 2018; 184:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Heo JC, Kim B, Kim YN, Kim DK, Lee JH. Induction of Inflammation In Vivo by Electrocardiogram Sensor Operation Using Wireless Power Transmission. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122905. [PMID: 29240666 PMCID: PMC5751571 DOI: 10.3390/s17122905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged monitoring by cardiac electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors is useful for patients with emergency heart conditions. However, implant monitoring systems are limited by lack of tissue biocompatibility. Here, we developed an implantable ECG sensor for real-time monitoring of ventricular fibrillation and evaluated its biocompatibility using an animal model. The implantable sensor comprised transplant sensors with two electrodes, a wireless power transmission system, and a monitoring system. The sensor was inserted into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal area and operated for 1 h/day for 5 days using a wireless power system. Importantly, the sensor was encapsulated by subcutaneous tissue and induced angiogenesis, inflammation, and phagocytosis. In addition, we observed that the levels of inflammation-related markers increased with wireless-powered transmission via the ECG sensor; in particular, levels of the Th-1 cytokine interleukin-12 were significantly increased. The results showed that induced tissue damage was associated with the use of wireless-powered sensors. We also investigated research strategies for the prevention of adverse effects caused by lack of tissue biocompatibility of a wireless-powered ECG monitoring system and provided information on the clinical applications of inflammatory reactions in implant treatment using the wireless-powered transmission system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chul Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Nyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu 41931, Korea.
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hanvit Institution for Medical Genetics, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Jong-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
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Chun K, Kim SO, Lee SH. Analgesic effects of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose in an animal model of lipopolysaccharide-induced pain. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1264-70. [PMID: 27600119 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the analgesic effects of 1,2,3, 4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (β-PGG), a prototypical gallotannin, in an animal model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced pain. To evaluate the analgesic activity of β-PGG, we assessed the potential of β-PGG to inhibit the generation of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stressed RAW 264.7 cells, and found that β-PGG inhibits NO generation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the effects of β-PGG on the voluntary movements of LPS-exposed animals were evaluated. The results showed that the voluntary movements of animals were markedly recovered after β-PGG treatment. The mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β (1.33±0.38-fold) and IL-6 (0.64±0.40-fold) in the brain tissue of β-PGG-treated animals markedly decreased compared with that observed in the control groups (3.86±0.91 and 2.45±1.12-fold, respectively) and in the other LPS-administered groups. The results showed that β-PGG has potential to alleviate pain, not only by decreasing cellular NO generation in RAW 264.7 cells but also by the recovery of voluntary movement lost owing to inflammatory pain. This suggests that β-PGG is comparable to ibuprofen, which was used as a positive control in this study. Collectively, these findings suggest that β-PGG is a valuable natural compound which possesses analgesic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Oh Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Chun K, Alam MB, Son HU, Lee SH. Effect of Novel Compound LX519290, a Derivative of l-allo Threonine, on Antioxidant Potential in Vitro and in Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091451. [PMID: 27598126 PMCID: PMC5037730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antioxidative activity of LX519290, a derivative of l-allo threonine, in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate the antioxidative activity of LX519290, we performed several in vitro assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging assays, a ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay) and evaluated inhibition against the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cells. The results showed that LX519290 possessed very strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power, and inhibited NO and ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner without showing any cytotoxicity. LX519290 treatment also increased the total thiol content and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities in RAW264.7 cells. Finally, we also determined whether LX519290 affects the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes in vitro and in vivo. The expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were markedly higher in the sample-treated group than in the oxidative stress group. LX519290 treatment also increased the transcriptional and translational activities of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) with corresponding increases in the transcriptional and translational activities of haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Collectively, the data demonstrated that LX519290 has potent antioxidative activity, decreases NO and ROS generation, increases total thiol content and GST activities in RAW264.7 cells, and increases the transcriptional and translational levels of antioxidant enzymes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chun
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
- Research and Development (R&D) Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Hyeong-U Son
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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Chen J, Zhang J, Hu H, Jin Y, Xue M. Polymorphisms of RAD50, IL33 and IL1RL1 are associated with atopic asthma in Chinese population. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2015; 86:443-7. [PMID: 26493291 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic architecture of asthma remains obscure. This study aimed to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms of CDHR3 (rs6967330), GSDMB (rs2305480), IL33 rs928413, RAD50 (rs6871536) and IL1RL1 (rs1558641) are associated with the development of atopic asthma in Chinese population. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between 516 patients and 552 controls by Chi-square test. Patients were found to have significantly higher allele G of rs928413 and allele C of rs6871536 (9.5% vs 6.2%, P = 0.004 for rs928413; 26.1% vs 19.9%, P < 0.001 for rs6871536). Besides, patients were found to have significantly lower frequency of allele A of rs1558641 (17.2% vs 21.7%, P = 0.007). This is the first study validating that IL33, IL1R1, and RAD50 genes are associated with the risk of asthma in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Paediatrics, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Paediatrics, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Paediatrics, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - M Xue
- Department of Paediatrics, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
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Baek SH, Lee SH. Proton pump inhibitors decrease melanogenesis in melanocytes. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:726-730. [PMID: 26405553 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used as inhibitors of gastric juice secretion for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, there are no previous studies of the effects on melanogenesis resulting from PPI treatments. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PPIs on melanogenesis in melan-a cells derived from immortalized mouse melanocytes. Tyrosinase activity and copper-chelating activity were measured spectrophotometrically. In addition, the melanin content and viability of melan-a cells treated with PPIs were assessed and the mRNA levels of melanogenesis-associated genes were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment with rabeprazole, but not the other PPIs tested, resulted in strong, dose-dependent inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase (TYR). By contrast, each of the PPIs tested exhibited copper-chelating activity. Treatment of melan-a cells with 100 µM concentrations of the PPIs resulted in significantly reduced melanin synthesis and reduced expression of several melanogenesis-associated genes, including TYR, TYR-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, but did not result in cytotoxic effects. These results suggest that PPIs inhibit melanin biosynthesis in melan-a cells via the downregulation of melanogenesis-associated genes. Furthermore, the findings indicate that PPIs in general could be utilized as skin-whitening agents and/or as biomaterial for treating hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwa Baek
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Nano-Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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8
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Sun HZ, Wang DM, Wang B, Wang JK, Liu HY, Guan LL, Liu JX. Metabolomics of Four Biofluids from Dairy Cows: Potential Biomarkers for Milk Production and Quality. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1287-98. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501305g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zeng Sun
- Institute
of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition,
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Di-Ming Wang
- Institute
of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition,
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute
of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition,
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Kun Wang
- Institute
of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition,
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yun Liu
- Institute
of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition,
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute
of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition,
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
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Cho MK, Park MK, Kang SA, Caballero ML, Perez-Pinar T, Rodriguez-Perez R, Ock MS, Cha HJ, Hong YC, Yu HS. Allergenicity of two Anisakis simplex allergens evaluated in vivo using an experimental mouse model. Exp Parasitol 2014; 146:71-7. [PMID: 25300761 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anisakis (Anisakidae) is one of the most important causes of helminth-induced allergic reactions and elicits clinical responses that include urticaria, rhinitis, bronco-constriction, cough, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. More than 13 reactive allergens have been identified in the serum of Anisakis allergy patients, but the allergenicity of only a few of these have been evaluated in vivo using a mouse model. To evaluate the allergenicity of two important allergens, Ani s 1 and Ani s 9, we induced experimental allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model by repeated intranasal administration of the allergens. Both recombinant proteins (rAni s 1 and rAni s 9) elicited increased airway hyperresponsivity, airway infiltration by inflammatory cells (especially eosinophils), bronchial epithelial cell hyperplasia, all of which are characteristic of allergic airway inflammation. These allergens significantly increased the levels of Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-25) and Th17 related cytokines (IL-6 and IL-17) in both splenocytes and airway (except IL-17 in airway by rAni s 9). OVA-specific IgE and total IgE were increased in rAni s 1 and rAni s 9 treated mice as compared with controls treated with OVA alone. In addition, these two allergens induced gene expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-25 (initiators of the Th2 response), as well as CXCL1 (initiator of the Th17 response) in mouse lung epithelial cells. In conclusion, repeated intranasal treatments with rAni s 1 and rAni s 9 induced airway inflammation in mice by elevating of Th2 and Th17 responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Cho
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea; Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Ae Kang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea; Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Mee Sun Ock
- Department of Parasitology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Chul Hong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea; Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Heo JC, Jung TH, Jung DY, Park WK, Cho H. Indatraline inhibits Rho- and calcium-mediated glioblastoma cell motility and angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:749-55. [PMID: 24333442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). As an attempt to identify drugs for GBM therapeutics, phenotypic assays were used to screen 1000 chemicals from a clinical compound library. GBM subtypes exhibited different capabilities to induce angiogenesis when cultured on Matrigel; proneural cells migrated and formed a tube-like structure without endothelial cells. Among the compounds screened, indatraline, a nonselective monoamine transporter inhibitor, suppressed these morphological changes; it dose dependently inhibited cell spreading, migration, and in vitro/in vivo tube formation. In addition to intracellular calcium concentration, indatraline increased the level of Rho GTPase and its activity. Moreover, indatraline downregulated angiogenesis-related genes such as IGFBP2, PTN, VEGFA, PDGFRA, and VEGFR as well as nestin, a stem cell marker. These findings collectively suggest that the activation of Rho GTPase and the suppression of angiogenesis-related factors mediate the antiangiogenic activity of indatraline in proneural GBM culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chul Heo
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Jung
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea; Pharmacology Research Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Jung
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyu Park
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeong Cho
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
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