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Hsiao YC, Yang Y, Liu CW, Peng J, Feng J, Zhao H, Teitelbaum T, Lu K. Multiomics to Characterize the Molecular Events Underlying Impaired Glucose Tolerance in FXR-Knockout Mice. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38967328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of different metabolic syndromes has grown globally, and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic homeostat for glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolisms, may serve an important role in the progression of metabolic disorders. Glucose intolerance by FXR deficiency was previously reported and observed in our study, but the underlying biology remained unclear. To investigate the ambiguity, we collected the nontargeted profiles of the fecal metaproteome, serum metabolome, and liver proteome in Fxr-null (Fxr-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice with LC-HRMS. FXR deficiency showed a global impact on the different molecular levels we monitored, suggesting its serious disruption in the gut microbiota, hepatic metabolism, and circulating biomolecules. The network and enrichment analyses of the dysregulated metabolites and proteins suggested the perturbation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by FXR deficiency. Fxr-/- mice presented lower levels of hepatic proteins involved in glycogenesis. The impairment of glycogenesis by an FXR deficiency may leave glucose to accumulate in the circulation, which may deteriorate glucose tolerance. Lipid metabolism was dysregulated by FXR deficiency in a structural-dependent manner. Fatty acid β-oxidations were alleviated, but cholesterol metabolism was promoted by an FXR deficiency. Together, we explored the molecular events associated with glucose intolerance by impaired FXR with integrated novel multiomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yifei Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jingya Peng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jiahao Feng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haoduo Zhao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Taylor Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Chen N, Lu B, Fu Y. Autophagic Clearance of Lipid Droplets Alters Metabolic Phenotypes in a Genetic Obesity-Diabetes Mouse Model. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:119-129. [PMID: 37197643 PMCID: PMC10110819 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are intracellular organelles that store neutral lipids, and their aberrant accumulation is associated with many diseases including metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Meanwhile, the potential pathological contributions of LDs in these diseases are unclear, likely due to a lack of chemical biology tools to clear LDs. We recently developed LD-clearance small molecule compounds, Lipid Droplets·AuTophagy TEthering Compounds (LD·ATTECs), that are able to induce autophagic clearance of LDs in cells and in the liver of db/db (C57BL/6J Leprdb/Leprdb) mouse model, which is a widely used genetic model for obesity-diabetes. Meanwhile, the potential effects on the metabolic phenotype remain to be elucidated. Here, using the metabolic cage assay and the blood glucose assay, we performed phenotypic characterization of the effects of the autophagic degradation of LDs by LD·ATTECs in the db/db mouse model. The study reveals that LD·ATTECs increased the oxygen uptake of mice and the release of carbon dioxide, enhanced the heat production of animals, partially enhanced the exercise during the dark phase, decreased the blood glucose level and improved insulin sensitivity. Collectively, the study characterized the metabolic phenotypes induced by LD·ATTECs in an obesity-diabetes mouse model, revealing novel functional impacts of autophagic clearance of LDs and providing insights into LD biology and obesity-diabetes pathogenesis from the phenotypic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
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Gillard J, Picalausa C, Ullmer C, Adorini L, Staels B, Tailleux A, Leclercq IA. Enterohepatic Takeda G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5 Agonism in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Related Glucose Dysmetabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132707. [PMID: 35807885 PMCID: PMC9268629 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a major health concern with no approved pharmacological therapies. Molecules developed to activate the bile acid-receptor TGR5 regulate pathways involved in MALFD pathogenesis, but the therapeutic value of TGR5 activation on the active form of MAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), still needs to be evaluated. As TGR5 agonism is low in MAFLD, we used strategies to promote the production of endogenous TGR5 ligands or administered pharmacological TGR5 agonists, INT-777 and RO5527239, to study the effect of TGR5 activation on liver and metabolic diseases in high-fat diet-fed foz/foz mice. Although described in the literature, treatment with fexaramine, an intestine-restricted FXR agonist, did not raise the concentrations of TGR5 ligands nor modulate TGR5 signaling and, accordingly, did not improve dysmetabolic status. INT-777 and RO5527239 directly activated TGR5. INT-777 only increased the TGR5 activation capacity of the portal blood; RO5527239 also amplified the TGR5 activation capacity of systemic blood. Both molecules improved glucose tolerance. In spite of the TGR5 activation capacity, INT-777, but not RO5527239, reduced liver disease severity. In conclusion, TGR5 activation in enterohepatic, rather than in peripheral, tissues has beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Gillard
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (J.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Corinne Picalausa
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (J.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | | | - Bart Staels
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (J.G.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-5273
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Liu J, Zhao H, Yang L, Wang X, Yang L, Xing Y, Lv X, Ma H, Song G. The role of CD36-Fabp4-PPARγ in skeletal muscle involves insulin resistance in intrauterine growth retardation mice with catch-up growth. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:10. [PMID: 34983495 PMCID: PMC8725347 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the high incidence of type 2 diabetes in China is associated with low birth weight and excessive nutrition in adulthood, which occurred during the famine years of the 1950s and 1960s, though the specific molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we proposed a severe maternal caloric restriction during late pregnancy, followed by a post weaning high-fat diet in mice. After weaning, normal and high-fat diets were provided to mice to simulate the dietary pattern of modern society. METHODS The pregnant mice were divided into two groups: normal birth weight (NBW) group and low birth weight (LBW) group. After 3 weeks for weaning, the male offspring mice in the NBW and LBW groups were then randomly divided into four subgroups: NC, NH, LC and LC groups. The offspring mice in the NC, NH, LC and LC groups were respectively fed with normal diet, normal diet, high-fat diet and high-fat diet for 18 weeks. After 18 weeks of dietary intervention, detailed analyses of mRNA and protein expression patterns, signaling pathway activities, and promoter methylation states were conducted for all relevant genes. RESULTS After dietary intervention for 18 weeks, the expressions of CD36, Fabp4, PPARγ, FAS, and ACC1 in the skeletal muscle tissue of the LH group were significantly increased compared with the LC and NH groups (P < 0.05). The level of p-AMPK/AMPK in the skeletal muscle tissue of the LH group was significantly decreased compared with the LC and NH groups (P < 0.05). CPT1 and PGC-1α protein expressions were up-regulated in the LH group (P < 0.05) compared to the LC group. Additionally, the DNA methylation levels of the PGC-1α and GLUT4 gene promoters in the skeletal muscle of the LH groups were higher than those of the LC and NH groups (P < 0.05). However, PPARγ DNA methylation level in the LH group was lower than those of the LC and NH groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LBW combined with high-fat diets may increase insulin resistance and diabetes through regulating the CD36-related Fabp4-PPARγ and AMPK/ACC signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Linquan Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Yuling Xing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Xiuqin Lv
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
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Miyata S, Kawashima Y, Sakai M, Matsubayashi M, Motoki K, Miyajima Y, Watanabe Y, Chikamatsu N, Taniguchi T, Tokuyama R. Discovery, optimization, and evaluation of non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9196. [PMID: 33911126 PMCID: PMC8080777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several potent bile acid Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5, GPBAR1) dual agonists such as INT-767 have been reported, no non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist has been investigated to date. Therefore, we attempted to discover potent non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists and identified some non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists, such as isonicotinamide derivatives in vitro assay. Compound 20p was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice, that were administered a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) consisting of 60 kcal% fat and 0.1% methionine by weight for one week. Compound 20p dose-dependently induced small heterodimer partner (SHP) mRNA and decreased cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) in the liver at 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, which were used as FXR agonist markers. Compound 20p significantly increased the plasma levels of GLP-1 as a TGR5 agonist, and a high concentration of GLP-1 lowered blood glucose levels. We confirmed that compound 20p was a non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiho Miyata
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kawashima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miku Sakai
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Keisuke Motoki
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Yui Miyajima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Noriko Chikamatsu
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taniguchi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Ryukou Tokuyama
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
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6
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Zhang C, Wang Z, Feng Q, Chen WD, Wang YD. Farnesoid X receptor: a potential therapeutic target in multiple organs. Histol Histopathol 2021; 35:1403-1414. [PMID: 33393073 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor family, is a common receptor found in the intestine and liver, and helps to maintain systemic metabolic homeostasis through regulating bile acid, glucose, lipid metabolism, and energy homeostatsis. In addition, FXR regulates the functions of various organs, such as liver, intestine, kidney, breast, pancreas, cardiovascular system and brain. FXR also plays a key role in regulation of gut-microbiota through mediating the various signaling pathways. Accordingly, FXR has become an attractive therapeutic target in a variety of diseases. This review combines classical and recent research reports to introduce the basic information about FXR and its important roles in various organs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, the People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Henan, PR China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China.
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You D, Lyn-Cook LE, Gatti DM, Bell N, Mayeux PR, James LP, Mattes WB, Larson GJ, Harrill AH. Nitrosative Stress and Lipid Homeostasis as a Mechanism for Zileuton Hepatotoxicity and Resistance in Genetically Sensitive Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 175:220-235. [PMID: 32170957 PMCID: PMC7253212 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zileuton is an orally active inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis for maintenance treatment of asthma, for which clinical usage has been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury. Mechanistic understanding of zileuton toxicity is hampered by the rarity of the cases and lack of an animal model. A promising model for mechanistic study of rare liver injury is the Diversity Outbred (J:DO) mouse population, with genetic variation similar to that found in humans. In this study, female DO mice were administered zileuton or vehicle daily for 7 days (i.g.). Serum liver enzymes were elevated in the zileuton group, with marked interindividual variability in response. Zileuton exposure-induced findings in susceptible DO mice included microvesicular fatty change, hepatocellular mitosis, and hepatocellular necrosis. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine abundance were increased in livers of animals with necrosis and those with fatty change, implicating nitrosative stress as a possible injury mechanism. Conversely, DO mice lacking adverse liver pathology following zileuton exposure experienced decreased hepatic concentrations of resistin and increased concentrations of insulin and leptin, providing potential clues into mechanisms of toxicity resistance. Transcriptome pathway analysis highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction and altered fatty acid oxidation as key molecular perturbations associated with zileuton exposure, and suggested that interindividual differences in cytochrome P450 metabolism, glutathione-mediated detoxification, and farnesoid X receptor signaling may contribute to zileuton-induced liver injury (ZILI). Taken together, DO mice provided a platform for investigating mechanisms of toxicity and resistance in context of ZILI which may lead to targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahea You
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Lascelles E Lyn-Cook
- Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | | | - Natalie Bell
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
- East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
| | | | - Laura P James
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 27705
| | - William B Mattes
- Division of Systems Biology, The National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Gary J Larson
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | - Alison H Harrill
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
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Tsoukalas D, Alegakis AK, Fragkiadaki P, Papakonstantinou E, Tsilimidos G, Geraci F, Sarandi E, Nikitovic D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Application of metabolomics part II: Focus on fatty acids and their metabolites in healthy adults. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:233-242. [PMID: 30431095 PMCID: PMC6257830 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) play critical roles in health and disease. The detection of FA imbalances through metabolomics can provide an overview of an individual’s health status, particularly as regards chronic inflammatory disorders. In this study, we aimed to establish sensitive reference value ranges for targeted plasma FAs in a well-defined population of healthy adults. Plasma samples were collected from 159 participants admitted as outpatients. A total of 24 FAs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and physiological values and 95% reference intervals were calculated using an approximate method of analysis. The differences among the age groups for the relative levels of stearic acid (P=0.005), the omega-6/omega-3 ratio (P=0.027), the arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (P<0.001) and the linoleic acid-produced dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (P=0.046) were statistically significant. The majority of relative FA levels were higher in males than in females. The levels of myristic acid (P=0.0170) and docosahexaenoic acid (P=0.033) were signifi-cantly different between the sexes. The reference values for the FAs examined in this study represent a baseline for further studies examining the reproducibility of this methodology and sensitivities for nutrient deficiency detection and investigating the biochemical background of pathological conditions. The application of these values to clinical practice will allow for the discrimination between health and disease and contribute to early prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsoukalas
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Franco Geraci
- European Institute of Nutritional Medicine, E.I.Nu.M, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Evangelia Sarandi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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