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Comparative sub-chronic toxicity studies in rats of two indistinguishable herbal plants, Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsley and Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:759-766. [PMID: 35646417 PMCID: PMC9133291 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-chronic toxicity studies using rats have been conducted for Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsley (CW) and Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight (CA). CW water extract didn’t show any adverse effects whereas administering CW powder decreased body weights in complication with decreased food consumptions. In the case of CA water extract, triglyceride and absolute/relative liver weights were elevated and vacuolation was observed in liver. Treated CA powder in male rats increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and induced single cell necrosis and multinucleated hepatocyte in liver. As for female rats, increased absolute/relative weights and hypertrophy/vacuolation in adrenal glands and vacuolation in ovaries were observed when administered CA powder. In conclusion, no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of CW water extract was over 5000 mg/kg/day, while NOAEL of CW powder was 700 mg/kg/day for female and 150 mg/kg/day for male. In case of CA, NOAEL of water extract was 1500 mg/kg/day for male and 2000 mg/kg/day for female, while NOAEL of powder was 150 mg/kg/day for both gender. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first sub-chronic toxicity study on the adverse effects, target organs and its dose levels of C. wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsley and C. auriculatum Royle ex Wight following GLP protocols.
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Wang L, Cai F, Zhao W, Tian J, Kong D, Sun X, Liu Q, Chen Y, An Y, Wang F, Liu X, Wu Y, Zhou H. Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight., Cynanchum bungei Decne. and Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl.: Current Research and Prospects. Molecules 2021; 26:7065. [PMID: 34885647 PMCID: PMC8658831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. (CA), Cynanchum bungei Decne. (CB) and Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. (CW) are three close species belonging to the Asclepiadaceous family, and their dry roots as the bioactive part have been revealed to exhibit anti-tumor, neuroprotection, organ protection, reducing liver lipid and blood lipid, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. Until 2021, phytochemistry investigations have uncovered 232 compounds isolated from three species, which could be classified into C21-steroids, acetophenones, terpenoids, and alkaloids. In this review, the morphology characteristics, species identification, and the relationship of botany, extraction, and the separation of chemical constituents, along with the molecular mechanism and pharmacokinetics of bioactive constituents of three species, are summarized for the first time, and their phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical safety are also updated. Moreover, the direction and limitation of current research on three species is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Fujie Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinli Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Degang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yueru Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ying An
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Fulin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Honglei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (L.W.); (F.C.); (W.Z.); (J.T.); (D.K.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.A.); (F.W.); (X.L.)
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Choi SK, Thi NN, Kwon JE, Lee YG, Kang SC, Baek NI. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Benzyl Glycosides from the Flowers of Lilium Asiatic Hybrids. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Han QQ, Yin M, Wang ZY, Liu H, Ao JP, Wang YX. Cynandione A Alleviates Neuropathic Pain Through α7-nAChR-Dependent IL-10/β-Endorphin Signaling Complexes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:614450. [PMID: 33584292 PMCID: PMC7873367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.614450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynandione A, an acetophenone isolated from Cynanchum Wilfordii Radix, exhibits antineuropathic pain effect. This study further explored the target molecule and signaling mechanisms underlying cynandione-A-induced antineuropathic pain. Intrathecal injection of cynandione A significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia in neuropathic rats and substantially increased spinal expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin but not dynorphin A. Cynandione A treatment also enhanced expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin but not α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in cultured microglia. The IL-10 antibody attenuated cynandione-A-induced spinal or microglial gene expression of β-endorphin and mechanical allodynia, whereas the β-endorphin antiserum blocked cynandione-A-induced mechanical antiallodynia but not spinal or microglial IL-10 gene expression. The α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine significantly reduced cynandione-A-induced mechanical antiallodynia and spinal or microglial expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin. Furthermore, cynandione A stimulated microglial phosphorylation of PKA, p38, and CREB in an α7-nAChR-dependent manner, and treatment with their inhibitors attenuated cynandione-A-induced mechanical antiallodynia and spinal or microglial expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin. In addition, cynandione A stimulated spinal phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3, which was inhibited by methyllycaconitine, the PKA activation inhibitor or IL-10 antibody. The STAT3 inhibitor NSC74859 also abolished cynandione-A-induced mechanical antiallodynia and spinal expression of β-endorphin. These findings suggest that cynandione A suppresses neuropathic pain through α7-nAChR-dependent IL-10/β-endorphin signaling pathway in spinal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiao Han
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plants Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Ping Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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An Overview of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Inflammation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225474. [PMID: 33238435 PMCID: PMC7700122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key driver in many pathological conditions such as allergy, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and many others, and the current state of available drugs prompted researchers to explore new therapeutic targets. In this context, accumulating evidence indicates that the transcription factor Nrf2 plays a pivotal role controlling the expression of antioxidant genes that ultimately exert anti-inflammatory functions. Nrf2 and its principal negative regulator, the E3 ligase adaptor Kelch-like ECH- associated protein 1 (Keap1), play a central role in the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Interestingly, Nrf2 is proved to contribute to the regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis, which is a potent anti-inflammatory target. Recent studies showed a connection between the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) system and the expression of inflammatory mediators, NF-κB pathway and macrophage metabolism. This suggests a new strategy for designing chemical agents as modulators of Nrf2 dependent pathways to target the immune response. Therefore, the present review will examine the relationship between Nrf2 signaling and the inflammation as well as possible approaches for the therapeutic modulation of this pathway.
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Shin SM, Cho YM, Kwon JE, Lee SR, Kang SC. Supplementation with Cynanchum wilfordii radix extract for 8 weeks lowers serum total cholesterol: A controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2313-2322. [PMID: 32243009 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This trial aimed to determine the effect of a standardized Cynanchum wilfordii Radix extract (CWE) on the lipid profiles of individuals with elevated total cholesterol (T-Chol) using a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled design. Ninety-six Korean individuals with elevated T-Chol level (200-240 mg/dL) were recruited and randomly allocated to groups that received VasH300 (300 mg CWE/day, n = 32), VasH600 (600 mg CWE/day, n = 32), or a placebo (n = 32) groups. Primary outcomes included T-Chol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride, and safety (adverse events, biochemical parameters, and hematological parameters). Data were compared using a one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's post-hoc tests (among groups) and paired t tests (within groups). Values for T-Chol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced in the VasH300 and groups (VasH300: 4.0 and 6.4%, respectively; VasH600; 3.8 and 5.8% respectively; both p < .05) compared with the placebo group and were not dose-dependent. VasH300 significantly improved the lipid profiles of individuals with elevated T-Chol without any serious side effects. Daily supplementation with VasH might be an alternative strategy with which to modify cholesterol-related parameters, especially in individuals with elevated T-Chol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Mi Shin
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicinem, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Cho
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Mentor Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kwon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Lee
- Department of Convergence Biomedical Science, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Cencer, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Acute and 13-week subchronic toxicity studies of hot-water extract of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Res 2019; 36:89-98. [PMID: 31998628 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynanchi wilfordii Radix (CWR) is a herbal medicinal plant that is well-known and used in Asian countries as a health food. In this study, acute and 13-week subchronic oral toxicity studies of hot-water extract of CWR (CWR-WE) were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats. For the acute toxicity study, CWR-WE was administered once orally to five male and five female rats at doses of 800, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg. Mortality, clinical signs, and body weight changes were monitored over 14 days. There were no treatment-related changes in these parameters and the approximate lethal dose of CWR-WE in male and female rats was determined to be > 5000 mg/kg. For the subchronic toxicity study, CWR-WE was administered orally once daily to male and female rats for 13 consecutive weeks at doses of 0 (vehicle control), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day (n = 10 rats/sex/group). There were no toxicologically significant changes with regard to clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, necropsy findings, and histopathological findings. These results suggest that the oral no observed adverse-effect level of CWR-WE is > 2000 mg/kg/day for both sexes, although target organs were not identified.
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Gao ZX, Liu LL, Lin LR, Tong ML, Liu F, Yang TC. Treponema pallidum Induces the Secretion of HDVSMC Inflammatory Cytokines to Promote the Migration and Adhesion of THP-1 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:220. [PMID: 31293985 PMCID: PMC6598120 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological features of syphilis, a disease caused by Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum), are characterized by vascular involvement with endarteritis and periarteritis. Little is known about the interactions of infiltrating immunocytes with human dermal vascular smooth muscle cells (HDVSMCs) in arterioles during the immunopathogenesis of syphilis. In the present study, we demonstrated that stimulation of HDVSMCs with T. pallidum resulted in the upregulated gene transcription and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the migration and adhesion of THP-1 cells to HDVSMCs were significantly suppressed by anti-MCP-1 and anti-ICAM-1 neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Further studies revealed that T. pallidum activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in HDVSMCs. Inhibition of NF-κB suppressed T. pallidum-induced IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 expression. In addition, the migration and adhesion of THP-1 cells to T. pallidum-treated HDVSMCs were significantly decreased by pretreatment with an NF-κB inhibitor. These findings demonstrate that T. pallidum induces the production of IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 in HDVSMCs and promotes the adherence and migration of THP-1 cells to HDVSMCs through the NF-κB signaling pathway, which may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of T. pallidum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xiang Gao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Rong Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Man-Li Tong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tian-Ci Yang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Cognitive impairment correlates with serum carbonyl compound profiles in subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Neuroreport 2018; 29:1550-1557. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kim Y, Choi H, Shin J, Jo A, Lee KE, Cho SS, Hwang YP, Choi C. Molecular Discrimination of Cynanchum wilfordii and Cynanchum auriculatum by InDel Markers of Chloroplast DNA. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061337. [PMID: 29865213 PMCID: PMC6100574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuber of Cynanchum wilfordii (Baekshuoh Radix in Korean) is an important medicinal herb in Korea and China; however, it is difficult to differentiate C. wilfordii from a related medicinal herb, C. auriculatum (Baishouwu Radix in Chinese). We sought to develop a molecular method that could be used to distinguish between the tubers of C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum. We aligned the chloroplast genome sequences (available in the NCBI database) of the two species and identified three species-specific insertion and deletion (InDel) sites in the trnQ-psbK, rps2-rpoC2, and psaJ-rpl33 intergenic spacer (IGS) regions. To confirm the presence of these three InDels and validate their use as markers, we designed three primer pairs to amplify the trnQ-psbK, rps2-rpoC2, and psaJ-rpl33 IGS regions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the trnQ-psbK IGS region yielded a 249 bp fragment for C. wilfordii, and 419 bp fragment for C. auriculatum, whereas the rps2-rpoC2 IGS primers produced a 629 bp fragment from C. wilfordii and a 282 bp fragment from C. auriculatum. In the psaJ-rpl33 IGS region, allele fragments of 342 and 360 bp in length were amplified from C. wilfordii, whereas 249 and 250 bp fragment were amplified from C. auriculatum. We propose these three InDel markers as a valuable, simple, and efficient tool for identifying these medicinal herbs and will thus reduce adulteration of these herbal materials in commercial markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonguk Kim
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Korea.
| | - Hakjoon Choi
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Korea.
| | - Jawon Shin
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Korea.
| | - Ara Jo
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Eun Lee
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58554, Korea.
| | - Yong-Pil Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, International University of Korea, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52833, Korea.
| | - Chulyung Choi
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Korea.
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Jiang HW, Gu SS, Cao L, Jiang SS, Lin J, Chen Y, Wang L, Jiao H, Li JY, Zhao WM, Li JL. Potential hypoglycemic effect of acetophenones from the root bark of Cynanchum wilfordii. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2314-2321. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1443100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Shi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Park KH, Kim J, Lee EH, Lee TH. Cynandione A inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cell adhesion via suppression of the protein expression of VCAM‑1 in human endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1756-1764. [PMID: 29328438 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynandione A (CA) is one of the most active compounds in the roots of Cynanchum wilfordii, the extracts of which have been used extensively in East Asia to treat various diseases including anti‑ischemic stroke. In the present study, the anti‑adherent activity of CA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated. CA markedly reduced the expression of vascular adhesion molecule‑1 (VCAM‑1) by LPS in HUVECs. The results also demonstrated that CA significantly reduced the expression of pro‑inflammatory and chemoattractant cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8, monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 and tumor necrosis factor‑α, in LPS‑activated human endothelial cells. CA inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen‑activated protein kinases, including the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 kinases. It was found that CA decreased the IKK/IκB‑α phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB kinase/inhibitor of NF‑κB‑α, suppressed translocation of the NF‑κB p65 subunit into the nucleus and inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF‑κB. CA also decreased human monocyte cell adhesion to endothelial cells in LPS‑stimulated conditions. These results demonstrated that CA inhibited the protein expression of VCAM‑1 and pro‑inflammatory cytokines by suppressing the transcriptional activity of NF‑κB. The results also suggested that CA may be important in the development of anti‑inflammatory drugs by inhibiting the expression of cell adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo H Lee
- Graduate School of East‑West Medical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446‑701, Republic of Korea
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Kang SH, Oh JH, Kim HJ, Kim CK. The multipartite mitochondrial genome of Cynanchum wilfordii (Gentianales: Apocynaceae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2017; 2:720-721. [PMID: 33473959 PMCID: PMC7799619 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2017.1390405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cynanchum wilfordii is a traditional herbal medicine and belongs to the family Apocynaceae. The C. wilfordii mitochondrial genome consists of three circular chromosomes (named chromosomes I-III), the lengths of which are 379,060, 352,767 and 111,332 nucleotides. The mitochondrial genome encodes 58 genes, including 38 protein-coding genes, 17 transfer RNA genes and three ribosomal RNA genes. Of these 58 genes, 37 are located in chromosome I, 35 in chromosome II and 15 in chromosome III. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that among the 14 reported species of Asterids, C. wilfordii is most closely related to Asclepias syriaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Oh
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Jeollabukdo ARES Medicinal Resource Research Institute, Jinan, Korea
| | - Chang-Kug Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
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Huang Q, Mao XF, Wu HY, Liu H, Sun ML, Wang X, Wang YX. Cynandione A attenuates neuropathic pain through p38β MAPK-mediated spinal microglial expression of β-endorphin. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:64-77. [PMID: 28189715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix (baishouwu), a medicinal herb, has been widely used in Asia to treat a variety of diseases or illnesses. Cynandione A isolated from C. Wilfordii is the principle acetophenone and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to evaluate the antihypersensitivity activities of cynandione A in neuropathy and explored its mechanisms of action. Intrathecal injection of cynandione A dose-dependently attenuated spinal nerve ligation-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, with maximal possible effects of 57% and 59%, ED50s of 14.9μg and 6.5μg, respectively. Intrathecal injection of cynandione A significantly increased β-endorphin levels in spinal cords of neuropathic rats and its treatment concentration-dependently induced β-endorphin expression in cultured primary microglia (but not in neurons or astrocytes), with EC50s of 38.8 and 20.0μM, respectively. Cynandione A also non-selectively upregulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and extracellular signal regulated kinase (JNK) in primary microglial culture; however, cynandione A-stimulated β-endorphin expression was completely inhibited by the specific p38 activation inhibitor SB203580, but not by the ERK1/2 or JNK activation inhibitors. Knockdown of spinal p38β but not p38α using siRNA also completely blocked cynandione A-induced β-endorphin expression in cultured microglial cells. Furthermore, cynandione A-induced antiallodynia in neuropathy was totally inhibited by the microglial inhibitor minocycline, SB203580, anti-β-endorphin antibody, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist CTAP (but not the κ- or δ-opioid receptor antagonist). These results suggest that cynandione A attenuates neuropathic pain through upregulation of spinal microglial expression β-endorphin via p38β MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Mao
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hai-Yun Wu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ming-Li Sun
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Kim J, Yang S, Choi CY. The Evaluation of the Effect of Herbal Extract on Osteoarthritis: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016; 21:310-316. [PMID: 28078252 PMCID: PMC5216881 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.4.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-osteoarthritis effects of Cynanchum wilfordii, Phlomis umbrosa, and Angelica gigas extract (CPAE), observed and confirmed in previously clinical studies were further investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Anabolic biomarkers related to healthy cartilage maintenance, such as aggrecan, type II collagen α-1 (Col2a1), sex determining region Y-box-9 (Sox-9), and catabolic biomarkers related to osteoarthritis, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (Nfκb), were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and reporter gene assay. In vitro study results showed significant changes in both anabolic and catabolic biomarkers. For anabolic factors, significant changes in the level of aggrecan (P<0.05), Col2a1 (P<0.05), and Sox-9 (P<0.01) activation were shown after treatment of cartilage cells with CPAE (50 ng/mL) with similar efficacy compared to insulin growth factor, the positive control (100 ng/mL). For catabolic factors, significant changes in the inhibition activity of Cox-2 (P<0.05), Mmp13 (P<0.01), and Nfκb (P<0.05) were shown for CPAE (50 ng/mL) with similar efficacy compared to Celecoxib, the positive control (10 μM). In the in vivo carrageenan-induced paw edema model study results showed that CPAE-treated groups (100 mg/kg) and Celecoxib-treated groups (60 mg/kg) showed comparably significant efficacy of inhibition by 37.1% and 52.1%, respectively. Furthermore, CPAE (200 mg/kg) showed similar effect to Celecoxib (60 mg/kg) with an inhibition rate of 54.3%. This result confirms that CPAE effectively inhibited the inflammation-induced osteoarthritis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Kim
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jeonnam 59338, Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Chul-Yung Choi
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jeonnam 59338, Korea
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Dolzhansky OV, Shilova MA, Paltseva EM, Fedorov DN, Kocharyan EZ, Pigolkin YI. [Aortic aneurysm in Erdheim's idiopathic cystic medial necrosis in autopsy and forensic medical practice]. Arkh Patol 2016; 78:3-9. [PMID: 27600776 DOI: 10.17116/patol20167843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To date, the modern Russian literature has not covered morphological studies of aortic aneurysm in Erdheim's idiopathic cystic medial necrosis on autopsy and surgical materials, by using immunohistochemical studies, and it has not estimated the magnitude of pathohistochemical changes in the aortic media either. AIM to conduct a morphological examination of aortic aneurysm in Erdheim's idiopathic cystic medial necrosis, by using the material of pathology and forensic medical departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS 41 surgical samples from patients with idiopathic cystic medial necrosis of the ascending aorta and autopsy samples from 17 sudden deaths from aortic rupture were examined. The aortic wall was histologically and histochemically studied. Immunohistochemical examination was done using antibodies to smooth muscle actin, collagens types I and III, elastin, CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD20 (B lymphocytes), CD45 (leukocyte common antigen), CD68 (macrophages), apoptotic marker p53, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). RESULTS Morphological examination showed lamellar unit destruction, fibrosis, medial necrosis, and elastic fiber fragmentation. These signs were assessed by their degree. The immunohistochemical examination of collagens types I and III determined fascicles of randomly positioned fibers. The multidirectional orientation of smooth muscle cells was confirmed by the expression of smooth muscle actin. There was an obvious expression of the apoptotic marker p53 in the smooth muscle cells of the aortic media and in the aortic adventitia. The expression of TNF-α was revealed in the cells of an inflammatory infiltrate in the aneurysm wall and that of ICAM-1 was found in the aortic endothelium, vasa vasorum, and in the cells of an inflammatory infiltrate in the media and adventitia. The paper proposes a design of postmortem and forensic medical diagnosis, which reflects the components of pathogenesis and tanatogenesis in Erdheim's idiopathic cystic medial necrosis and which allows ICD-10 diagnosis coding. CONCLUSION The main histopathological signs of aortic aneurysm in Erdheim's idiopathic cystic medial necrosis were presented; structural changes in the primary components of the aortic wall were characterized; the cells of an inflammatory infiltrate were investigated; and the formulation of autopsy and forensic medical diagnoses was proposed.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cysts/metabolism
- Cysts/pathology
- Death, Sudden
- Female
- Forensic Pathology
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Dolzhansky
- Acad. B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Shilova
- Department of Forensic Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E M Paltseva
- Acad. B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - D N Fedorov
- Acad. B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Z Kocharyan
- Acad. B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu I Pigolkin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Jang SA, Lee S, Sohn EH, Yang J, Park DW, Jeong YJ, Kim I, Kwon JE, Song HS, Cho YM, Meng X, Koo HJ, Kang SC. Cynanchum wilfordii Radix attenuates liver fat accumulation and damage by suppressing hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase in mice fed with a high-fat and high-fructose diet. Nutr Res 2016; 36:914-924. [PMID: 27632911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of fat and fructose augments the pathological progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, and hepatic de novo lipogenesis. We hypothesized that supplementation with Cynanchum wilfordii extract (CWE) decreases fat accumulation in the liver by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The beneficial effect of CWE was evaluated in a murine model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mice were fed either a normal diet or an atherogenic diet with fructose (ATHFR) in the presence or absence of CWE (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg; n=6/group). Treatment with ATHFR induced a hepatosplenomegaly-like condition (increased liver and spleen weight); this pathological change was attenuated in the presence of CWE. The ATHFR group exhibited impaired liver function, as evidenced by increased blood levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, fat accumulation in the liver, and lipid profiles. Supplementation of CWE (100 and 200 mg/kg, P<.05) ameliorated these impaired liver functions. Atherogenic diet with fructose increased the protein levels of COX-2 and p38 MAPK, as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These signaling pathways, which are associated with the inflammatory response, were markedly suppressed after CWE treatment (100 and 200 mg/kg). In summary, CWE supplementation reduced high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced fat accumulation and damage in the liver by suppressing COX-2, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-A Jang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - SungRyul Lee
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Sohn
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resources, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 245-710, Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Yang
- Department of Medicinal and Industrial Crops, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Dae Won Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yong Joon Jeong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Inhye Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kwon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Hae Seong Song
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Young Mi Cho
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Koo
- Department of Medicinal and Industrial Crops, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
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Wang Y, Cao J, Fan Y, Xie Y, Xu Z, Yin Z, Gao L, Wang C. Artemisinin inhibits monocyte adhesion to HUVECs through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1567-75. [PMID: 27122190 PMCID: PMC4866958 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) plays a crucial role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are two important molecules involved in the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs. Previous studies have suggested that artemisinin, apart from an anti-malarial agent, also has other effects. In the present study, we found that artemisinin significantly decreased the adhesion of monocytes to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the mRNA and protein level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. In addition, the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors (SB203580 and U0126) respectively reduced the adhesion of monocytes to TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs, and suppressed ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in TNF-α stimulated HUVECs. Moreover, artemisinin impeded the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, Bay 11-7082 significantly decreased the phosphorylation of levels extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Taken together, the findings of our study indicated that artemisinin blocked monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-stimulated to HUVECs by downregulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in the TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. Artemisinin may thus have potential for use in the protection against the early development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiatian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yushui Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zuojun Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhaofang Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changqian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Li JL, Fu Y, Zhang HY, Zhao WM. Two new humulanolides from the roots of Cynanchum wilfordii. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Discrimination and Proper Use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix, and Cynanchi Auriculati Radix in Korea: A Descriptive Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:827380. [PMID: 26539235 PMCID: PMC4619926 DOI: 10.1155/2015/827380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR), Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix (CWR), and Cynanchi Auriculati Radix (CAR) are very popular herbal medicines in Traditional Korean Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Kampo Medicine. However, the plant origins, efficacies, and traditional uses of these herbal medicines differ. In Korea, PMR is called Ha Su O (He Shou Wu in China), and CWR is called Baek Ha Su O or Baek Su O (Bai Shou Wu in China). Baek Su O refers to CWR in Korea and CAR in China. CAR has not been used as a traditional herbal medicine, and it cannot be legally used as a food or food ingredient in Korea. However, CAR is cultivated in Korea and imported from China. Because the morphology of CWR and CAR is very similar, they are often confused and misused in Korea. This review discusses the reasons for the confusion and misuse of these substances in Korea and provides the exact plant origins, efficacies, uses, components, and toxicities of PMR, CWR, and CAR so that they can be correctly understood and used.
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