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Ren H, Dai R, Nik Nabil WN, Xi Z, Wang F, Xu H. Unveiling the dual role of autophagy in vascular remodelling and its related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115643. [PMID: 37839111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodelling is an adaptive response to physiological and pathological stimuli that leads to structural and functional changes in the vascular intima, media, and adventitia. Pathological vascular remodelling is a hallmark feature of numerous vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, abdominal aortic aneurysm, pulmonary hypertension and preeclampsia. Autophagy is critical in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including vascular diseases. However, despite emerging evidence, the role of autophagy and its dual effects on vascular remodelling has garnered limited attention. Autophagy can exert protective and detrimental effects on the vascular intima, media and adventitia, thereby substantially influencing the course of vascular remodelling and its related vascular diseases. Currently, there has not been a review that thoroughly describes the regulation of autophagy in vascular remodelling and its impact on related diseases. Therefore, this review aimed to bridge this gap by focusing on the regulatory roles of autophagy in diseases related to vascular remodelling. This review also summarizes recent advancements in therapeutic agents targeting autophagy to regulate vascular remodelling. Additionally, this review offers an overview of recent breakthroughs in therapeutic agents targeting autophagy to regulate vascular remodelling. A deeper understanding of how autophagy orchestrates vascular remodelling can drive the development of targeted therapies for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangui Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rongchen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wan Najbah Nik Nabil
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China; Pharmaceutical Services Program, Ministry of Health, Selangor 46200, Malaysia
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wang E, Zhou S, Zeng D, Wang R. Molecular regulation and therapeutic implications of cell death in pulmonary hypertension. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:239. [PMID: 37438344 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a clinical and pathophysiological syndrome caused by changes in pulmonary vascular structure or function that results in increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure, and it is characterized by pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary artery media thickening, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right ventricular hypertrophy, all of which are driven by an imbalance between the growth and death of pulmonary vascular cells. Programmed cell death (PCD), different from cell necrosis, is an active cellular death mechanism that is activated in response to both internal and external factors and is precisely regulated by cells. More than a dozen PCD modes have been identified, among which apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and cuproptosis have been proven to be involved in the pathophysiology of PH to varying degrees. This article provides a summary of the regulatory patterns of different PCD modes and their potential effects on PH. Additionally, it describes the current understanding of this complex and interconnected process and analyzes the therapeutic potential of targeting specific PCD modes as molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Wang
- Department of respiratory and critical care medicine, the first affiliated hospital of Anhui medical university, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Sijing Zhou
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hefei third clinical college of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Daxiong Zeng
- Department of pulmonary and critical care medicine, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of respiratory and critical care medicine, the first affiliated hospital of Anhui medical university, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Farnesyl diphosphate synthase regulated endothelial proliferation and autophagy during rat pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by monocrotaline. Mol Med 2022; 28:94. [PMID: 35962329 PMCID: PMC9373289 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proliferation ability and autophagy level of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) play an important role in promoting the development of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), and there is still no effective treatment for PAH. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. The intermediate metabolites of this pathway are closely related to the activity of autophagy-associated small G proteins, including Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). Studies have shown that the mevalonate pathway affects the activation levels of different small G proteins, autophagy signaling pathways, vascular endothelial function, and so on. However, the exact relationship between them is still unclear in PAH. Method In vitro, western blotting and mRFP-GFP-LC3 puncta formation assays were used to observe the expression of FDPS and the level of autophagy in PAECs treated with monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP). In addition, cell proliferation and migration assays were used to assess the effect of FDPS on endothelial function, and Rac1 activity assays were used to evaluate the effect of Rac1 activation on PAEC autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In vivo, the right heart catheterization method, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and western blotting were used to determine the effect of FDPS on PAEC autophagy and monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Results We show that the expression of FDPS is increased in the PAH module in vitro and in vivo, concomitant with the induction of autophagy and the activation of Rac1. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of FDPS ameliorates endothelial function and decreases MCT-induced autophagy levels. Mechanistically, we found that FDPS promotes autophagy, Rac1 activity and endothelial disfunction through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study suggests that FDPS contributes to active small G protein-induced autophagy during MCT-induced PAH, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target against PAH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00511-7.
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Ye W, Tang T, Li Z, Li X, Huang Q. Piperlongumine attenuates vascular remodeling in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by regulating autophagy. J Cardiol 2022; 79:134-143. [PMID: 34518076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect of piperlongumine on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. METHODS A hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rat model was constructed, primary rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were isolated, and the proliferation of PASMCs was measured by Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. The expression of autophagic proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) and P62 were examined by western blot. Autophagic flux in PASMCs was detected by tandem mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence analysis. RESULTS Hypoxia-induced proliferation of PASMCs was significantly inhibited by piperlongumine exposure. Treatment with piperlongumine elevated LC3B II/LC3B I protein ratio and decreased the expression of P62 protein in both PASMCs and rat lung tissues. Tandem mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence analysis showed that piperlongumine increased autophagic flux in PASMCs. Inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) attenuated the inhibitory effect of piperlongumine on proliferation of PASMCs. Chronic hypoxia exposure led to a significant increase in rat right ventricle systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, wall thickness and area of pulmonary artery, and muscularization of pulmonary arterioles, which was obviously suppressed by administration of piperlongumine. 3-MA attenuated the alleviating effects of piperlongumine on pulmonary vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Piperlongumine attenuates vascular remodeling in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by regulating autophagy. Piperlongumine treatment may serve as a promising therapy for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Ye
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang Hospital, 1229 Gudun Road Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, PR China
| | - Tingyu Tang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang Hospital, 1229 Gudun Road Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, PR China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang Hospital, 1229 Gudun Road Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, PR China
| | - Xuefang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qingdong Huang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang Hospital, 1229 Gudun Road Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, PR China.
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Evans CE, Cober ND, Dai Z, Stewart DJ, Zhao YY. Endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.03957-2020. [PMID: 33509961 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03957-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that involves pulmonary vasoconstriction, small vessel obliteration, large vessel thickening and obstruction, and development of plexiform lesions. PAH vasculopathy leads to progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance, right heart failure and, ultimately, premature death. Besides other cell types that are known to be involved in PAH pathogenesis (e.g. smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes), recent studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells (ECs) have a crucial role in the initiation and progression of PAH. The EC-specific role in PAH is multi-faceted and affects numerous pathophysiological processes, including vasoconstriction, inflammation, coagulation, metabolism and oxidative/nitrative stress, as well as cell viability, growth and differentiation. In this review, we describe how EC dysfunction and cell signalling regulate the pathogenesis of PAH. We also highlight areas of research that warrant attention in future studies, and discuss potential molecular signalling pathways in ECs that could be targeted therapeutically in the prevention and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Evans
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Section of Injury Repair and Regeneration, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas D Cober
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Dept of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhiyu Dai
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Section of Injury Repair and Regeneration, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Dept of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Section of Injury Repair and Regeneration, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA .,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Protein network analyses of pulmonary endothelial cells in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5583. [PMID: 33692478 PMCID: PMC7946953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a vascular disease characterized by the presence of organized thromboembolic material in pulmonary arteries leading to increased vascular resistance, heart failure and death. Dysfunction of endothelial cells is involved in CTEPH. The present study describes for the first time the molecular processes underlying endothelial dysfunction in the development of the CTEPH. The advanced analytical approach and the protein network analyses of patient derived CTEPH endothelial cells allowed the quantitation of 3258 proteins. The 673 differentially regulated proteins were associated with functional and disease protein network modules. The protein network analyses resulted in the characterization of dysregulated pathways associated with endothelial dysfunction, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative phosphorylation, sirtuin signaling, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and fatty acid metabolism related pathways. In addition, the quantification of advanced oxidation protein products, total protein carbonyl content, and intracellular reactive oxygen species resulted increased attesting the dysregulation of oxidative stress response. In conclusion this is the first quantitative study to highlight the involvement of endothelial dysfunction in CTEPH using patient samples and by network medicine approach.
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β-arrestin1 inhibits hypoxic injury-induced autophagy in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 125:105791. [PMID: 32544529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been greatly implicated in injured endothelial cells during pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). β-arrestin1, a multifunctional cytoplasmic protein, has attracted considerable attention as an essential protective factor in PAH. However, its role in autophagy of injured pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) remains to be determined. Here, we investigated the potential effects of β-arrestin1 on autophagy and apoptosis in human PAECs (hPAECs) under hypoxic stress. Hypoxic stimuli increases autophagy and decreases the level of β-arrestin1 in hPAECs. Furthermore, pathologic changes, namely increased proliferation, migration, and apoptosis resistance, are observed after hypoxia exposure. These are reversed after β-arrestin1 overexpression (β-arrestin1-OV) or treatment with 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor. Finally, β-arrestin1 suppresses the increase in autophagy and apoptosis resistance of hypoxic hPAECs. Mechanistically, β-arrestin1 upregulates the activity of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and downregulates the expression of BNIP3 and Nix after hypoxic stress. Collectively, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that β-arrestin1 reduces excessive autophagy and apoptosis resistance by activating the Akt/mTOR axis in hypoxic hPAECs. This knowledge suggests a promising therapeutic target for PAH.
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8
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Bao YR, Chen JW, Jiang Y, Wang LH, Xue R, Qian JX, Zhang GX. Sodium Tanshinone II Sulfonate A Ameliorates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:687. [PMID: 32508639 PMCID: PMC7253651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a prevalent disease globally. Sodium tanshinone II sulfonate A (STS) has been used in clinical treatment of PH. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium STS treatment on hypoxia-induced PH and related mechanisms. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in a hypoxic chamber with an oxygen concentration of 10 ± 1% for 8 h a day over 21 days. Rats were treated with either STS (low-dose: 10 mg/kg or high-dose: 30 mg/kg) or LY294002 (which is an inhibitor of PI3K). Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured, right ventricular hypertrophy parameters were monitored, lung edema parameters were measured, and pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Protein expressions of apoptosis, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagy pathways in rat lung tissue were examined by western blot. Levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in lung tissues of rats were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Results of our study demonstrate that persistent exposure to hypoxic conditions increased PAP, right ventricular hypertrophy, lung edema, parameters of lung vascular proliferation and decreased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Furthermore, hypoxic conditions activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, inhibited autophagy, and elevated abundance of inflammatory factors in rat lung tissue. Treatment with STS resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in PAP, right ventricular hypertrophy, lung edema, lung vascular proliferation and reversed hypoxia induced lung tissue protein expression and pro-inflammatory factors in rat lung tissue. In addition, hypoxia-induced increases in PAP, cardiac hypertrophy, and lung expression of the proteins PI3K/Akt/mTOR/autophagy pathway were partially reversed by treatment with LY294002. Conclusions STS alleviates hypoxia-induced PH by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, up-regulating autophagy, and inhibiting inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Bao
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Xue
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Xian Qian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Guo-Xing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Wu P, Wang A, Cheng J, Chen L, Pan Y, Li H, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Chu W, Zhang J. Effects of Starvation on Antioxidant-Related Signaling Molecules, Oxidative Stress, and Autophagy in Juvenile Chinese Perch Skeletal Muscle. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:81-93. [PMID: 31965438 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The autophagic lysosomal protein degradation pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, which utilizes lysosomes to degrade and to circulate cell components. Autophagy has been observed in many different types of cells, but its role in skeletal muscle protein degradation has not been thoroughly studied, especially in aquatic species. This study assessed the expression of antioxidant-related signaling genes and the effects of starvation on antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, autophagy-related gene, and autophagosome formation in the skeletal muscle of juvenile Chinese perch after short-term starvation. The results indicated that after starvation for 2 days, the expression of antioxidant-related signaling genes, such as Nrf2 and S6K, was upregulated, while Keap1 was downregulated in the muscle of juvenile Chinese perch. The amounts of antioxidant enzymes ROS, MDA, AHRFR, and ASA and the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST were increased, and the mRNA levels of GPx, GSTA, GST4A, GSTT1, MnSOD, ZnSOD, and CAT were upregulated. Meanwhile, there was no significant change in the level of LC3-II protein. When starvation was prolonged to 5 days, Nrf2 and S6K1 continued to increase and mTOR and Keap1 significantly decreased; ROS and ASA content continued to be significantly increased, but the MDA and AHRFR content and the SOD, CAT GR, and GPx activities all decreased. The expression of MnSOD, ZnSOD, and GR decreased significantly, and GST4A, GSTT1, and CAT tended to decrease to levels consistent with normal feeding. The expression of all autophagy-related genes except Ulk1 significantly increased, the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes was enhanced in muscle, and LC3 protein levels in muscle increased significantly. Our data suggested that the autophagy that occurs in the skeletal muscle tissue of Chinese perch due to dietary deprivation is involved in a series of molecular and physiological responses, including changes in antioxidant signaling molecules, in antioxidant capacity and in autophagy and autophagy-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal pool in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Yaxiong Pan
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
| | - Wuying Chu
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China.
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China.
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Liu T, Zou XZ, Huang N, Ge XY, Yao MZ, Liu H, Zhang Z, Hu CP. Down-regulation of miR-204 attenuates endothelial-mesenchymal transition by enhancing autophagy in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172673. [PMID: 31542480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial remodeling is a crucial cause of increased pulmonary artery pressure during pulmonary hypertension (PH). Recently, growing evidence has upheld the contribution of endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) to pulmonary arterial remodeling, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unaddressed. miR-204 has been implicated in PH, being anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic in pulmonary artery smooth muscles cells (PASMCs), but its role in EndMT is still unknown. Here we found that miR-204 was down-regulated by hypoxia in rat pulmonary arterial intima and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs), and its further down-regulation by using miR-204 inhibitor suppressed hypoxia-induced EndMT. Moreover, autophagy, evoked by hypoxia in rat pulmonary arterial intima and HPAECs, suppressed hypoxia-induced EndMT via p62-dependent degradation of Snail and Twist. Additionally, autophagy was regulated by miR-204 targeting ATG7. While down-regulation of miR-204 in PASMCs reportedly promoted monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via increased cell proliferation, our data suggested an important, albeit dichotomous, role of miR-204 down-regulation in endothelial cells in the process of EndMT that it attenuated EndMT by enhancing autophagy, thereby ameliorating hypoxia-induced PH to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Mao-Zhong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
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11
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Chen YB. Autophagy and its role in pulmonary hypertension. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1027-1033. [PMID: 30406918 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-1063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a very common kind of pulmonary vascular disease, which can cause a heavier burden on patient's quality of life, even lead to death. Yet, the mechanism of PH is incomprehensive and not so clear nowadays. In recent years, more and more studies show that autophagy plays a pivotal role in the development of PH. Some modalities target on the formation or maturation of autophagosome that has emerged from our increasing knowledge of autophagy machinery, which may prevent or eliminate the process of PH. The deciphering of molecular selectivity of autophagy has also been a source of novel modulators that act specifically on selective forms of autophagy. Tremendous recent progress has opened a new possibility for modulating autophagy in complex diseases. Thus, autophagy may become a prospective choice for treatment of PH. Herein, we reviewed the literatures and discussed the role of autophagy in the development and treatment of PH.
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12
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Zhang CF, Zhao FY, Xu SL, Liu J, Xing XQ, Yang J. Autophagy in pulmonary hypertension: Emerging roles and therapeutic implications. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16755-16767. [PMID: 30932199 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanism for cellular self-digestion and basal homeostasis. This gene- and modulator-regulated pathway is conserved in cells. Recently, several studies have shown that autophagic dysfunction is associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the relationship between autophagy and PH remains controversial. In this review, we mainly introduce the effects of autophagy-related genes and some regulatory molecules on PH and the relationship between autophagy and PH under the conditions of hypoxia, monocrotaline injection, thromboembolic stress, oxidative stress, and other drugs and toxins. The effects of other autophagy-related drugs, such as chloroquine, 3-methyladenine, rapamycin, and other potential therapeutic drugs and targets, in PH are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang-Yun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'An Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuang-Lan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi-Qian Xing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Liao SX, Sun PP, Gu YH, Rao XM, Zhang LY, Ou-Yang Y. Autophagy and pulmonary disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2019; 13:1753466619890538. [PMID: 31771432 PMCID: PMC6887802 DOI: 10.1177/1753466619890538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of cell self-renewal that is dependent on the degradation of the cytoplasmic proteins or organelles of lysosomes. Many diseases, such as metabolic diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and lung diseases, have been confirmed to be associated with elevated or impaired levels of autophagy. At present, studies have found that autophagy participates in the regulation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, lung cancer, and other pulmonary diseases. Using recent literature on the signal transduction mechanisms of autophagy and the effects of autophagy signalling on lung diseases, this review intends to clarify the mechanisms of lung disease to guide the treatment of related diseases. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-xia Liao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Peng-peng Sun
- Department of Osteopathy, Affiliated Hospital of
ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan-hui Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Xi-min Rao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Lan-ying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Yao Ou-Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated
Hospital of ZunYi Medical College, 201 Daliang Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou
563003, P.R. China
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14
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15
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Singh N, Singh H, Jagavelu K, Wahajuddin M, Hanif K. Fatty acid synthase modulates proliferation, metabolic functions and angiogenesis in hypoxic pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:462-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Effects of FHL1 and P21 on hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4245-4253. [PMID: 29067108 PMCID: PMC5647724 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that altered expression levels of four and a half LIM domains 1 (FHL1) and P21 are necessary for hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling in both adult rats and human patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, whether FHL1 and P21 are present in the pulmonary artery and whether these proteins affect pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in neonatal rats remain unknown. The present study investigated the effects of altered FHL1 and P21 expression on pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal rats with HPH. A total of 32 newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hypoxia or room air for 7 or 14 days (n=8/subgroup). Parameters including the percentage of medial wall thickness (WT%), the percentage of medial wall area (WA%), right ventricular (RV) mean pressure, RV hypertrophy index (RVHI) and RV systolic pressure (RVSP) were measured to evaluate the development of HPH. Additionally, the expressions of FHL1 and P21 in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. WA%, WT%, RV mean pressure, RVHI and RVSP were significantly increased in the HPH model group when compared with the control group (P<0.01). The protein expression levels of FHL1 were significantly increased in the HPH group (P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of P21 were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the protein expressions of FHL1 and P21 were correlated with WA% and WT% (all P<0.001), and that the protein expression of P21 was negatively correlated with that of FHL1 (P<0.01). The results indicated that the expressions of FHL1 and P21 were altered in the PASMCs of newborn rats with HPH. Furthermore, FHL1 and P21 may serve important roles in pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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17
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An Z, Qiao F, Lu Q, Ma Y, Liu Y, Lu F, Xu Z. Interleukin-6 downregulated vascular smooth muscle cell contractile proteins via ATG4B-mediated autophagy in thoracic aortic dissection. Heart Vessels 2017; 32:1523-1535. [PMID: 28965202 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-1054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) overexpression played an important role in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD). Our previous study found enhanced autophagy accompanying with contractile proteins α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and smooth muscle 22α (SM22α) degradation in TAD aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Autophagy is an important way for intracellular proteins degradation, while IL-6 has been found as a contributing factor of autophagy in some cancers. These indicated IL-6 might contribute to the occurrence of TAD by promoting autophagy-induced contractile proteins degradation, which has not been investigated. The aim of the present study is to verify this hypothesis and investigate the mechanism of it. We collected 10 TAD and 10 control aortic specimens from patients underwent TAD surgical repair and coronary artery bypass grafting, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA expression. Protein expression level was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta overexpression adenovirus with green and red fluorescent protein tags and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect autophagy level in VSMCs. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine were used to block autophagy in human VSMCs. Experiment results showed that the expression of IL-6 was significantly increased accompanying with up-regulated autophagy in TAD aortic wall compared with controls. In vitro results showed that IL-6 stimulation decreased the expression of VSMCs contractile proteins α-SMA and SM22α accompanying with up-regulated autophagy. Blocking autophagy with 3-MA or chloroquine inhibited IL-6 induced α-SMA and SM22α degradation. Further investigation showed that autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase (ATG4B) was significantly overexpressed in TAD aortic wall and played important role in IL-6 induced autophagy up-regulation. ATG4B knockdown blocked IL-6-induced autophagy and α-SMA and SM22α degradation, while ATG4B overexpression partly replaced the function of IL-6 in human VSMCs. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that IL-6 downregulated expression of VSMCs contractile proteins α-SMA and SM22α via enhancing ATG4B-mediated autophagy in TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fan Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qijue Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fanglin Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zhiyun Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Aghamohammadzadeh R, Zhang YY, Stephens TE, Arons E, Zaman P, Polach KJ, Matar M, Yung LM, Yu PB, Bowman FP, Opotowsky AR, Waxman AB, Loscalzo J, Leopold JA, Maron BA. Up-regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 subunit Raptor by aldosterone induces abnormal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell survival patterns to promote pulmonary arterial hypertension. FASEB J 2016; 30:2511-27. [PMID: 27006450 PMCID: PMC4904292 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) subunit Raptor induces cell growth and is a downstream target of Akt. Elevated levels of aldosterone activate Akt, and, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), correlate with pulmonary arteriole thickening, which suggests that mTORC1 regulation by aldosterone may mediate adverse pulmonary vascular remodeling. We hypothesized that aldosterone-Raptor signaling induces abnormal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) survival patterns to promote PAH. Remodeled pulmonary arterioles from SU-5416/hypoxia-PAH rats and monocrotaline-PAH rats with hyperaldosteronism expressed increased levels of the Raptor target, p70S6K, which provided a basis for investigating aldosterone-Raptor signaling in human PASMCs. Aldosterone (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) increased Akt/mTOR/Raptor to activate p70S6K and increase proliferation, viability, and apoptosis resistance in PASMCs. In PASMCs transfected with Raptor-small interfering RNA or treated with spironolactone/eplerenone, aldosterone or pulmonary arterial plasma from patients with PAH failed to increase p70S6K activation or to induce cell survival in vitro Optimal inhibition of pulmonary arteriole Raptor was achieved by treatment with Staramine-monomethoxy polyethylene glycol that was formulated with Raptor-small interfering RNA plus spironolactone in vivo, which decreased arteriole muscularization and pulmonary hypertension in 2 experimental animal models of PAH in vivo Up-regulation of mTORC1 by aldosterone is a critical pathobiologic mechanism that controls PASMC survival to promote hypertrophic vascular remodeling and PAH.-Aghamohammadzadeh, R., Zhang, Y.-Y., Stephens, T. E., Arons, E., Zaman, P., Polach, K. J., Matar, M., Yung, L.-M., Yu, P. B., Bowman, F. P., Opotowsky, A. R., Waxman, A. B., Loscalzo, J., Leopold, J. A., Maron, B. A. Up-regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 subunit Raptor by aldosterone induces abnormal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell survival patterns to promote pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aghamohammadzadeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas E Stephens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Arons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paula Zaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Majed Matar
- Celsion Corporation, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lai-Ming Yung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederick P Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander R Opotowsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron B Waxman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane A Leopold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley A Maron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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