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Regoni M, Valtorta F, Sassone J. Dopaminergic neuronal death via necroptosis in Parkinson's disease: A review of the literature. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1079-1098. [PMID: 37667848 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Several pathways of programmed cell death are likely to play a role in dopaminergic neuron death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, as well as cell death associated with proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuron death could inform the design of drugs that promote neuron survival. Necroptosis is a recently characterized regulated cell death mechanism that exhibits morphological features common to both apoptosis and necrosis. It requires activation of an intracellular pathway involving receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1 kinase, RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein 3 kinase (RIP3 kinase, RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL). The potential involvement of this programmed cell death pathway in the pathogenesis of PD has been studied by analysing biomarkers for necroptosis, such as the levels and oligomerization of phosphorylated RIPK3 (pRIPK3) and phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL), in several PD preclinical models and in PD human tissue. Although there is evidence that other types of cell death also have a role in DA neuron death, most studies support the hypothesis that this cell death mechanism is activated in PD tissues. Drugs that prevent or reduce necroptosis may provide neuroprotection for PD. In this review, we summarize the findings from these studies. We also discuss how manipulating necroptosis might open a novel therapeutic approach to reduce neuronal degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Regoni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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2
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Ramires Júnior OV, Silveira JS, Dos Santos TM, Ferreira FS, Vizuete AFK, Gonçalves CA, Wyse ATS. Homocysteine May Decrease Glucose Uptake and Alter the Akt/GSK3β/GLUT1 Signaling Pathway in Hippocampal Slices: Neuroprotective Effects of Rivastigmine and Ibuprofen. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5468-5481. [PMID: 37314655 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease, and is related to cellular and tissue damage. In the present study, we verified the effect of Hcy on neurochemical parameters (redox homeostasis, neuronal excitability, glucose, and lactate levels) and the Serine/Threonine kinase B (Akt), Glucose synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) signaling pathway in hippocampal slices, as well as the neuroprotective effects of ibuprofen and rivastigmine alone or in combination in such effects. Male Wistar rats (90 days old) were euthanized and the brains were dissected. The hippocampus slices were pre-treated for 30 min [saline medium or Hcy (30 µM)], then the other treatments were added to the medium for another 30 min [ibuprofen, rivastigmine, or ibuprofen + rivastigmine]. The dichlorofluorescein formed, nitrite and Na+, K+-ATPase activity was increased by Hcy at 30 µM. Ibuprofen reduced dichlorofluorescein formation and attenuated the effect of Hcy. The reduced glutathione content was reduced by Hcy. Treatments with ibuprofen and Hcy + ibuprofen increased reduced glutathione. Hcy at 30 µM caused a decrease in hippocampal glucose uptake and GLUT1 expression, and an increase in Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-protein expression. Phosphorylated GSK3β and Akt levels were reduced by Hcy (30 µM) and co-treatment with Hcy + rivastigmine + ibuprofen reversed these effects. Hcy toxicity on glucose metabolism can promote neurological damage. The combination of treatment with rivastigmine + ibuprofen attenuated such effects, probably by regulating the Akt/GSK3β/GLUT1 signaling pathway. Reversal of Hcy cellular damage by these compounds may be a potential neuroprotective strategy for brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmar Vieira Ramires Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Josiane Silva Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcon Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fernanda K Vizuete
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligantes de Cálcio no SNC, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligantes de Cálcio no SNC, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases (Wyse´s Lab), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil.
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Wang YF, Wang YD, Gao S, Sun W. Implications of p53 in mitochondrial dysfunction and Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36514978 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2158824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To study the underlying molecular mechanisms of p53 in the mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and provide a potential therapeutic target for PD treatment.Methods: We review the contributions of p53 to mitochondrial changes leading to apoptosis and the subsequent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD.Results: P53 is a multifunctional protein implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes via transcription-dependent and transcription-independent mechanisms. Mitochondria are vital subcellular organelles for that maintain cellular function, and mitochondrial defect and impairment are primary causes of dopaminergic neuron degeneration in PD. Increasing evidence has revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction-associated dopaminergic neuron degeneration is tightly regulated by p53 in PD pathogenesis. Neurodegenerative stress triggers p53 activation, which induces mitochondrial changes, including transmembrane permeability, reactive oxygen species production, Ca2+ overload, electron transport chain defects and other dynamic alterations, and these changes contribute to neurodegeneration and are linked closely with PD occurrence and development. P53 inhibition has been shown to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction and protect dopaminergic neurons from degeneration under conditions of neurodegenerative stress.Conclusions: p53 appears to be a potential target for neuroprotective therapy of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Sami Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Di Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Chang Chun, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Chang Chun, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Sami Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
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Wang Z, Miu KK, Chan SW, Ou F, Wai-Nok Law P, Chan WY. Genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) reassigned in Pten-depleted mESCs along neural differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:956604. [PMID: 36619862 PMCID: PMC9814970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation have been implicated in the regulatory dynamics of gene expression in normal development and differentiation. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), created by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein-catalyzed oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), is abundant in the brain, but the genome-wide distribution and impact of 5hmC during diverse neuronal differentiation remain unknown. Here, we used an in vitro model to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into ventral midbrain and hindbrain neural progenitors, followed by characterizing global 5hmC distribution using a nano-5hmC-seal approach. The 5hmC pattern was dynamic in promoter, exon, and enhancer regions, associated with gene activation and repression. For example, ventral midbrain markers (Lmx1a, Otx2, and Th) and hindbrain markers (Hoxa1, Zic1, and Tph1) acquire 5hmC and are upregulated during differentiation. Among the differentially expressed genes involved in both midbrain and hindbrain lineage commitment, phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) was identified as a key regulator for neuronal development. We confirmed that Pten knockout disrupted the normal differentiation of midbrain/hindbrain neural progenitors, resulting in immature neurons. In addition, 5421 and 4624 differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) were identified in the differentiation of Pten-/- mESC into ventral midbrain and hindbrain progenitors, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that the majority of these DhMRs were associated with neurogenesis, ectoderm development, and signal transduction. Moreover, further combinational analysis of the 5hmC pattern and transcriptomic profile in the midbrain progenitor cells demonstrated Pten as a toggle to modulate mitochondrial associated pathways. Therefore, our findings elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying lineage-specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to the midbrain/hindbrain progenitors, where Pten participates as one key regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangting Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai-Kei Miu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Kai-Kei Miu, ; Wai-Yee Chan,
| | - See-Wing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fanghong Ou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Wai-Nok Law
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Kai-Kei Miu, ; Wai-Yee Chan,
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5
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Association of p53 with Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:6600944. [PMID: 35601652 PMCID: PMC9117072 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6600944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a vital transcriptional protein implicated in regulating diverse cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, mitochondrial metabolism, redox homeostasis, autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis. Recent studies have revealed that p53 levels and activity are substantially increased in affected neurons in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as in the brains of PD patients. p53 activation in response to neurodegenerative stress is closely associated with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, abnormal protein aggregation, and impairment of autophagy, and these pathogenic events have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Pathogenic p53 integrates diverse cellular stresses and activate these downstream events to induce the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons; thus, it plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD and appears to be a potential target for the treatment of the disease. We reviewed the current knowledge concerning p53-dependent neurodegeneration to better understand the underlying mechanisms and provide possible strategies for PD treatment by targeting p53.
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Luo H, Peng C, Xu X, Peng Y, Shi F, Li Q, Dong J, Chen M. The Protective Effects of Mogroside V Against Neuronal Damages by Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Upregulating Sirtuin3. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2068-2084. [PMID: 35040040 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are thought to play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mogroside V (MV), extracted from Siraitia grosvenorii, exhibits antioxidant-like activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of MV in neuroprotection in PD and to reveal its mechanism of action. To that end, we firstly set up mice models of PD with unilateral striatum injection of 0.25 mg/kg rotenone (Rot) and co-treated with 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg MV by gavage. Results showed that Rot-induced motor impairments and dopaminergic neuronal damage were reversed by treatment of 10 mg/kg MV. Then, we established cellular models of PD using Rot-treated SH-SY5Y cells, which were divided into six groups, including control, Rot, and co-enzyme Q10 (CQ10), as well as MV groups, MV25, MV50, and MV100 treated with 25 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM MV doses, respectively. Results demonstrated that MV effectively attenuates Rot neurotoxicity through a ROS-related intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. MV reduced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), recovered the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and increased the oxygen consumption rate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, treatment with MV led to a reduction in the number of apoptotic cells, as reflected by Annexin-V/propidium iodide co-staining using flow cytometry and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay. In addition, the Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) protein level and activity were decreased upon exposure to Rot both in substantia nigra (SN) of mice and SH-SY5Y cells. SIRT3 impairment hyperacetylated a key mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). MV alleviates SIRT3 and SOD2 molecular changes. However, after successfully inhibiting SIRT3 by its specific inhibitor 3-1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl pyridine (3TYP), MV was not able to reduce ROS levels, reverse abnormal MMP, or decrease apoptotic cells. Motor impairments and dopaminergic neuronal injury in the SN were alleviated with the oral administration of MV in Rot-treated PD mice, indicating a relationship between protection against defective motility and preservation of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, we conclude that MV can alleviate Rot-induced neurotoxicity in a PD model, and that SIRT3 may be an important regulator in the protection of MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Luo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Caixia Peng
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuntao Peng
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Min Chen
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.
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Troshneva A, Ametov A. Parkinson’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: interrelation of pathogenetic mechanisms and general therapeutic approaches. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:12-18. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212211212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vlasov IN, Alieva AK, Novosadova EV, Arsenyeva EL, Rosinskaya AV, Partevian SA, Grivennikov IA, Shadrina MI. Transcriptome Analysis of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Neuronal Progenitor Cells, Derived from Discordant Monozygotic Twins with Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:3478. [PMID: 34943986 PMCID: PMC8700621 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a widespread severe neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by pronounced deficiency of the dopaminergic system and disruption of the function of other neuromodulator systems. Although heritable genetic factors contribute significantly to PD pathogenesis, only a small percentage of sporadic cases of PD can be explained using known genetic risk factors. Due to that, it could be inferred that changes in gene expression could be important for explaining a significant percentage of PD cases. One of the ways to investigate such changes, while minimizing the effect of genetic factors on experiment, are the study of PD discordant monozygotic twins. In the course of the analysis of transcriptome data obtained from IPSC and NPCs, 20 and 1906 differentially expressed genes were identified respectively. We have observed an overexpression of TNF in NPC cultures, derived from twin with PD. Through investigation of gene interactions and gene involvement in biological processes, we have arrived to a hypothesis that TNF could play a crucial role in PD-related changes occurring in NPC derived from twins with PD, and identified INHBA, WNT7A and DKK1 as possible downstream effectors of TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Vlasov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Anelya Kh. Alieva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Novosadova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Elena L. Arsenyeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Anna V. Rosinskaya
- State Public Health Institution Primorsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1, 57 Aleutskaya St., 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Suzanna A. Partevian
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Igor A. Grivennikov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Maria I. Shadrina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (E.V.N.); (E.L.A.); (S.A.P.); (I.A.G.); (M.I.S.)
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Litwiniuk A, Baranowska-Bik A, Domańska A, Kalisz M, Bik W. Contribution of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Combined with NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121221. [PMID: 34959622 PMCID: PMC8703835 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are the most common forms of neurodegenerative illnesses. It has been widely accepted that neuroinflammation is the key pathogenic mechanism in neurodegeneration. Both mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome complex activity have a crucial role in inducing and sustaining neuroinflammation. In addition, mitochondrial-related inflammatory factors could drive the formation of inflammasome complexes, which are responsible for the activation, maturation, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). The present review includes a broadened approach to the role of mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in abnormal NLRP3 activation in selected neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we also discuss the potential mitochondria-focused treatments that could influence the NLRP3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Litwiniuk
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (A.D.); (M.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Baranowska-Bik
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anita Domańska
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (A.D.); (M.K.); (W.B.)
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kalisz
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (A.D.); (M.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Wojciech Bik
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (A.D.); (M.K.); (W.B.)
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10
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Leites EP, Morais VA. The PINK1-Mediated Crosstalk between Neural Cells and the Underlying Link to Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061395. [PMID: 34198743 PMCID: PMC8228719 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has a fundamental role in the development of idiopathic and familiar forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The nuclear-encoded mitochondrial kinase PINK1, linked to familial PD, is responsible for diverse mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control, ATP production, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and neuroinflammation. The main pathological hallmark of PD is the loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, novel discoveries have brought forward the concept that a disruption in overall brain homeostasis may be the underlying cause of this neurodegeneration disease. To sustain this, astrocytes and microglia cells lacking PINK1 have revealed increased neuroinflammation and deficits in physiological roles, such as decreased wound healing capacity and ATP production, which clearly indicate involvement of these cells in the physiopathology of PD. PINK1 executes vital functions within mitochondrial regulation that have a detrimental impact on the development and progression of PD. Hence, in this review, we aim to broaden the horizon of PINK1-mediated phenotypes occurring in neurons, astrocytes and microglia and, ultimately, highlight the importance of the crosstalk between these neural cells that is crucial for brain homeostasis.
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Prasuhn J, Davis RL, Kumar KR. Targeting Mitochondrial Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615461. [PMID: 33469539 PMCID: PMC7813753 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is complex, but mitochondrial dysfunction has an established and prominent role. This is supported by an already large and rapidly growing body of evidence showing that the role of mitochondrial (dys)function is central and multifaceted. However, there are clear gaps in knowledge, including the dilemma of explaining why inherited mitochondriopathies do not usually present with parkinsonian symptoms. Many aspects of mitochondrial function are potential therapeutic targets, including reactive oxygen species production, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics and trafficking, mitochondrial metal ion homeostasis, sirtuins, and endoplasmic reticulum links with mitochondria. Potential therapeutic strategies may also incorporate exercise, microRNAs, mitochondrial transplantation, stem cell therapies, and photobiomodulation. Despite multiple studies adopting numerous treatment strategies, clinical trials to date have generally failed to show benefit. To overcome this hurdle, more accurate biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction are required to detect subtle beneficial effects. Furthermore, selecting study participants early in the disease course, studying them for suitable durations, and stratifying them according to genetic and neuroimaging findings may increase the likelihood of successful clinical trials. Moreover, treatments involving combined approaches will likely better address the complexity of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, selecting the right patients, at the right time, and using targeted combination treatments, may offer the best chance for development of an effective novel therapy targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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12
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Shu Z, Pang P, Wu X, Cui S, Xu Y, Zhang M. An Integrative Nomogram for Identifying Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease Using Non-motor Symptoms and White Matter-Based Radiomics Biomarkers From Whole-Brain MRI. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:548616. [PMID: 33390927 PMCID: PMC7773758 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.548616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To develop and validate an integrative nomogram based on white matter (WM) radiomics biomarkers and nonmotor symptoms for the identification of early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical characteristics of 336 subjects, including 168 patients with PD, were collected from the Parkinson's Progress Markers Initiative (PPMI) database. All subjects were randomly divided into training and test sets. According to the baseline MRI scans of patients in the training set, the WM was segmented to extract the radiomic features of each patient and develop radiomics biomarkers, which were then combined with nonmotor symptoms to build an integrative nomogram using machine learning. Finally, the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the nomogram were evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve and test data, respectively. In addition, we investigated 58 patients with atypical PD who had imaging scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) to verify whether the nomogram was able to distinguish patients with typical PD from patients with SWEDD. A decision curve analysis was also performed to validate the clinical practicality of the nomogram. Results: The area under the curve values of the integrative nomogram for the training, testing and verification sets were 0.937, 0.922, and 0.836, respectively; the specificity values were 83.8, 88.2, and 91.38%, respectively; and the sensitivity values were 84.6, 82.4, and 70.69%, respectively. A significant difference in the number of patients with PD was observed between the high-risk group and the low-risk group based on the nomogram (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This integrative nomogram is a new potential method to identify patients with early-stage PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Shu
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Cui
- Second Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyun Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Magalhaes J, Tresse E, Ejlerskov P, Hu E, Liu Y, Marin A, Montalant A, Satriano L, Rundsten CF, Carlsen EMM, Rydbirk R, Sharifi-Zarchi A, Andersen JB, Aznar S, Brudek T, Khodosevich K, Prinz M, Perrier JFM, Sharma M, Gasser T, Issazadeh-Navikas S. PIAS2-mediated blockade of IFN-β signaling: a basis for sporadic Parkinson disease dementia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6083-6099. [PMID: 34234281 PMCID: PMC8758491 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Familial Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with rare genetic mutations, but the etiology in most patients with sporadic (s)PD is largely unknown, and the basis for its progression to dementia (sPDD) is poorly characterized. We have identified that loss of IFNβ or IFNAR1, the receptor for IFNα/β, causes pathological and behavioral changes resembling PDD, prompting us to hypothesize that dysregulated genes in IFNβ-IFNAR signaling pathway predispose one to sPD. By transcriptomic analysis, we found defective neuronal IFNβ-IFNAR signaling, including particularly elevated PIAS2 associated with sPDD. With meta-analysis of GWASs, we identified sequence variants in IFNβ-IFNAR-related genes in sPD patients. Furthermore, sPDD patients expressed higher levels of PIAS2 mRNA and protein in neurons. To determine its function in brain, we overexpressed PIAS2 under a neuronal promoter, alone or with human α-synuclein, in the brains of mice, which caused motor and cognitive impairments and correlated with intraneuronal phosphorylated (p)α-synuclein accumulation and dopaminergic neuron loss. Ectopic expression of neuronal PIAS2 blocked mitophagy, increased the accumulation of senescent mitochondrial and oxidative stress, as evidenced by excessive oxDJ1 and 8OHdG, by inactivating ERK1/2-P53 signaling. Conversely, PIAS2 knockdown rescued the clinicopathological manifestations of PDD in Ifnb-/- mice on restoring mitochondrial homeostasis, oxidative stress, and pERK1/2-pP53 signaling. The regulation of JAK-STAT2-PIAS2 signaling was crucial for neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival and excitability and thus might prevent cognitive impairments. Our findings provide insights into the progression of sPD and dementia and have implications for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhaes
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Tresse
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Ejlerskov
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erling Hu
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yawei Liu
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Marin
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexia Montalant
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNeuronal Signaling Lab, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Letizia Satriano
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Friis Rundsten
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Maria Meier Carlsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNeuronal Signaling Lab, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Rydbirk
- grid.512917.9Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Sharifi-Zarchi
- grid.419336.a0000 0004 0612 4397Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jesper Bøje Andersen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- grid.512917.9Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- grid.512917.9Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Prinz
- grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean-François Marie Perrier
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNeuronal Signaling Lab, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manu Sharma
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Pfeiffer RL, Marc RE, Jones BW. Persistent remodeling and neurodegeneration in late-stage retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 74:100771. [PMID: 31356876 PMCID: PMC6982593 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinal remodeling is a progressive series of negative plasticity revisions that arise from retinal degeneration, and are seen in retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration and other forms of retinal disease. These processes occur regardless of the precipitating event leading to degeneration. Retinal remodeling then culminates in a late-stage neurodegeneration that is indistinguishable from progressive central nervous system (CNS) proteinopathies. Following long-term deafferentation from photoreceptor cell death in humans, and long-lived animal models of retinal degeneration, most retinal neurons reprogram, then die. Glial cells reprogram into multiple anomalous metabolic phenotypes. At the same time, survivor neurons display degenerative inclusions that appear identical to progressive CNS neurodegenerative disease, and contain aberrant α-synuclein (α-syn) and phosphorylated α-syn. In addition, ultrastructural analysis indicates a novel potential mechanism for misfolded protein transfer that may explain how proteinopathies spread. While neurodegeneration poses a barrier to prospective retinal interventions that target primary photoreceptor loss, understanding the progression and time-course of retinal remodeling will be essential for the establishment of windows of therapeutic intervention and appropriate tuning and design of interventions. Finally, the development of protein aggregates and widespread neurodegeneration in numerous retinal degenerative diseases positions the retina as a ideal platform for the study of proteinopathies, and mechanisms of neurodegeneration that drive devastating CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pfeiffer
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Robert E Marc
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryan William Jones
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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15
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The Overcrowded Crossroads: Mitochondria, Alpha-Synuclein, and the Endo-Lysosomal System Interaction in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215312. [PMID: 31731450 PMCID: PMC6862467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, mainly affecting the elderly. The disease progresses gradually, with core motor presentations and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. There are two neuropathological hallmarks of PD, the dopaminergic neuronal loss and the alpha-synuclein-containing Lewy body inclusions in the substantia nigra. While the exact pathomechanisms of PD remain unclear, genetic investigations have revealed evidence of the involvement of mitochondrial function, alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, and the endo-lysosomal system, in disease pathogenesis. Due to the high energy demand of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondria are of special importance acting as the cellular powerhouse. Mitochondrial dynamic fusion and fission, and autophagy quality control keep the mitochondrial network in a healthy state. Should defects of the organelle occur, a variety of reactions would ensue at the cellular level, including disrupted mitochondrial respiratory network and perturbed calcium homeostasis, possibly resulting in cellular death. Meanwhile, α-syn is a presynaptic protein that helps regulate synaptic vesicle transportation and endocytosis. Its misfolding into oligomeric sheets and fibrillation is toxic to the mitochondria and neurons. Increased cellular oxidative stress leads to α-syn accumulation, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. The proteasome and endo-lysosomal systems function to regulate damage and unwanted waste management within the cell while facilitating the quality control of mitochondria and α-syn. This review will analyze the biological functions and interactions between mitochondria, α-syn, and the endo-lysosomal system in the pathogenesis of PD.
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16
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Dos Santos TM, Siebert C, de Oliveira MF, Manfredini V, Wyse ATS. Chronic mild Hyperhomocysteinemia impairs energy metabolism, promotes DNA damage and induces a Nrf2 response to oxidative stress in rats brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:687-700. [PMID: 30949917 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (HCY) has been linked to oxidative stress and varied metabolic changes that are dependent on its concentration and affected tissues. In the present study we evaluate parameters of energy metabolism [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), complex II and IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and ATP levels] and oxidative stress [DCFH oxidation, nitrite levels, antioxidant enzymes and lipid, protein and DNA damages, as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related (Nrf2) protein abundance] in amygdala and prefrontal cortex of HCY-treated rats. Wistar male rats were treated with a subcutaneous injection of HCY (0.03 µmol/g of body weight) from the 30th to 60th post-natal day, twice a day, to induce mild hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY). The rats were euthanatized without anesthesia at 12 h after the last injection, and amygdala and prefrontal cortex were dissected for biochemical analyses. In the amygdala, mild HHCY increased activities of SDH and complex II and decreased complex IV and ATP level, as well as increased antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), nitrite levels, DNA damage, and Nrf 2 protein abundance. In the prefrontal cortex, mild HHCY did not alter energy metabolism, but increased glutathione peroxidase, catalase and DNA damage. Other analyzed parameters were not altered by HCY-treatment. Our findings suggested that chronic mild HHCY changes each brain structure, particularly and specifically. These changes may be associated with the mechanisms by which chronic mild HHCY has been linked to the risk factor of fear, mood disorders and depression, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Marcon Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Siebert
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Micaela Federizzi de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Citologia Clínica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Caixa Postal 118, Uruguaiana, RS, 97508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Manfredini
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Citologia Clínica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Caixa Postal 118, Uruguaiana, RS, 97508-000, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
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