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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Meurer SK, Weiskirchen R. Expression and biological function of the cellular communication network factor 5 (CCN5) in primary liver cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00757-8. [PMID: 37166689 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular (centralized) communication network (CCN) factor protein family contains six small secreted cysteine-rich proteins sharing high structural similarity. These matricellular proteins have vital biological functions in cell adhesion, migration, cell cycle progression, and control of production and degradation of extracellular matrix. However, in liver the biological functions of CCN proteins become most visible during hepatic injury, disease, and remodeling. In particular, most of the hepatic functions of CCN proteins were derived from CCN2/CTGF, which becomes highly expressed in damaged hepatocytes and acts as a profibrogenic molecule. On the contrary, CCN1/CYR61 seems to have opposite effects, while the biological activity during hepatic fibrosis is somewhat controversially discussed for other CCN family members. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of CCN5/WISP2 in cultures of different types of primary liver cells and in an experimental model of hepatic fibrosis. We found that CCN5 is expressed in hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts and portal myofibroblasts, while CCN5 expression is virtually absent in hepatocytes. During hepatic fibrogenesis, CCN5 is significantly upregulated. Overexpression of CCN5 in portal myofibroblasts reduced expression of transforming growth factor-β receptor I (ALK5) and concomitant Smad2 activation, whereas JunB expression is upregulated. Moreover, elevated expression of CCN5 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response and apoptosis in portal myofibroblasts. We suggest that upregulated expression of CCN5 might be an intrinsic control mechanism that counteracts overshooting fibrotic responses in profibrogenic liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Yao C, Wu S, Kong J, Sun Y, Bai Y, Zhu R, Li Z, Sun W, Zheng L. Angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and anti-angiogenic therapies. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0449. [PMID: 36647777 PMCID: PMC9843448 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels, is required for cancer cells to obtain nutrients and oxygen. HCC is a typical hypervascular solid tumor with an aberrant vascular network and angiogenesis that contribute to its growth, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Current anti-angiogenic therapies target mainly tyrosine kinases, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and are considered effective strategies for HCC, particularly advanced HCC. However, because the survival benefits conferred by these anti-angiogenic therapies are modest, new anti-angiogenic targets must be identified. Several recent studies have determined the underlying molecular mechanisms, including pro-angiogenic factors secreted by HCC cells, the tumor microenvironment, and cancer stem cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of pro-angiogenic factors; the involvement of endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor-associated neutrophils present in the tumor microenvironment; and the regulatory influence of cancer stem cells on angiogenesis in HCC. Furthermore, we discuss some of the clinically approved anti-angiogenic therapies and potential novel therapeutic targets for angiogenesis in HCC. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying angiogenesis may lead to the development of more optimized anti-angiogenic treatment modalities for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Shilun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Yiwen Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yannan Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Ruhang Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Zhuxin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Wenbing Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
- Correspondence to: Wenbing Sun and Lemin Zheng, E-mail: and
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Center, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence to: Wenbing Sun and Lemin Zheng, E-mail: and
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CCN1/Integrin α 5β 1 Instigates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Lipid Accumulation and Pyroptosis through NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183871. [PMID: 36145246 PMCID: PMC9505842 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia with high blood levels of free fatty acids (FFA) is the leading cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. CCN1 is a secreted matricellular protein that drives various cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. However, its role in mediating FFA-induced pro-inflammatory cell death and its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that CCN1 was upregulated in the livers of obese mice. The increase in FFA-induced CCN1 was evaluated in vitro by treating hepatocytes with a combination of oleic acid and palmitic acid (2:1). Gene silencing using specific small interfering RNAs (siRNA) revealed that CCN1 participated in FFA-induced intracellular lipid accumulation, caspase-1 activation, and hepatocyte pyroptosis. Next, we identified integrin α5β1 as a potential receptor of CCN1. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that the binding between CCN1 and integrin α5β1 increased in hepatocytes upon FFA stimulation in the livers of obese mice. Similarly, the protein levels of integrin α5 and β1 were increased in vitro and in vivo. Experiments with specific siRNAs confirmed that integrin α5β1 played a part in FFA-induced intracellular lipid accumulation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis in hepatocytes. In conclusion, these results provide novel evidence that the CCN1/integrin α5β1 is a novel mediator that drives hepatic lipotoxicity via NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis.
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Ma Y, Wang S, Wu Y, Liu B, Li L, Wang W, Weng H, Ding H. Hepatic stellate cell mediates transcription of TNFSF14 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via H 2S/CSE-JNK/JunB signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:238. [PMID: 35292636 PMCID: PMC8924155 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) both play important roles in the development of hepatocellar carcinoma (HCC). Whereas, in the microenvironment of HCC, whether HSC participate in regulating the biological process of HCC cells by releasing H2S remains elusive. In vitro, Flow cytometry (FCM), CCK-8, RNA-sequencing, Western blotting, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence and ChIP assays were carried out in the HCC cells to investigate the effect of H2S on biological functions and JNK/JunB-TNFSF14 signaling pathway. Specimens from HCC patients were analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting assays for evaluating the expression of TNFSF14 and CSE. Statistical analysis was used to analyze the correlation between TNFSF14 expression and clinical data of HCC patients. Based on the FCM and CCK-8 results, we found the LX-2 cells were able to induce HCC cells apoptosis through releasing H2S. RNA-sequencing, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting results showed that TNFSF14 gene was upregulated in both LX-2 and NaHS group. NaHS treated in HCC cells led to JNK/JunB signaling pathway activating and greater binding of p-JunB to its responsive elements on TNFSF14 promoter. Impairment of TNFSF14 induction alleviated LX-2 and NaHS induced apoptosis of HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells. Furthermore, TNFSF14 expression in HCC tissues was lower than the adjacent tissue. HCC patients with low expression of TNFSF14 had higher malignant degree and poor prognosis. In summary, demonstration of the involvement of HSC-derived H2S in JNK/JunB mediated expression of TNFSF14 gene strongly indicates H2S palys an important role in the regulation of HCC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Ma
- grid.414379.cDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- grid.414379.cDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing You’ An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Yongle Wu
- grid.414379.cDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Bihan Liu
- grid.414379.cDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Lei Li
- grid.414379.cDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing You’ An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Honglei Weng
- grid.411778.c0000 0001 2162 1728Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 68167 Germany
| | - Huiguo Ding
- grid.414379.cDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
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Ketchen SE, Gamboa-Esteves FO, Lawler SE, Nowicki MO, Rohwedder A, Knipp S, Prior S, Short SC, Ladbury JE, Brüning-Richardson A. Drug Resistance in Glioma Cells Induced by a Mesenchymal-Amoeboid Migratory Switch. Biomedicines 2021; 10:9. [PMID: 35052688 PMCID: PMC8773151 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion is a precondition for tumour metastasis and represents one of the most devastating characteristics of cancer. The development of drugs targeting cell migration, known as migrastatics, may improve the treatment of highly invasive tumours such as glioblastoma (GBM). In this study, investigations into the role of the cell adhesion protein Cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1, also known as CYR61) in GBM cell migration uncovered a drug resistance mechanism adopted by cells when treated with the small molecule inhibitor CCG-1423. This inhibitor binds to importin α/β inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional co-activator MKL1, thus preventing downstream effects including migration. Despite this reported role as an inhibitor of cell migration, we found that CCG-1423 treatment did not inhibit GBM cell migration. However, we could observe cells now migrating by mesenchymal-amoeboid transition (MAT). Furthermore, we present evidence that CCN1 plays a critical role in the progression of GBM with increased expression in higher-grade tumours and matched blood samples. These findings support a potential role for CCN1 as a biomarker for the monitoring and potentially early prediction of GBM recurrence, therefore as such could help to improve treatment of and increase survival rates of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Ketchen
- Light Laboratories, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.E.K.); (A.R.); (J.E.L.)
| | - Filomena O. Gamboa-Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (F.O.G.-E.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Brown University Cancer Center, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Michal O. Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Arndt Rohwedder
- Light Laboratories, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.E.K.); (A.R.); (J.E.L.)
| | - Sabine Knipp
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (S.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Sally Prior
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (S.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Susan C. Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (F.O.G.-E.); (S.C.S.)
| | - John E. Ladbury
- Light Laboratories, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.E.K.); (A.R.); (J.E.L.)
| | - Anke Brüning-Richardson
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (S.K.); (S.P.)
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Cyr61 Alleviates Cholangitis by Inhibiting Cytotoxic Effects of CD8 + T Cells on Biliary Epithelial Cells. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:1205-1213. [PMID: 34787784 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease. In recent years, researchers have found that cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61, also known as CCN1) has a potential role in reducing portal inflammation in patients with PBC. This study aimed to explore the relationship between Cyr61 and PBC to provide new ideas and an experimental basis for the clinical treatment of PBC. METHODS After induction of the overexpression of Cyr61 in a mouse model of PBC using recombinant adenovirus, hematoxylin and eosin staining and pathological scores were used to indicate intrahepatic inflammation and bile duct damage. Real-time PCR was used to detect changes in inflammation-related cytokines in the liver. To further study the mechanism, we assessed whether Cyr61 protects bile duct epithelial cells from cytotoxic effects. RESULTS Serum and hepatic Cyr61 levels were increased in the murine model of PBC. Overexpression of Cyr61 alleviated hepatic inflammation and bile duct injury in vivo. Cyr61 inhibited the cytotoxic effects of CD8+ T cells by acting on biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of PBC and suggest that Cyr61 plays a dominant role in the cytotoxic effects on BECs in PBC. Consequently, therapeutic strategies targeting Cyr61 could be a potent therapy for PBC.
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Wang K, Qiu X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Chen L. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0306. [PMID: 34591416 PMCID: PMC8958883 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates many aspects of tumor biology, and many studies have focused on the role of this signaling pathway in tumor cells. However, it is now clear that tumor development and metastasis depend on the two-way interaction between cancer cells and their environment, thereby forming a tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we discuss how Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates cross-interactions among different components of the TME, including immune cells, stem cells, tumor vasculature, and noncellular components of the TME in hepatocellular carcinoma. We also investigate their preclinical and clinical insights for primary liver cancer intervention, and explore the significance of using Wnt/β-catenin mutations as a biomarker to predict resistance in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiting Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinyao Qiu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology (IMIB), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Huang ZM, Wang H, Ji ZG. Bladder mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomal miRNA-217 modulates bladder cancer cell survival through Hippo-YAP pathway. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:959-969. [PMID: 34390377 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor cell-derived exosomes regulate recipient cell functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of human normal bladder stromal cell (hBSC) derived exosomal miR-217 on bladder cell cancer proliferation and migration. METHODS Human BSCs were transfected with miR-217 mimic or inhibitor and hBSC-derived exosomes were isolated. Human bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and 5367) were co-cultured with hBSC-derived exosomal miR-217 mimic or inhibitor. Proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of the bladder cancer cells were assessed by Edu assay, Transwell migration assay, and Annexin V assay. RESULTS Expression of miR-217 was significantly higher in the T24 and 5367 cell lines (P < 0.01). Exosomal miR-217 mimic enhanced proliferation and migration of T24 and 5367 cells, but inhibited apoptosis of the cells (P < 0.01); in contrast, exosomal miR-217 inhibitor suppressed proliferation and migration but stimulated apoptosis of the two cancer cell lines (P < 0.01). Moreover, exosomal miR-217 mimic stimulated YAP and its target proteins including Cyr61, CTGF, and ANKRD1 (P < 0.01), and in contrast, exosomal miR-217 inhibitor suppressed YAP and its target proteins (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that hBSC-derived exosomal miR-217 may act as oncogene in bladder cancer cells, and that Hippo-YAP signaling pathway maybe the target for miR-217 in the bladder cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Huang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ji
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Jia Q, Xu B, Zhang Y, Ali A, Liao X. CCN Family Proteins in Cancer: Insight Into Their Structures and Coordination Role in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Genet 2021; 12:649387. [PMID: 33833779 PMCID: PMC8021874 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), triggers a variety of critical signaling pathways and promotes the malignant progression of cancer. The success rate of cancer therapy through targeting single molecule of this crosstalk may be extremely low, whereas co-targeting multiple components could be complicated design and likely to have more side effects. The six members of cellular communication network (CCN) family proteins are scaffolding proteins that may govern the TME, and several studies have shown targeted therapy of CCN family proteins may be effective for the treatment of cancer. CCN protein family shares similar structures, and they mutually reinforce and neutralize each other to serve various roles that are tightly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by the TME. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structures and roles of CCN proteins in different types of cancer. We also analyze CCN mRNA expression, and reasons for its diverse relationship to prognosis in different cancers. In this review, we conclude that the discrepant functions of CCN proteins in different types of cancer are attributed to diverse TME and CCN truncated isoforms, and speculate that targeting CCN proteins to rebalance the TME could be a potent anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingan Jia
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Binghui Xu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Liao
- Department of Nutrition, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Zhu Y, Almuntashiri S, Han Y, Wang X, R. Somanath P, Zhang D. The Roles of CCN1/CYR61 in Pulmonary Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217810. [PMID: 33105556 PMCID: PMC7659478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN1 (cysteine-rich 61, connective tissue growth factor, and nephroblastoma-1), previously named CYR61 (cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61) belongs to the CCN family of matricellular proteins. CCN1 plays critical roles in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Recent studies have extensively characterized the important physiological and pathological roles of CCN1 in various tissues and organs. In this review, we summarize both basic and clinical aspects of CCN1 in pulmonary diseases, including acute lung injury (ALI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), lung infection, and lung cancer. We also emphasize the important challenges for future investigations to better understand the CCN1 and its role in physiology and pathology, as well as the questions that need to be addressed for the therapeutic development of CCN1 antagonists in various lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Sultan Almuntashiri
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-6491; Fax: +1-706-721-3994
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11
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Kostallari E, Shah VH. Pericytes in the Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:153-167. [PMID: 30937868 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver pericytes, commonly named hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), reside in the space between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatocytes. They display important roles in health and disease. HSCs ensure the storage of the majority of vitamin A in a healthy body, and they represent the major source of fibrotic tissue in liver disease. Surrounding cells, such as LSECs, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells, present a significant role in modulating HSC behavior. Therapeutic strategies against liver disease are being currently developed, where HSCs represent an ideal target. In this chapter, we will discuss HSC quiescence and activation in the context of healthy liver and diseases, such as fibrosis, steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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12
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Chen C, Ge C, Liu Z, Li L, Zhao F, Tian H, Chen T, Li H, Yao M, Li J. ATF3 inhibits the tumorigenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via upregulation of CYR61 expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:263. [PMID: 30376856 PMCID: PMC6208028 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant cancers with a high incidence and high mortality in East Asia. Identifying biomarkers and clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of HCC are of great importance. Herein, we report the role and mechanism of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/cAMP-responsive element-binding protein family of transcription factors in HCC. Methods ATF3 overexpression vector and shRNAs were transfected into HCC cancer cells to upregulate or downregulate ATF3 expression. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the functional role of ATF3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. RNA-Seq was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes downstream of ATF3. The dual-luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (Ch-IP) analysis and functional rescue experiments were used to confirm the target gene regulated by ATF3. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) comprising 236 human primary HCC tissues were obtained and immunohistochemical staining were carried out to analyze the clinical significance of ATF3. Results The results indicate that ATF3 significantly inhibited the proliferation and mobility of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) is a key target for transcriptional regulation by ATF3. Both ATF3 and CYR61 were consistently downregulated in human HCC tissues, and their expression levels were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Conclusions Our findings indicate that ATF3 functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC through targeting and regulating CYR61. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0919-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyu Li
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | | | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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