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Nolan A, Heaton RA, Adamova P, Cole P, Turton N, Gillham SH, Owens DJ, Sexton DW. Fluorescent characterization of differentiated myotubes using flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2024; 105:332-344. [PMID: 38092660 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is routinely used in the assessment of skeletal muscle progenitor cell (myoblast) populations. However, a full gating strategy, inclusive of difficult to interpret forward and side scatter data, which documents cytometric analysis of differentiated myoblasts (myotubes) has not been reported. Beyond changes in size and shape, there are substantial metabolic and protein changes in myotubes allowing for their potential identification within heterogenous cell suspensions. To establish the utility of flow cytometry for determination of myoblasts and myotubes, C2C12 murine cell populations were assessed for cell morphology and metabolic reprogramming. Laser scatter, both forward (FSC; size) and side (SSC; granularity), measured cell morphology, while mitochondrial mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA content were quantified using the fluorescent probes, MitoTracker green, CM-H2DCFDA and Vybrant DyeCycle, respectively. Immunophenotyping for myosin heavy chain (MyHC) was utilized to confirm myotube differentiation. Cellular viability was determined using Annexin V/propidium iodide dual labelling. Fluorescent microscopy was employed to visualize fluorescence and morphology. Myotube and myoblast populations were resolvable through non-intuitive interpretation of laser scatter-based morphology assessment and mitochondrial mass and activity assessment. Myotubes appeared to have similar sizes to the myoblasts based on laser scatter but exhibited greater mitochondrial mass (159%, p < 0.0001), ROS production (303%, p < 0.0001), DNA content (18%, p < 0.001) and expression of MyHC (147%, p < 0.001) compared to myoblasts. Myotube sub-populations contained a larger viable cluster of cells which were unable to be fractionated from myoblast populations and a smaller population cluster which likely contains apoptotic bodies. Imaging of differentiated myoblasts that had transited through the flow cytometer revealed the presence of intact, 'rolled-up' myotubes, which would alter laser scatter properties and potential transit through the laser beam. Our results indicate that myotubes can be analyzed successfully using flow cytometry. Increased mitochondrial mass, ROS and DNA content are key features that correlate with MyHC expression but due to myotubes 'rolling up' during flow cytometric analysis, laser scatter determination of size is not positively correlated; a phenomenon observed with some size determination particles and related to surface properties of said particles. We also note a greater heterogeneity of myotubes compared to myoblasts as evidenced by the 2 distinct sub-populations. We suggest that acoustic focussing may prove effective in identifying myotube sub populations compared to traditional hydrodynamic focussing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Nolan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert A Heaton
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Petra Adamova
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paige Cole
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Scott H Gillham
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Darren W Sexton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Dey P, Rajalaxmi S, Saha P, Thakur PS, Hashmi MA, Lal H, Saini N, Singh N, Ramanathan A. Cold-shock proteome of myoblasts reveals role of RBM3 in promotion of mitochondrial metabolism and myoblast differentiation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:515. [PMID: 38688991 PMCID: PMC11061143 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to hypothermia is important for skeletal muscle cells under physiological stress and is used for therapeutic hypothermia (mild hypothermia at 32 °C). We show that hypothermic preconditioning at 32 °C for 72 hours improves the differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts using both C2C12 and primary myoblasts isolated from 3 month and 18-month-old mice. We analyzed the cold-shock proteome of myoblasts exposed to hypothermia (32 °C for 6 and 48 h) and identified significant changes in pathways related to RNA processing and central carbon, fatty acid, and redox metabolism. The analysis revealed that levels of the cold-shock protein RBM3, an RNA-binding protein, increases with both acute and chronic exposure to hypothermic stress, and is necessary for the enhanced differentiation and maintenance of mitochondrial metabolism. We also show that overexpression of RBM3 at 37 °C is sufficient to promote mitochondrial metabolism, cellular proliferation, and differentiation of C2C12 and primary myoblasts. Proteomic analysis of C2C12 myoblasts overexpressing RBM3 show significant enrichment of pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism, RNA metabolism and the electron transport chain. Overall, we show that the cold-shock protein RBM3 is a critical factor that can be used for controlling the metabolic network of myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Dey
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
- SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srujanika Rajalaxmi
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Pushpita Saha
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Purvi Singh Thakur
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Maroof Athar Hashmi
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Heera Lal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nistha Saini
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirpendra Singh
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK-Post, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India.
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Zeng J, Liu J, Ni H, Zhang L, Wang J, Li Y, Jiang W, Wu Z, Zhou M. Mitochondrial transplantation reduces lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury by increasing skeletal muscle energy and adipocyte browning. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101152. [PMID: 38027061 PMCID: PMC10667789 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial transplantation can repair lower limb IRI, but the underlying mechanism of the repair effect remains unclear. In this study, we found that in addition to being taken up by skeletal muscle cells, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)-derived mitochondria were also taken up by adipocytes, which was accompanied by an increase in optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and uncoupling protein 1. Transplantation of hMSCs-derived mitochondria could not only supplement the original damaged mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle, but also promote adipocyte browning by increasing the expression of OPA1. In this process, mitochondrial transplantation can reduce cell apoptosis and repair muscle tissue, which promotes the recovery of motor function in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the therapeutic mechanism of mitochondrial transplantation from this perspective, which could provide a theoretical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kunshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Haiya Ni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yazhou Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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Yi D, Sugimoto T, Matsumura T, Yokoyama S, Fujisato T, Nakamura T, Hashimoto T. Investigating the Combined Effects of Mechanical Stress and Nutrition on Muscle Hypertrophic Signals Using Contractile 3D-Engineered Muscle (3D-EM). Nutrients 2023; 15:4083. [PMID: 37764867 PMCID: PMC10536268 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 3D-EM closely resembles in vivo muscles, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise (electrical pulse stimulation (EPS)) and nutrition (maca), which contains triterpenes, on muscle hypertrophy by using 3D-EM for the first time. The 3D-EM was composed of C2C12 cells and type 1 collagen gel, was differentiated for 14 days, and was divided into four groups: control, maca, EPS, and maca + EPS. The medium was replaced every two days before each EPS intervention, and the concentration of maca in the culture solution was 1 mg/mL. The intervention conditions of the EPS were 30 V, 1 Hz, and 2 ms (24 h on, 24 h off, for one week). The expression levels of proteins were examined by Western blotting. The intervention of maca and EPS upregulated the expression of MHC-fast/slow (both p < 0.05) compared with the control group, and the addition of maca had no effect on the phosphorylation of mTOR (p = 0.287) but increased the AMPK phosphorylation (p = 0.001). These findings suggest that intervention with maca and EPS has a positive effect on muscle hypertrophy, which has a positive impact on sarcopenia. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Teppei Matsumura
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Sho Yokoyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Toshia Fujisato
- Graduate Course in Applied Chemistry, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Division of Human Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
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Nagendla NK, Muralidharan K, Raju M, Mohan H, Selvakumar P, Bhandi MM, Mudiam MKR, Ramalingam V. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis of Mangifera indica leaves using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS E for cell differentiation: An in vitro and in vivo study. Food Res Int 2023; 171:112993. [PMID: 37330843 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive metabolic profiling was performed in the leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and assessed for their significant therapeutic application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in both in vitro and in vivo studies. About 147 compounds were identified in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of M. indica using MS/MS fragmentation analysis and the selected compounds were quantified using LC-QqQ-MS analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic activity showed that the M. indica extracts enhance the proliferation of mouse myoblast cells in concentration-dependent manner. As well, the extracts of M. indica induce the myotube formation by generating oxidative stress in the C2C12 cells was confirmed. The western blot analysis clearly showed that the M. indica induce myogenic differentiation by upregulating the myogenic marker proteins such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR, MyoG, and MyoD. The in vivo studies showed that the extracts expedites the acute wound repair by formation of crust, wound closure and improves the blood perfusion towards the wound area. Together, the leaves of M. indica can be used as excellent therapeutic agent for tissue repair and wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Nagendla
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Kathirvel Muralidharan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Malothu Raju
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Harshavardhan Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Piramanayagam Selvakumar
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Murali Mohan Bhandi
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
| | - Vaikundamoorthy Ramalingam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Kang HS, Park JH, Auh JH. Effects of Protein Hydrolysate from Silkworm ( Bombyx mori) pupae on the C2C12 Myogenic Differentiation. Foods 2023; 12:2840. [PMID: 37569109 PMCID: PMC10417612 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects and active compounds of silkworm pupae, an edible insect, on C2C12 muscle differentiation. The protein of silkworm pupae was extracted using sonication after defatting with hexane. Subsequently, the extract was rehydrated using Alcalase to obtain a protein hydrolysate. The silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate effectively promoted C2C12 myogenic differentiation without cytotoxicity. Subsequently, the hydrolysate was fractionated into four subfractions using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC). Subfraction 1 was the most effective in promoting C2C12 myogenic differentiation and significantly upregulated the expression of myoblast transcription factors, 1.5-fold of myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD), 2-fold of myogenin, and 3-fold of myosin heavy chain (MyHC). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify the active peptides in silkworm pupae responsible for the observed effects; then, dipeptides and essential amino acids, such as isoleucine (Ile), valine (Val), and methionine (Met), were identified. In addition, Val, Ile, and two dipeptides underwent quantification to determine the potential bioactive peptides that enhanced C2C12 myogenic differentiation. This study suggests that the peptides from silkworm pupae could be used as a nutraceutical to enhance muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
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Jang JY, Kim D, Kim ND. Pathogenesis, Intervention, and Current Status of Drug Development for Sarcopenia: A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1635. [PMID: 37371730 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle strength and mass in older individuals and is a major determinant of fall risk and impaired ability to perform activities of daily living, often leading to disability, loss of independence, and death. Owing to its impact on morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure, sarcopenia in the elderly has become a major focus of research and public policy debates worldwide. Despite its clinical importance, sarcopenia remains under-recognized and poorly managed in routine clinical practice, partly owing to the lack of available diagnostic testing and uniform diagnostic criteria. Since the World Health Organization and the United States assigned a disease code for sarcopenia in 2016, countries worldwide have assigned their own disease codes for sarcopenia. However, there are currently no approved pharmacological agents for the treatment of sarcopenia; therefore, interventions for sarcopenia primarily focus on physical therapy for muscle strengthening and gait training as well as adequate protein intake. In this review, we aimed to examine the latest information on the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, interventions, and possible treatments with new drugs for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Functional Food Materials Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Role of SIRT3 in Microgravity Response: A New Player in Muscle Tissue Recovery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050691. [PMID: 36899828 PMCID: PMC10000945 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth has evolved in the presence of a gravity constraint. Any change in the value of such a constraint has important physiological effects. Gravity reduction (microgravity) alters the performance of muscle, bone and, immune systems among others. Therefore, countermeasures to limit such deleterious effects of microgravity are needed considering future Lunar and Martian missions. Our study aims to demonstrate that the activation of mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) can be exploited to reduce muscle damage and to maintain muscle differentiation following microgravity exposure. To this effect, we used a RCCS machine to simulate microgravity on ground on a muscle and cardiac cell line. During microgravity, cells were treated with a newly synthesized SIRT3 activator, called MC2791 and vitality, differentiation, ROS and, autophagy/mitophagy were measured. Our results indicate that SIRT3 activation reduces microgravity-induced cell death while maintaining the expression of muscle cell differentiation markers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that SIRT3 activation could represent a targeted molecular strategy to reduce muscle tissue damage caused by microgravity.
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Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury by Improving Mitochondrial Function via Immunoproteasome-PP2A-AMPK Signalling. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041049. [PMID: 36839407 PMCID: PMC9967761 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury causes cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Ursolic acid (UA), as a pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, exerts several bioactivities in animal models of different diseases, but the preventive role of UA in I/R-induced myocardial dysfunction remains largely unknown. Male wild-type mice were pre-administered with UA at a dosage of 80 mg/kg i.p. and then subjected to cardiac I/R injury for 24 h. Cardiac function and pathological changes were examined by echocardiography and histological staining. The protein and mRNA levels of the genes were determined using qPCR and immunoblotting analysis. Our results revealed that UA administration in mice significantly attenuated the I/R-induced decline in cardiac function, infarct size, myocyte apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, UA increased three immunoproteasome catalytic subunit expressions and activities, which promoted ubiquitinated PP2A degradation and activated AMPK-PGC1α signalling, leading to improved mitochondrial biosynthesis and dynamic balance. In vitro experiments confirmed that UA treatment prevented hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction through activation of AMPK signalling. In summary, our findings identify UA as a new activator of the immunoproteasome that exerts a protective role in I/R-induced myocardial dysfunction and suggest that UA supplementation could be beneficial for the prevention of cardiac ischaemic disease.
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Choi RY, Kim BS, Ban EJ, Seo M, Lee JH, Kim IW. Mealworm Ethanol Extract Enhances Myogenic Differentiation and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010058. [PMID: 36676007 PMCID: PMC9862036 DOI: 10.3390/life13010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging, and other disease-related muscle disorders are serious health problems. Dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, can trigger skeletal muscle atrophy. This study examined the effects of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) ethanol extract (TME) on C2C12 myoblast differentiation and DEX-induced myotube atrophy. TME induced myotube formation compared to the differentiation medium (DM) group. TME also significantly increased the mRNA expression of muscle creatine kinase (CKm) and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), such as myogenin (MyoG), myogenic factor (Myf)5, and MRF4 (Myf6). TME dramatically increased the muscle-specific protein, MyoG, compared to the control, whereas the expression of myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) remained unchanged. It also activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. In the DEX-induced muscle atrophy C2C12 model, TME reduced the gene expression of atrogin-1, muscle RING finger protein-1 (MuRF-1), and myostatin, which are involved in protein degradation in skeletal muscles. Furthermore, TME elevated the phosphorylation of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3α) and protein kinase B (Akt). These findings suggest that TME can enhance myotube hypertrophy by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway, and can rescue DEX-induced muscle atrophy by alleviating atrophic muscle markers mediated by Akt activation. Thus, TME can be a potential therapeutic agent for treating muscle weakness and atrophy.
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Natesan K, Srivalli T, Mohan H, Jayaprakash A, Ramalingam V. UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS E-based metabolomics analysis of Acer mono sap and evaluation of osteogenic activity in mouse osteoblast cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:13002-13013. [PMID: 36449013 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01948e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of phytochemicals and bioactive molecules is tremendously vital for the applications of new plant resources in chemistry, food, and medicine. In this study, the chemical profiling of sap of Acer mono (SAM), a Korean syrup known for its anti-osteoporosis effect, was performed using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MSE analysis. A total of 23 compounds were identified based on the mass and fragmentation characteristics and most of the compounds have significant biomedical applications. The in vitro antioxidant assessment of SAM indicated excellent activity by scavenging DPPH and ABTS-free radicals and were found to be 23.35 mg mL-1 and 29.33 mg mL-1, respectively, as IC50 concentrations. As well, the in vitro proliferation effect of the SAM was assessed against mouse MC3T3-E1 cells, and the results showed that the SAM enhanced the proliferation of the cells, and 12.5 mg mL-1 and 25 mg mL-1 of SAM were selected for osteogenic differentiation. The morphological analysis clearly evidenced the SAM enhanced the osteogenic activity in MC3T3-E1 cells by the increased deposition of extracellular calcium and nodule formation. Moreover, the qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the increased expression of osteoblast marker gene expression including ALP, osteocalcin, osteopontin, collagen1α1, Runx2, and osterix in SAM-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Together, these results suggest that SAM possesses osteogenic effects and can be used for bone regeneration and bone loss-associated diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthi Natesan
- School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Thimmarayan Srivalli
- PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, Scared Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur - 635601, Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore - 632115, Tamil Nadu, India)
| | - Harshavardhan Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Arul Jayaprakash
- PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, Scared Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur - 635601, Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore - 632115, Tamil Nadu, India)
| | - Vaikundamoorthy Ramalingam
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
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Wei X, Chen Q, Bu L, Wan X, Jiao Z, Han Z, Zou D, Zheng J, Yang C. Improved Muscle Regeneration into a Joint Prosthesis with Mechano-Growth Factor Loaded within Mesoporous Silica Combined with Carbon Nanotubes on a Porous Titanium Alloy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14344-14361. [PMID: 36053268 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Total joint replacement (TJR) is widely applied as a promising treatment for the reconstruction of serious joint diseases but is usually characterized by critical loss of skeletal muscle attachment to metal joint prostheses, resulting in fibrous scar tissue formation and subsequent motor dysfunction. Tissue engineering technology may provide a potential strategy for skeletal muscle regeneration into metal joint prostheses. Here, a porous titanium (Ti) alloy scaffold coated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) through electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was designed as a mechano-growth factor (MGF) carrier. This two-layered coating exhibits a nanostructured topology, excellent MGF loading, and prolonged release performance via covalent bonding to improve myoblast adhesion, proliferation and myogenic differentiation in porous Ti alloy scaffolds without cytotoxicity. The Akt/mTOR signaling pathway plays a key role in this process. Furthermore, in vivo studies show that the scaffold promotes the growth of muscle, rather than fibrotic tissue, into the porous Ti alloy structure and improves muscle-derived mechanical properties, the migration of satellite cells, and possibly immunomodulation. In summary, this nanomaterial-coated scaffold provides a practical biomaterial platform to regenerate periprosthetic muscle tissue and restore comparable motor function to that of the natural joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wei
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Lingtong Bu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xi Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zixian Jiao
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zixiang Han
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Duohong Zou
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jisi Zheng
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
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Chu LT, Kwong HK, Hartanto H, Chen TH. Detection of intracellular sodium ions based on phenotype-specific activation of NaA43 DNAzyme. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 218:114753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Nakagawara K, Takeuchi C, Ishige K. 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP promote myogenic differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis by activating myogenin and PGC-1α in a mouse myoblast C2C12 cell line. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 31:101309. [PMID: 35865271 PMCID: PMC9294244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotides are basic monomeric building blocks for RNA considered as conditionally essential nutrients. They are normally produced in sufficient quantity, but can become insufficient upon stressful challenges. The administration of pyrimidine nucleotides, such as cytidine-5′-monophosphate (5′-CMP) and uridine-5′-monophosphate (5′-UMP), enables rats to endure prolonged exercise. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. To investigate these mechanisms, we studied the effect of 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP on muscular differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in myoblast C2C12 cells. 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP were found to increase the mRNA levels of myogenin, which is a myogenic regulatory protein expressed during the final differentiation step and fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP also promoted myoblast differentiation into myotube cells. 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP further increased the mRNA levels of PGC-1α which regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle fiber type. In addition, 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and enhanced mRNA levels of slow-muscle myosin heavy chains. Moreover, cytidine and uridine, nucleosides corresponding to 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP, markedly promoted myotube formation in C2C12 cells. Considering the metabolism and absorption of nucleotides, the active bodies underlying the effects observed with 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP could be cytidine and uridine. In conclusion, our results indicate that 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP can promote myogenic differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as increase slow-twitch fiber via the activation of myogenin and PGC-1α. In addition, 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP may be considered as safe and effective agents to enhance muscle growth and improve the endurance in skeletal muscles. 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP enhanced myogenin expression and myotube formation in C2C12 cells. 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP enhanced the expression of PGC-1α and slow-muscle myosin heavy chains in C2C12 cells. 5′-CMP and 5′-UMP promoted mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 cells. Corresponding nucleosides promoted myotube formation in C2C12 cells.
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Yi D, Yoshikawa M, Sugimoto T, Tomoo K, Okada Y, Hashimoto T. Effects of Maca on Muscle Hypertrophy in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126825. [PMID: 35743270 PMCID: PMC9224786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With aging, sarcopenia and the associated locomotor disorders, have become serious problems. The roots of maca contain active ingredients (triterpenes) that have a preventive effect on sarcopenia. However, the effect of maca on muscle hypertrophy has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects and mechanism of maca on muscle hypertrophy by adding different concentrations of yellow maca (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) to C2C12 skeletal muscle cell culture. Two days after differentiation, maca was added for two days of incubation. The muscle diameter, area, differentiation index, and multinucleation, were assessed by immunostaining, and the expression levels of the proteins related to muscle protein synthesis/degradation were examined by Western blotting. Compared with the control group, the muscle diameter and area of the myotubes in the maca groups were significantly increased, and the cell differentiation index and multinucleation were significantly higher in the maca groups. Phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR was elevated in the maca groups. Maca also promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK. These results suggest that maca may promote muscle hypertrophy, differentiation, and maturation, potentially via the muscle hypertrophic signaling pathways such as Akt and mTOR, while exploring other pathways are needed.
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Yadav A, Yadav SS, Singh S, Dabur R. Natural products: Potential therapeutic agents to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174995. [PMID: 35523319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle (SkM) is the largest organ, which plays a vital role in controlling musculature, locomotion, body heat regulation, physical strength, and metabolism of the body. A sedentary lifestyle, aging, cachexia, denervation, immobilization, etc. Can lead to an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, which is further responsible for SkM atrophy (SmA). To date, the understanding of the mechanism of SkM mass loss is limited which also restricted the number of drugs to treat SmA. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel approaches to regulate muscle homeostasis. Presently, some natural products attained immense attraction to regulate SkM homeostasis. The natural products, i.e., polyphenols (resveratrol, curcumin), terpenoids (ursolic acid, tanshinone IIA, celastrol), flavonoids, alkaloids (tomatidine, magnoflorine), vitamin D, etc. exhibit strong potential against SmA. Some of these natural products have been reported to have equivalent potential to standard treatments to prevent body lean mass loss. Indeed, owing to the large complexity, diversity, and slow absorption rate of bioactive compounds made their usage quite challenging. Moreover, the use of natural products is controversial due to their partially known or elusive mechanism of action. Therefore, the present review summarizes various experimental and clinical evidence of some important bioactive compounds that shall help in the development of novel strategies to counteract SmA elicited by various causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Yadav
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Surender Singh Yadav
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Dipeptides VL increase protein accumulation in C2C12 cells by activating the Akt-mTOR pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yoo A, Jang YJ, Ahn J, Jung CH, Ha TY. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone increases skeletal muscle mass and performance by regulating AKT/mTOR signaling and mitochondrial function. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153658. [PMID: 34332284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), a natural phytochemical present in fermented wheat germ, has been reported to exert anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic effects. However, the effect of DMBQ on muscle hypertrophy and myoblast differentiation has not been elucidated. PURPOSE We investigated the effect of DMBQ on skeletal muscle mass and muscle function and then determined the possible mechanism of DMBQ. METHODS To examine myogenic differentiation and hypertrophy, confluent C2C12 cells were incubated in differentiation medium with or without various concentrations of DMBQ for 4 days. In animal experiments, C57BL/6 mice were fed DMBQ-containing AIN-93 diet for 7 weeks. Grip strength, treadmill, microscopic evaluation of muscle tissue, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR were performed. RESULTS DMBQ significantly increased fusion index, myotube size, and the protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC). DMBQ increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), whereas the phosphorylation of these proteins was abolished by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 in C2C12 cells. In addition, DMBQ treatment increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), which programs mitochondrial biogenesis, protein levels compared with control C2C12 cells. DMBQ significantly increased maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity in C2C12 cells. In animal experiments, DMBQ increased skeletal muscle weights and skeletal muscle fiber size compared with the control group values. In addition, the DMBQ group showed increased grip strength and running distance on an accelerating treadmill. The protein expression of total MHC, MHC1, MHC2A, and MHC2B in skeletal muscle was upregulated by DMBQ supplementation. We found that DMBQ increased the phosphorylation of AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as downstream S6K and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in skeletal muscle. DMBQ also stimulated mRNA expression of PGC1α, accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial DNA content, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins, and oxidative enzyme activity. CONCLUSION Collectively, DMBQ was shown to increase skeletal muscle mass and performance by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing mitochondrial function, which might be useful for the treatment and prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Yoo
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, South Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, South Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, South Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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19
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Qu Z, Zhou S, Li P, Liu C, Yuan B, Zhang S, Liu A. Natural products and skeletal muscle health. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 93:108619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Cho YH, Lee SY, Lee CH, Park JH, So YS. Effect of Schisandra chinensis Baillon extracts and regular low-intensity exercise on muscle strength and mass in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1440-1446. [PMID: 33710261 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that Schisandra chinensis Baillon (Sc) may enhance muscle strength and mass because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the effects and safety of consumption of Sc extract (SCe) for 12 wk on muscle strength and mass in older adults with relatively low muscle mass who do low-intensity exercise. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in adults >50 y of age. Fifty-four participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups and, for 12 wk, received either 1 g SCe/d or a placebo. All participants were required to walk for 30-60 min/d for >3 d/wk during the trial period. At baseline and at 4 and 12 wk after treatment, the participants were examined for knee extension strength using Biodex isokinetic dynamometers, handgrip strengths, and body composition, and blood tests were performed. The Euro-QoL-5D (EQ-5D) questionnaire and the FFQ were administered at baseline and at 12 wk after treatment. Physical activity was assessed using a self-recorded daily exercise log and an accelerometer during the study. RESULTS SCe supplementation over 12 wk caused a higher increase in right knee extensor strength by 10.2 Nm (95% CI: 3.7, 16.8 Nm; P = 0.003) and left knee extensor strength by 6.7 Nm (95% CI: 0.3, 13.1 Nm; P = 0.041) than did the placebo. However, no differences were observed in the muscle mass, anti-inflammatory markers, antioxidative markers, and EQ-5D score between the groups. None of the participants experienced adverse events. CONCLUSIONS SCe supplementation may enhance skeletal muscle strength but not mass in older adults who perform low-intensity exercise. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03402308.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Y Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Health Convergence Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong S So
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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21
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Myostatin Inhibition-Induced Increase in Muscle Mass and Strength Was Amplified by Resistance Exercise Training, and Dietary Essential Amino Acids Improved Muscle Quality in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051508. [PMID: 33947024 PMCID: PMC8146053 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been frequently reported that myostatin inhibition increases muscle mass, but decreases muscle quality (i.e., strength/muscle mass). Resistance exercise training (RT) and essential amino acids (EAAs) are potent anabolic stimuli that synergistically increase muscle mass through changes in muscle protein turnover. In addition, EAAs are known to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis. We have investigated if RT amplifies the anabolic potential of myostatin inhibition while EAAs enhance muscle quality through stimulations of mitochondrial biogenesis and/or muscle protein turnover. Mice were assigned into ACV (myostatin inhibitor), ACV+EAA, ACV+RT, ACV+EAA +RT, or control (CON) over 4 weeks. RT, but not EAA, increased muscle mass above ACV. Despite differences in muscle mass gain, myofibrillar protein synthesis was stimulated similarly in all vs. CON, suggesting a role for changes in protein breakdown in muscle mass gains. There were increases in MyoD expression but decreases in Atrogin-1/MAFbx expression in ACV+EAA, ACV+RT, and ACV+EAA+RT vs. CON. EAA increased muscle quality (e.g., grip strength and maximal carrying load) without corresponding changes in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and neuromuscular junction stability. In conclusion, RT amplifies muscle mass and strength through changes in muscle protein turnover in conjunction with changes in implicated signaling, while EAAs enhance muscle quality through unknown mechanisms.
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Shinji S, Umezawa K, Nihashi Y, Nakamura S, Shimosato T, Takaya T. Identification of the Myogenetic Oligodeoxynucleotides (myoDNs) That Promote Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts by Targeting Nucleolin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:616706. [PMID: 33585451 PMCID: PMC7874222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.616706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report that the 18-base telomeric oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) designed from the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG genome promote differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts which are myogenic precursor cells. We termed these myogenetic ODNs (myoDNs). The activity of one of the myoDNs, iSN04, was independent of Toll-like receptors, but dependent on its conformational state. Molecular simulation and iSN04 mutants revealed stacking of the 13-15th guanines as a core structure for iSN04. The alkaloid berberine bound to the guanine stack and enhanced iSN04 activity, probably by stabilizing and optimizing iSN04 conformation. We further identified nucleolin as an iSN04-binding protein. Results showed that iSN04 antagonizes nucleolin, increases the levels of p53 protein translationally suppressed by nucleolin, and eventually induces myotube formation by modulating the expression of genes involved in myogenic differentiation and cell cycle arrest. This study shows that bacterial-derived myoDNs serve as aptamers and are potential nucleic acid drugs directly targeting myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Shinji
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuma Nihashi
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shunichi Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Proshkina E, Plyusnin S, Babak T, Lashmanova E, Maganova F, Koval L, Platonova E, Shaposhnikov M, Moskalev A. Terpenoids as Potential Geroprotectors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060529. [PMID: 32560451 PMCID: PMC7346221 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes and terpenoids are the largest groups of plant secondary metabolites. However, unlike polyphenols, they are rarely associated with geroprotective properties. Here we evaluated the conformity of the biological effects of terpenoids with the criteria of geroprotectors, including primary criteria (lifespan-extending effects in model organisms, improvement of aging biomarkers, low toxicity, minimal adverse effects, improvement of the quality of life) and secondary criteria (evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of action, reproducibility of the effects on different models, prevention of age-associated diseases, increasing of stress-resistance). The number of substances that demonstrate the greatest compliance with both primary and secondary criteria of geroprotectors were found among different classes of terpenoids. Thus, terpenoids are an underestimated source of potential geroprotectors that can effectively influence the mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Proshkina
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Sergey Plyusnin
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 55 Oktyabrsky Prosp., 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Tatyana Babak
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Lashmanova
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Liubov Koval
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 55 Oktyabrsky Prosp., 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Elena Platonova
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 55 Oktyabrsky Prosp., 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shaposhnikov
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (S.P.); (T.B.); (E.L.); (L.K.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 55 Oktyabrsky Prosp., 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-8212-312-894
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Braun J, Eckes S, Rommens PM, Schmitz K, Nickel D, Ritz U. Toxic Effect of Vancomycin on Viability and Functionality of Different Cells Involved in Tissue Regeneration. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E238. [PMID: 32397094 PMCID: PMC7277215 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent infections local delivery of antibiotics is a useful tool. Especially in bone fractures, vancomycin impregnated bone cements are often used allowing high concentrations of antibiotics at the infection side without high serum concentrations. However, besides potential pathogens, cells involved in tissue regeneration may also be affected by the drug. We investigated the effect of vancomycin on the viability and functionality on osteoblasts, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. Our results show that the viability of all cells analyzed was reduced by vancomycin and that the observed effects were time and concentration dependent. The most pronounced toxic effect was detected on day three when even the lowest concentration of 0.01 mg/ml led to a significant decrease in proliferation compared to control. Functionality assays of osteoblasts and skeletal muscle cells revealed a sensitive reaction of the cells to the drug, indicating that vancomycin is toxic to these cells during the process of differentiation. These data suggest that the vancomycin administration is critical for cell survival and function. Therefore, the concentration of administered antibiotics needs to be carefully evaluated to find a balance between defense against pathogens and functionality of host cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Braun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.B.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Stefanie Eckes
- Clements-Schöpf-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Pol Maria Rommens
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.B.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Clements-Schöpf-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Daniela Nickel
- Berufsakademie-Sachsen—Staatliche Studienakademie Glauchau, University of Cooperative Education, Kopernikusstraße 51, 08371 Glauchau, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.B.); (P.M.R.)
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Langendorf EK, Rommens PM, Drees P, Mattyasovszky SG, Ritz U. Detecting the Effects of the Glucocorticoid Dexamethasone on Primary Human Skeletal Muscle Cells-Differences to the Murine Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2497. [PMID: 32260276 PMCID: PMC7177793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is characterized by a decrease in muscle fiber size as a result of a decreased protein synthesis, which leads to degradation of contractile muscle fibers. It can occur after denervation and immobilization, and glucocorticoids (GCs) may also increase protein breakdown contributing to the loss of muscle mass and myofibrillar proteins. GCs are already used in vitro to induce atrophic conditions, but until now no studies with primary human skeletal muscle existed. Therefore, this study deals with the effects of the GC dexamethasone (dex) on primary human myoblasts and myotubes. After incubation with 1, 10, and 100 µM dex for 48 and 72 h, gene and protein expression analyses were performed by qPCR and Western blot. Foxo, MuRF-1, and MAFbx were significantly upregulated by dex, and there was increased gene expression of myogenic markers. However, prolonged incubation periods demonstrated no Myosin protein degradation, but an increase of MuRF-1 expression. In conclusion, applying dex did not only differently affect primary human myoblasts and myotubes, as differences were also observed when compared to murine cells. Based on our findings, studies using cell lines or animal cells should be interpreted with caution as signaling transduction and functional behavior might differ in diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.K.L.); (P.M.R.); (P.D.); (S.G.M.)
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He L, Long J, Zhou X, Liu Y, Li T, Wu X. Serine is required for the maintenance of redox balance and proliferation in the intestine under oxidative stress. FASEB J 2020; 34:4702-4717. [PMID: 32030825 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902690r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serine has critical roles in maintaining cell growth and redox balance in cancer cells. However, the role of exogenous serine played in oxidative response and proliferation in normal mammalian intestine need to be further elucidated. We used a mouse model and intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) to reveal that exogenous serine deficiency did not lead to redox imbalance and inhibition of proliferation in the intestine. However, serine deficiency exacerbated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inhibition of proliferation in IPEC-J2 cells challenged by hydrogen peroxide, while serine supplementation rescued redox imbalance and those proliferation defects. Importantly, serine supplementation restored the glutathione content and decreased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, while no such effects were observed when glutathione synthesis was inhibited. Additionally, serine supplementation increased nuclear nrf2 expression in IPEC-J2 cells. These results suggested that serine alleviates oxidative stress through supporting glutathione synthesis and activating nrf2 signaling. We further found that serine supplementation activated the mTOR pathway, while inhibition of mTOR diminished the effects of serine on promoting proliferation, suggesting critical roles of the mTOR pathway in this context. Taken together, our study underlines the importance of serine in the maintenance of redox status and proliferation in the intestine and reveals a novel potential mechanism that mediates these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Long
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Lee H, Lee SJ, Bae GU, Baek NI, Ryu JH. Canadine from Corydalis turtschaninovii Stimulates Myoblast Differentiation and Protects against Myotube Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122748. [PMID: 29258243 PMCID: PMC5751347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia and sarcopenia are the main causes of muscle atrophy. These result in a reduction in the muscle fiber area, myo-protein content, and muscle strength, with various molecular modulators being involved. Although several reports have proposed potential therapeutic agents, no effective treatments have been found for muscle atrophy. We searched for myogenic modulators from medicinal plants to treat muscle diseases. We isolated six alkaloids from Corydalis turtschaninovii and evaluated their myogenic potential by using the MyoD reporter gene assay in C2C12 cells. Among the tested compounds, canadine showed the strongest transactivation of MyoD and increased MHC expression during myogenesis. The activation of p38 MAP kinase and Akt are major mechanisms that contribute to the myogenesis by canadine. Canadine increased the number of multinucleated and cylinder-shaped myotubes during myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts. To determine the preventive effect of canadine in cancer-induced muscle wasting, differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with conditioned media from CT26 colon carcinoma culture (CT26 CM) in the presence of canadine. Canadine ameliorated the muscle protein degradation caused by CT26-CM by down-regulating the muscle specific-E3 ligases, MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1. In this study, we found that canadine from C. turtschaninovii stimulates myogenesis and also inhibits muscle protein degradation. Therefore, we suggest canadine as a protective agent against muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, 100 Chungparo 47-Gil, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (H.L.); (S.-J.L.); (G.-U.B.)
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, 100 Chungparo 47-Gil, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (H.L.); (S.-J.L.); (G.-U.B.)
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, 100 Chungparo 47-Gil, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (H.L.); (S.-J.L.); (G.-U.B.)
| | - Nam-In Baek
- The Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea;
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, 100 Chungparo 47-Gil, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (H.L.); (S.-J.L.); (G.-U.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-710-9568
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28
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Li H, Ma Y, Xu W, Chen H, Day L. MFG-E8 protein promotes C2C12myogenic differentiation by enhancing PI3K/Akt signaling. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of MFG-E8 on C2C12cell differentiation was analysed by immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
| | - Weili Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
| | - Haoran Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
| | - Li Day
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
- AgResearch Limited
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29
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Zhang Y, Song C, Li H, Hou J, Li D. Ursolic acid prevents augmented peripheral inflammation and inflammatory hyperalgesia in high-fat diet-induced obese rats by restoring downregulated spinal PPARα. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:5309-16. [PMID: 27108888 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for several pain syndromes and is associated with increased pain sensitivity. Evidence suggests that obesity causes the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor (PPAR)α in the spinal cord, contributing to augmented peripheral edema and inflammatory hyperalgesia. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, has been shown to upregulate PPARα in the peripheral tissues of obese animals. The present study hypothesized that UA prevents augmented peripheral inflammation and inflammatory hyperalgesia in obesity by restoring downregulated spinal PPARα. The present study demonstrated that Sprague‑Dawley rats fed a high‑fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks developed obesity and metabolic disorder. Following carrageenan injection, the HFD rats exhibited increased thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema, compared with the rats fed a low‑fat diet. Molecular investigations revealed that the HFD rats exhibited decreased PPARα activity, and exaggerated expression of inflammatory mediators and nuclear factor‑kB activity in the spinal cord in response to carrageenan. Oral administration of UA ameliorated obesity and metabolic disorder, and prevented increased thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema in the HFD rats. Additionally, UA normalized PPARα activity and inhibited the exaggerated spinal cord inflammatory response to carrageenan. Although the knockdown of spinal PPARα with small interfering RNA following the administration of UA did not alter obesity or metabolic parameters, it eradicated the beneficial effects of UA on thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema, and reversed the spinal cord inflammatory response. These results suggested that the systemic administration of UA inhibited the exaggerated spinal cord inflammatory response to peripheral inflammatory stimulation in HFD‑induced obesity by restoring downregulated spinal PPARα, preventing peripheral inflammation and inflammatory hyperalgesia. UA may be a potential therapeutic option for the prevention of increased inflammatory pain in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Haiou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Jingdong Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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30
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Kim CH, Shin JH, Hwang SJ, Choi YH, Kim DS, Kim CM. Schisandrae fructus enhances myogenic differentiation and inhibits atrophy through protein synthesis in human myotubes. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2407-15. [PMID: 27330287 PMCID: PMC4898430 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandrae fructus (SF) has recently been reported to increase skeletal muscle mass and inhibit atrophy in mice. We investigated the effect of SF extract on human myotube differentiation and its acting pathway. Various concentrations (0.1–10 μg/mL) of SF extract were applied on human skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Myotube area and fusion index were measured to quantify myotube differentiation. The maximum effect was observed at 0.5 μg/mL of SF extract, enhancing differentiation up to 1.4-fold in fusion index and 1.6-fold in myotube area at 8 days after induction of differentiation compared to control. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, which initiate translation as downstream of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, was upregulated in early phases of differentiation after SF treatment. SF also attenuated dexamethasone-induced atrophy. In conclusion, we show that SF augments myogenic differentiation and attenuates atrophy by increasing protein synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin/70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 signaling pathway in human myotubes. SF can be a useful natural dietary supplement in increasing skeletal muscle mass, especially in the aged with sarcopenia and the patients with disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cy Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Shin
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jun Hwang
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Kim
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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31
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Lee SY, Kim YJ, Chung SO, Park SU. Recent studies on ursolic acid and its biological and pharmacological activity. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:221-8. [PMID: 27231476 PMCID: PMC4874314 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sook Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science and Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Sun Ok Chung
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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32
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Hwang SY, Kang YJ, Sung B, Kim M, Kim DH, Lee Y, Yoo MA, Kim CM, Chung HY, Kim ND. Folic acid promotes the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 murine myoblasts through the Akt signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1073-80. [PMID: 26310574 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin in the B-complex group, and an exogenous intake is required for health, growth and development. As a precursor to co-factors, folic acid is required for one-carbon donors in the synthesis of DNA bases and other essential biomolecules. A lack of dietary folic acid can lead to folic acid deficiency and can therefore result in several health problems, including macrocytic anemia, elevated plasma homocysteine levels, cardiovascular disease, birth defects, carcinogenesis, muscle weakness and difficulty in walking. Previous studies have indicated that folic acid exerts a positive effect on skeletal muscle functions. However, the precise role of folic acid in skeletal muscle cell differentiation remains poorly understood. Thus, in the present study, we examined the effects of folic acid on neo-myotube maturation and differentiation using C2C12 murine myoblasts. We found that folic acid promoted the formation of multinucleated myotubes, and increased the fusion index and creatine kinase (CK) activity in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that the expression levels of the muscle-specific marker, myosin heavy chain (MyHC), as well as those of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), MyoD and myogenin, were increased in the folic acid-treated myotubes during myogenic differentiation. Folic acid also promoted the activation of the Akt pathway, and this effect was inhibited by treatment of the C2C12 cells with LY294002 (Akt inhibitor). Blocking of the Akt pathway with a specific inhibitor revealed that it was necessary for mediating the stimulatory effects of folic acid on muscle cell differentiation and fusion. Taken together, our data suggest that folic acid promotes the differentiation of C2C12 cells through the activation of the Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yeon Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jung Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Sung B, Hwang SY, Kim MJ, Kim M, Jeong JW, Kim CM, Chung HY, Kim ND. Loquat leaf extract enhances myogenic differentiation, improves muscle function and attenuates muscle loss in aged rats. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:792-800. [PMID: 26178971 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A main characteristic of aging is the debilitating, progressive and generalized impairment of biological functions, resulting in an increased vulnerability to disease and death. Skeletal muscle comprises approximately 40% of the human body; thus, it is the most abundant tissue. At the age of 30 onwards, 0.5‑1% of human muscle mass is lost each year, with a marked acceleration in the rate of decline after the age of 65. Thus, novel strategies that effectively attenuate skeletal muscle loss and enhance muscle function are required to improve the quality of life of older subjects. The aim of the present study was to determine whether loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaf extract (LE) can prevent the loss of skeletal muscle function in aged rats. Young (5-month-old) and aged (18‑19-month-old) rats were fed LE (50 mg/kg/day) for 35 days and the changes in muscle mass and strength were evaluated. The age‑associated loss of grip strength was attenuated, and muscle mass and muscle creatine kinase (CK) activity were enhanced following the administration of LE. Histochemical analysis also revealed that LE abrogated the age‑associated decrease in cross‑sectional area (CSA) and decreased the amount of connective tissue in the muscle of aged rats. To investigate the mode of action of LE, C2C12 murine myoblasts were used to evaluate the myogenic potential of LE. The expression levels of myogenic proteins (MyoD and myogenin) and functional myosin heavy chain (MyHC) were measured by western blot analysis. LE enhanced MyoD, myogenin and MyHC expression. The changes in the expression of myogenic genes corresponded with an increase in the activity of CK, a myogenic differentiation marker. Finally, LE activated the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which is involved in muscle protein synthesis during myogenesis. These findings suggest that LE attenuates sarcopenia by promoting myogenic differentiation and subsequently promoting muscle protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Sung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Research Center for Anti‑Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609‑735, Republic of Korea
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