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Canadian Contributions in Fibroblast Biology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152272. [PMID: 35892569 PMCID: PMC9331635 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are stromal cells found in virtually every tissue and organ of the body. For many years, these cells were often considered to be secondary in functional importance to parenchymal cells. Over the past 2 decades, focused research into the roles of fibroblasts has revealed important roles for these cells in the homeostasis of healthy tissue, and has demonstrated that activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts is a key step in disease initiation and progression in many tissues, with fibrosis now recognized as not only an outcome of disease, but also a central contributor to tissue dysfunction, particularly in the heart and lungs. With a growing understanding of both fibroblast and myofibroblast heterogeneity, and the deciphering of the humoral and mechanical cues that impact the phenotype of these cells, fibroblast biology is rapidly becoming a major focus in biomedical research. In this review, we provide an overview of fibroblast and myofibroblast biology, particularly in the heart, and including a discussion of pathophysiological processes such as fibrosis and scarring. We then discuss the central role of Canadian researchers in moving this field forwards, particularly in cardiac fibrosis, and highlight some of the major contributions of these individuals to our understanding of fibroblast and myofibroblast biology in health and disease.
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Gene Identification and Potential Drug Therapy for Drug-Resistant Melanoma with Bioinformatics and Deep Learning Technology. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2461055. [PMID: 35915735 PMCID: PMC9338845 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2461055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Melanomas are skin malignant tumors that arise from melanocytes which are primarily treated with surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, etc. Targeted therapy is a promising approach to treating advanced melanomas, but resistance always occurs. This study is aimed at identifying the potential target genes and candidate drugs for drug-resistant melanoma effectively with computational methods. Methods. Identification of genes associated with drug-resistant melanomas was conducted using the text mining tool pubmed2ensembl. Further gene screening was carried out by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. The PPI network was constructed using STRING database and Cytoscape. GEPIA was used to perform the survival analysis and conduct the Kaplan-Meier curve. Drugs targeted at these genes were selected in Pharmaprojects. The binding affinity scores of drug-target interactions were predicted by DeepPurpose. Results. A total of 433 genes were found associated with drug-resistant melanomas by text mining. The most statistically differential functional enriched pathways of GO and KEGG analyses contained 348 genes, and 27 hub genes were further screened out by MCODE in Cytoscape. Six genes were identified with statistical differences after survival analysis and literature review. 16 candidate drugs targeted at hub genes were found by Pharmaprojects under our restrictions. Finally, 11 ERBB2-targeted drugs with top affinity scores were predicted by DeepPurpose, including 10 ERBB2 kinase inhibitors and 1 antibody-drug conjugate. Conclusion. Text mining and bioinformatics are valuable methods for gene identification in drug discovery. DeepPurpose is an efficient and operative deep learning tool for predicting the DTI and selecting the candidate drugs.
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M-CSF as a therapeutic target in BRAF V600E melanoma resistant to BRAF inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1142-1152. [PMID: 35725813 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated BRAFV600E melanoma responds to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) but easily develops resistance with poor prognosis. Secretome plays a pivotal role during tumour progression causing profound effects on therapeutic efficacy. Secreted M-CSF is involved in both cytotoxicity suppression and tumour progression in melanoma. We aimed to analyse the M-CSF contribution in resistant metastatic melanoma to BRAF-targeted therapies. METHODS Conditioned media from melanoma cells were analysed by citoarray. Viability and migration/invasion assays were performed with paired melanoma cells and tumour growth in xenografted SCID mice. We evaluated the impact of M-CSF plasma levels with clinical prognosis from 35 metastatic BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma patients. RESULTS BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells secretome is rich in pro-tumour cytokines. M-CSF secretion is essential to induce a Vemurafenib-resistant phenotype in melanoma cells. Further, we demonstrated that M-CSF mAb in combination with Vemurafenib and autophagy blockers synergistically induce apoptosis, impair migration and reduce tumour growth in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells. Interestingly, lower M-CSF plasma levels are associated with better prognosis in metastatic melanoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Secreted M-CSF induces a BRAFi-resistant phenotype and means worse prognosis in BRAFV600E metastatic melanoma patients. These results identify secreted M-CSF as a promising therapeutic target toward BRAFi-resistant melanomas.
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Vokurka M, Lacina L, Brábek J, Kolář M, Ng YZ, Smetana K. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Influence the Biological Properties of Malignant Tumours via Paracrine Secretion and Exosome Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:964. [PMID: 35055153 PMCID: PMC8778626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are an essential component of the tumour microenvironment. They represent a heterogeneous group of cells that are under the control of cancer cells and can reversely influence the cancer cell population. They affect the cancer cell differentiation status, and the migration and formation of metastases. This is achieved through the production of the extracellular matrix and numerous bioactive factors. IL-6 seems to play the central role in the communication of noncancerous and cancer cells in the tumour. This review outlines the role of exosomes in cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Available data on the exosomal cargo, which can significantly intensify interactions in the tumour, are summarised. The role of exosomes as mediators of the dialogue between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts is discussed together with their therapeutic relevance. The functional unity of the paracrine- and exosome-mediated communication of cancer cells with the tumour microenvironment represented by CAFs is worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vokurka
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
| | - Yi Zhen Ng
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL)—Biopolis, Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos Singapore, Singapore 138665, Singapore;
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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5
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IL-6 in the Ecosystem of Head and Neck Cancer: Possible Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011027. [PMID: 34681685 PMCID: PMC8540903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly potent cytokine involved in multiple biological processes. It was previously reported to play a distinct role in inflammation, autoimmune and psychiatric disorders, ageing and various types of cancer. Furthermore, it is understood that IL-6 and its signaling pathways are substantial players in orchestrating the cancer microenvironment. Thus, they appear to be potential targets in anti-tumor therapy. The aim of this article is to elucidate the role of IL-6 in the tumor ecosystem and to review the possible therapeutic approaches in head and neck cancer.
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Ni Y, Zhou X, Yang J, Shi H, Li H, Zhao X, Ma X. The Role of Tumor-Stroma Interactions in Drug Resistance Within Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:637675. [PMID: 34095111 PMCID: PMC8173135 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.637675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells resistance to various therapies remains to be a key challenge nowadays. For a long time, scientists focused on tumor cells themselves for the mechanisms of acquired drug resistance. However, recent evidence showed that tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential for regulating immune escape, drug resistance, progression and metastasis of malignant cells. Reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and non-malignant cells within this milieu often reshape the TME and promote drug resistance. Therefore, advanced knowledge about these sophisticated interactions is significant for the design of effective therapeutic approaches. In this review, we highlight cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T-regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs), and tumor endothelial cells (TECs) existing in TME, as well as their multiple cross-talk with tumor cells, which eventually endows tumor cells with therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghong Ni
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Houhui Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Romano V, Belviso I, Venuta A, Ruocco MR, Masone S, Aliotta F, Fiume G, Montagnani S, Avagliano A, Arcucci A. Influence of Tumor Microenvironment and Fibroblast Population Plasticity on Melanoma Growth, Therapy Resistance and Immunoescape. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5283. [PMID: 34067929 PMCID: PMC8157224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) tissue represents a network constituted by cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (TME). A key feature of CM is the high structural and cellular plasticity of TME, allowing its evolution with disease and adaptation to cancer cell and environmental alterations. In particular, during melanoma development and progression each component of TME by interacting with each other and with cancer cells is subjected to dramatic structural and cellular modifications. These alterations affect extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, phenotypic profile of stromal cells, cancer growth and therapeutic response. The stromal fibroblast populations of the TME include normal fibroblasts and melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) that are highly abundant and flexible cell types interacting with melanoma and stromal cells and differently influencing CM outcomes. The shift from the normal microenvironment to TME and from normal fibroblasts to MAFs deeply sustains CM growth. Hence, in this article we review the features of the normal microenvironment and TME and describe the phenotypic plasticity of normal dermal fibroblasts and MAFs, highlighting their roles in normal skin homeostasis and TME regulation. Moreover, we discuss the influence of MAFs and their secretory profiles on TME remodelling, melanoma progression, targeted therapy resistance and immunosurveillance, highlighting the cellular interactions, the signalling pathways and molecules involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Romano
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Immacolata Belviso
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Alessandro Venuta
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Federica Aliotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
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Gómez-Gil V. Therapeutic Implications of TGFβ in Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030379. [PMID: 33498521 PMCID: PMC7864190 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary While the importance of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in cancer development and progression has long been recognized, a successful therapy targeting this cytokine has not been developed yet. The difficulty in blocking the tumor-promoting activity of this factor while maintaining the tumor suppressor effects can compromise the expected outcomes. This systematic review summarizes and discusses the different strategies being tested to regulate TGFβ expression in cancer treatment, as well as their associated side effects. Abstract Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in a wide range of biological functions. The alterations in the expression levels of this factor, or the deregulation of its signaling cascade, can lead to different pathologies, including cancer. A great variety of therapeutic strategies targeting TGFβ, or the members included in its signaling pathway, are currently being researched in cancer treatment. However, the dual role of TGFβ, as a tumor suppressor or a tumor-promoter, together with its crosstalk with other signaling pathways, has hampered the development of safe and effective treatments aimed at halting the cancer progression. This systematic literature review aims to provide insight into the different approaches available to regulate TGFβ and/or the molecules involved in its synthesis, activation, or signaling, as a cancer treatment. The therapeutic strategies most commonly investigated include antisense oligonucleotides, which prevent TGFβ synthesis, to molecules that block the interaction between TGFβ and its signaling receptors, together with inhibitors of the TGFβ signaling cascade-effectors. The effectiveness and possible complications of the different potential therapies available are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Gómez-Gil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Area of Pharmacology), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Bellei B, Migliano E, Picardo M. A Framework of Major Tumor-Promoting Signal Transduction Pathways Implicated in Melanoma-Fibroblast Dialogue. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113400. [PMID: 33212834 PMCID: PMC7697272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma cells reside in a complex stromal microenvironment, which is a critical component of disease onset and progression. Mesenchymal or fibroblastic cell type are the most abundant cellular element of tumor stroma. Factors secreted by melanoma cells can activate non-malignant associated fibroblasts to become melanoma associate fibroblasts (MAFs). MAFs promote tumorigenic features by remodeling the extracellular matrix, supporting tumor cells proliferation, neo-angiogenesis and drug resistance. Additionally, environmental factors may contribute to the acquisition of pro-tumorigenic phenotype of fibroblasts. Overall, in melanoma, perturbed tissue homeostasis contributes to modulation of major oncogenic intracellular signaling pathways not only in tumor cells but also in neighboring cells. Thus, targeted molecular therapies need to be considered from the reciprocal point of view of melanoma and stromal cells. Abstract The development of a modified stromal microenvironment in response to neoplastic onset is a common feature of many tumors including cutaneous melanoma. At all stages, melanoma cells are embedded in a complex tissue composed by extracellular matrix components and several different cell populations. Thus, melanomagenesis is not only driven by malignant melanocytes, but also by the altered communication between melanocytes and non-malignant cell populations, including fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells. In particular, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), also referred as melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) in the case of melanoma, are the most abundant stromal cells and play a significant contextual role in melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. As a result of dynamic intercellular molecular dialogue between tumor and the stroma, non-neoplastic cells gain specific phenotypes and functions that are pro-tumorigenic. Targeting MAFs is thus considered a promising avenue to improve melanoma therapy. Growing evidence demonstrates that aberrant regulation of oncogenic signaling is not restricted to transformed cells but also occurs in MAFs. However, in some cases, signaling pathways present opposite regulation in melanoma and surrounding area, suggesting that therapeutic strategies need to carefully consider the tumor–stroma equilibrium. In this novel review, we analyze four major signaling pathways implicated in melanomagenesis, TGF-β, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin and Hyppo signaling, from the complementary point of view of tumor cells and the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0652666246
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Regenerative Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
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Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Unravels Heterogeneity of the Stromal Niche in Cutaneous Melanoma Heterogeneous Spheroids. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113324. [PMID: 33182777 PMCID: PMC7697260 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous spheroids have recently acquired a prominent position in melanoma research because they incorporate microenvironmental cues relevant for melanoma. In this study, we focused on the analysis of microenvironmental factors introduced in melanoma heterogeneous spheroids by different dermal fibroblasts. We aimed to map the fibroblast diversity resulting from previously acquired damage caused by exposure to extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli. To construct heterogeneous melanoma spheroids, we used normal dermal fibroblasts from the sun-protected skin of a juvenile donor. We compared them to the fibroblasts from the sun-exposed photodamaged skin of an adult donor. Further, we analysed the spheroids by single-cell RNA sequencing. To validate transcriptional data, we also compared the immunohistochemical analysis of heterogeneous spheroids to melanoma biopsies. We have distinguished three functional clusters in primary human fibroblasts from melanoma spheroids. These clusters differed in the expression of (a) extracellular matrix-related genes, (b) pro-inflammatory factors, and (c) TGFβ signalling superfamily. We observed a broader deregulation of gene transcription in previously photodamaged cells. We have confirmed that pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 significantly enhances melanoma invasion to the extracellular matrix in our model. This supports the opinion that the aspects of ageing are essential for reliable melanoma 3D modelling in vitro.
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Brábek J, Jakubek M, Vellieux F, Novotný J, Kolář M, Lacina L, Szabo P, Strnadová K, Rösel D, Dvořánková B, Smetana K. Interleukin-6: Molecule in the Intersection of Cancer, Ageing and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217937. [PMID: 33114676 PMCID: PMC7662856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine with multifaceted effects playing a remarkable role in the initiation of the immune response. The increased level of this cytokine in the elderly seems to be associated with the chronic inflammatory setting of the microenvironment in aged individuals. IL-6 also represents one of the main signals in communication between cancer cells and their non-malignant neighbours within the tumour niche. IL-6 also participates in the development of a premetastatic niche and in the adjustment of the metabolism in terminal-stage patients suffering from a malignant disease. IL-6 is a fundamental factor of the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19, where it is responsible for the fatal outcome of the disease. A better understanding of the role of IL-6 under physiological as well as pathological conditions and the preparation of new strategies for the therapeutic control of the IL-6 axis may help to manage the problems associated with the elderly, cancer, and serious viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (D.R.)
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Milan Jakubek
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fréderic Vellieux
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (D.R.)
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Smetana
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-965-873
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Kodet O, Kučera J, Strnadová K, Dvořánková B, Štork J, Lacina L, Smetana K. Cutaneous melanoma dissemination is dependent on the malignant cell properties and factors of intercellular crosstalk in the cancer microenvironment (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:619-630. [PMID: 32705148 PMCID: PMC7384852 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has been steadily increasing worldwide for several decades. This phenomenon seems to follow the trend observed in many types of malignancies caused by multiple significant factors, including ageing. Despite the progress in cutaneous malignant melanoma therapeutic options, the curability of advanced disease after metastasis represents a serious challenge for further research. In this review, we summarise data on the microenvironment of cutaneous malignant melanoma with emphasis on intercellular signalling during the disease progression. Malignant melanocytes with features of neural crest stem cells interact with non‑malignant populations within this microenvironment. We focus on representative bioactive factors regulating this intercellular crosstalk. We describe the possible key factors and signalling cascades responsible for the high complexity of the melanoma microenvironment and its premetastatic niches. Furthermore, we present the concept of melanoma early becoming a systemic disease. This systemic effect is presented as a background for the new horizons in the therapy of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Štork
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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Brás MM, Radmacher M, Sousa SR, Granja PL. Melanoma in the Eyes of Mechanobiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 32117980 PMCID: PMC7027391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body with several important functions that can be impaired by injury, genetic or chronic diseases. Among all skin diseases, melanoma is one of the most severe, which can lead to death, due to metastization. Mechanotransduction has a crucial role for motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization processes, since it deals with the response of cells to physical forces. Signaling pathways are important to understand how physical cues produced or mediated by the Extracellular Matrix (ECM), affect healthy and tumor cells. During these processes, several molecules in the nucleus and cytoplasm are activated. Melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the ECM, play a crucial role in melanoma formation. This manuscript will address the synergy among melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts cells and the ECM considering their mechanical contribution and relevance in this disease. Mechanical properties of melanoma cells can also be influenced by pigmentation, which can be associated with changes in stiffness. Mechanical changes can be related with the adhesion, migration, or invasiveness potential of melanoma cells promoting a high metastization capacity of this cancer. Mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and mechanoresponse will be highlighted with respect to the motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization in melanoma cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Manuela Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana R. Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Dissecting Mechanisms of Melanoma Resistance to BRAF and MEK Inhibitors Revealed Genetic and Non-Genetic Patient- and Drug-Specific Alterations and Remarkable Phenotypic Plasticity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010142. [PMID: 31936151 PMCID: PMC7017165 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefit of MAPK pathway inhibition in BRAF-mutant melanoma patients is limited by the development of acquired resistance. Using drug-naïve cell lines derived from tumor specimens, we established a preclinical model of melanoma resistance to vemurafenib or trametinib to provide insight into resistance mechanisms. Dissecting the mechanisms accompanying the development of resistance, we have shown that (i) most of genetic and non-genetic alterations are triggered in a cell line- and/or drug-specific manner; (ii) several changes previously assigned to the development of resistance are induced as the immediate response to the extent measurable at the bulk levels; (iii) reprogramming observed in cross-resistance experiments and growth factor-dependence restricted by the drug presence indicate that phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells largely contributes to the sustained resistance. Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel genetic alterations, including a frameshift variant of RBMX found exclusively in phospho-AKThigh resistant cell lines. There was no similar pattern of phenotypic alterations among eleven resistant cell lines, including expression/activity of crucial regulators, such as MITF, AXL, SOX, and NGFR, which suggests that patient-to-patient variability is richer and more nuanced than previously described. This diversity should be considered during the development of new strategies to circumvent the acquired resistance to targeted therapies.
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Kučera J, Strnadová K, Dvořánková B, Lacina L, Krajsová I, Štork J, Kovářová H, Skalníková HK, Vodička P, Motlík J, Dundr P, Smetana K, Kodet O. Serum proteomic analysis of melanoma patients with immunohistochemical profiling of primary melanomas and cultured cells: Pilot study. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1793-1804. [PMID: 31545456 PMCID: PMC6787991 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The steadily increasing incidence of malignant melanoma (MM) and its aggressive behaviour makes this tumour an attractive cancer research topic. The tumour microenvironment is being increasingly recognised as a key factor in cancer biology, with an impact on proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastatic spread, as well as acquired therapy resistance. Multiple bioactive molecules playing cooperative roles promote the chronic inflammatory milieu in tumours, making inflammation a hallmark of cancer. This specific inflammatory setting is evident in the affected tissue. However, certain mediators can leak into the systemic circulation and affect the whole organism. The present study analysed the complex inflammatory response in the sera of patients with MM of various stages. Multiplexed proteomic analysis (Luminex Corporation) of 31 serum proteins was employed. These targets were observed in immunohistochemical profiles of primary tumours from the same patients. Furthermore, these proteins were analysed in MM cell lines and the principal cell population of the melanoma microenvironment, cancer‑associated fibroblasts. Growth factors such as hepatocyte growth factor, granulocyte‑colony stimulating factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, chemokines RANTES and interleukin (IL)‑8, and cytokines IL‑6, interferon‑α and IL‑1 receptor antagonist significantly differed in these patients compared with the healthy controls. Taken together, the results presented here depict the inflammatory landscape that is altered in melanoma patients, and highlight potentially relevant targets for therapy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kučera
- Department of Dermatovenereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV-Biotechnology and Biomedical Centre of The Czech Academy of Sciences and Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV-Biotechnology and Biomedical Centre of The Czech Academy of Sciences and Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Department of Dermatovenereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV-Biotechnology and Biomedical Centre of The Czech Academy of Sciences and Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Krajsová
- Department of Dermatovenereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Štork
- Department of Dermatovenereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kovářová
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Centre PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kupcová Skalníková
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Centre PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vodička
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Centre PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlík
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Centre PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dundr
- Institute of Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV-Biotechnology and Biomedical Centre of The Czech Academy of Sciences and Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kodet
- Department of Dermatovenereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV-Biotechnology and Biomedical Centre of The Czech Academy of Sciences and Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
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The Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040440. [PMID: 30925774 PMCID: PMC6520833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarly to other types of malignant tumours, the incidence of head and neck cancer is increasing globally. It is frequently associated with smoking and alcohol abuse, and in a broader sense also with prolonged exposure to these factors during ageing. A higher incidence of tumours observed in younger populations without a history of alcohol and tobacco abuse may be due to HPV infection. Malignant tumours form an intricate ecosystem of cancer cells, fibroblasts, blood/lymphatic capillaries and infiltrating immune cells. This dynamic system, the tumour microenvironment, has a significant impact on the biological properties of cancer cells. The microenvironment participates in the control of local aggressiveness of cancer cells, their growth, and their consequent migration to lymph nodes and distant organs during metastatic spread. In cancers originating from squamous epithelium, a similarity was demonstrated between the cancer microenvironment and healing wounds. In this review, we focus on the specificity of the microenvironment of head and neck cancer with emphasis on the mechanism of intercellular crosstalk manipulation for potential therapeutic application.
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Trávníčková M, Bačáková L. Application of adult mesenchymal stem cells in bone and vascular tissue engineering. Physiol Res 2018; 67:831-850. [PMID: 30204468 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a very promising field of regenerative medicine. Life expectancy has been increasing, and tissue replacement is increasingly needed in patients suffering from various degenerative disorders of the organs. The use of adult mesenchymal stem cells (e.g. from adipose tissue or from bone marrow) in tissue engineering seems to be a promising approach for tissue replacements. Clinical applications can make direct use of the large secretome of these cells, which can have a positive influence on other cells around. Another advantage of adult mesenchymal stem cells is the possibility to differentiate them into various mature cells via appropriate culture conditions (i.e. medium composition, biomaterial properties, and dynamic conditions). This review is focused on current and future ways to carry out tissue replacement of damaged bones and blood vessels, especially with the use of suitable adult mesenchymal stem cells as a potential source of differentiated mature cells that can later be used for tissue replacement. The advantages and disadvantages of different stem cell sources are discussed, with a main focus on adipose-derived stem cells. Patient factors that can influence later clinical applications are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trávníčková
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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