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Nie MS, Li XH, Zhang S, Zeng DD, Cai YR, Peng DX, Jiang T, Shi JP, Li J. Screening for anti-influenza virus compounds from traditional Mongolian medicine by GFP-based reporter virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1431979. [PMID: 39071166 PMCID: PMC11272615 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1431979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Screening for effective antiviral compounds from traditional Mongolian medicine not only aids in the research of antiviral mechanisms of traditional medicines, but is also of significant importance for the development of new antiviral drugs targeting influenza A virus. Our study aimed to establish high-throughput, rapid screening methods for antiviral compounds against influenza A virus from abundant resources of Mongolian medicine. Methods The use of GFP-based reporter viruses plays a pivotal role in antiviral drugs screening by enabling rapid and precise identification of compounds that inhibit viral replication. Herein, a GFP-based reporter influenza A virus was used to identify potent anti-influenza compounds within traditional Mongolian medicine. Results Our study led to the discovery of three active compounds: Cardamonin, Curcumin, and Kaempferide, all of which exhibited significant antiviral properties in vitro. Subsequent analysis confirmed that their effectiveness was largely due to the stimulation of the antiviral signaling pathways of host cells, rather than direct interference with the viral components, such as the viral polymerase. Discussion This study showcased the use of GFP-based reporter viruses in high-throughput screening to unearth antiviral agents from traditional Mongolian medicine, which contains rich antiviral compounds and deserves further exploration. Despite certain limitations, fluorescent reporter viruses present substantial potential for antiviral drug screening research due to their high throughput and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Shun Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-He Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Rong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Xin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Dawid M, Pich K, Mlyczyńska E, Respekta-Długosz N, Wachowska D, Greggio A, Szkraba O, Kurowska P, Rak A. Adipokines in pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:172-269. [PMID: 38797542 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive success consists of a sequential events chronology, starting with the ovum fertilization, implantation of the embryo, placentation, and cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, endocrinology, or metabolic changes, which taken together finally conduct the birth of healthy offspring. Currently, many factors are known that affect the regulation and proper maintenance of pregnancy in humans, domestic animals, or rodents. Among the determinants of reproductive success should be distinguished: the maternal microenvironment, genes, and proteins as well as numerous pregnancy hormones that regulate the most important processes and ensure organism homeostasis. It is well known that white adipose tissue, as the largest endocrine gland in our body, participates in the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones belonging to the adipokine family, which also may regulate the course of pregnancy. Unfortunately, overweight and obesity lead to the expansion of adipose tissue in the body, and its excess in both women and animals contributes to changes in the synthesis and release of adipokines, which in turn translates into dramatic changes during pregnancy, including those taking place in the organ that is crucial for the proper progress of pregnancy, i.e. the placenta. In this chapter, we are summarizing the current knowledge about levels of adipokines and their role in the placenta, taking into account the physiological and pathological conditions of pregnancy, e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction in humans, domestic animals, and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta-Długosz
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominka Wachowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Greggio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szkraba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Kruger L, Lapehn S, Paquette A, Singh DK, MacDonald J, Bammler TK, Enquobahrie DA, Zhao Q, Mozhui K, Sathyanarayana S, Prasad B. Characterization of Xenobiotic and Steroid Disposition Potential of Human Placental Tissue and Cell Lines (BeWo, JEG-3, JAR, and HTR-8/SVneo) by Quantitative Proteomics. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1053-1063. [PMID: 37164652 PMCID: PMC10353074 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a fetal organ that performs critical functions to maintain pregnancy and support fetal development, including metabolism and transport of xenobiotics and steroids between the maternal-fetal unit. In vitro placenta models are used to study xenobiotic and steroid disposition, but how well these models recapitulate the human placenta is not well understood. We first characterized the abundance of proteins involved in xenobiotic and steroid disposition in human placental tissue. In pooled human placenta, the following xenobiotic and steroid disposition proteins were detected (highest to lowest), 1) enzymes: glutathione S-transferase P, carbonyl reductase 1, aldo-keto reductase 1B1, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD3B1 and HSD11B1), aromatase, epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1) and steryl-sulfatase, and 2) transporters: monocarboxylate transporters (MCT1 and 4), organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1, organic anion transporter 4, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Then, the tissue proteomics data were compared with four placental cell lines (BeWo, JEG-3, JAR, and HTR-8/SVneo). The differential global proteomics analysis revealed that the tissue and cell lines shared 1420 cytosolic and 1186 membrane proteins. Although extravillous trophoblast and cytotrophoblast marker proteins were detected in all cell lines, only BeWo and JEG-3 cells expressed the syncytiotrophoblast marker, chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1. BeWo and JEG-3 cells expressed most target proteins including aromatase, HSDs, EPHX1, MCT1, and BCRP. JEG-3 cells treated with commonly detected phthalates in human biofluids showed dysregulation of steroid pathways. The data presented here show that BeWo and JEG-3 cells are closer to the placental tissue for studying xenobiotic and steroid disposition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first study to compare proteomics data of human placental tissue and cell lines (BeWo, JAR, JEG-3, and HTR-8/SVneo). The placental cell line and tissue proteomes are vastly different, but BeWo and JEG-3 cells showed greater resemblance to the tissue in the expression of xenobiotic and steroid disposition proteins. These data will assist researchers to select an optimum cell model for mechanistic investigations on xenobiotic and steroid disposition in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laken Kruger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Samantha Lapehn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Alison Paquette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (L.K., D.K.S., B.P.); Centers for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine (S.L., A.P.) and Child Health, Behavior and Development (S.S.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Pediatrics (A.P., S.S.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (J.M., T.K.B., S.S.), and Epidemiology (D.A.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (K.M., Q.Z.)
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Dawid M, Mlyczyńska E, Jurek M, Respekta N, Pich K, Kurowska P, Gieras W, Milewicz T, Kotula-Balak M, Rak A. Apelin, APJ, and ELABELA: Role in Placental Function, Pregnancy, and Foetal Development-An Overview. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010099. [PMID: 35011661 PMCID: PMC8750556 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelinergic system, which includes the apelin receptor (APJ) as well as its two specific ligands, namely apelin and ELABELA (ELA/APELA/Toddler), have been the subject of many recent studies due to their pleiotropic effects in humans and other animals. Expression of these factors has been investigated in numerous tissues and organs—for example, the lungs, heart, uterus, and ovary. Moreover, a number of studies have been devoted to understanding the role of apelin and the entire apelinergic system in the most important processes in the body, starting from early stages of human life with regulation of placental function and the proper course of pregnancy. Disturbances in the balance of placental processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, or hormone secretion may lead to specific pregnancy pathologies; therefore, there is a great need to search for substances that would help in their early diagnosis or treatment. A number of studies have indicated that compounds of the apelinergic system could serve this purpose. Hence, in this review, we summarized the most important reports about the role of apelin and the entire apelinergic system in the regulation of placental physiology and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Jurek
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Natalia Respekta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Wiktoria Gieras
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Tomasz Milewicz
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Kotula-Balak
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-1-2664-5003
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Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Vaghari-Tabari M, Oghbaei H, Lotz L, Zarezadeh R, Rastgar Rezaei Y, Ranjkesh M, Nouri M, Fattahi A, Nikanfar S, Dittrich R. Role of adipokines in embryo implantation. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R267-R278. [PMID: 34559064 PMCID: PMC8558901 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Embryo implantation is a complex process in which multiple molecules acting together under strict regulation. Studies showed the production of various adipokines and their receptors in the embryo and uterus, where they can influence the maternal-fetal transmission of metabolites and embryo implantation. Therefore, these cytokines have opened a novel area of study in the field of embryo-maternal crosstalk during early pregnancy. In this respect, the involvement of adipokines has been widely reported in the regulation of both physiological and pathological aspects of the implantation process. However, the information about the role of some recently identified adipokines is limited. This review aims to highlight the role of various adipokines in embryo-maternal interactions, endometrial receptivity, and embryo implantation, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Oghbaei
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laura Lotz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Rastgar Rezaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ranjkesh
- Medical Radiation Science Research Group (MRSRG), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Fattahi or S Nikanfar: or
| | - Saba Nikanfar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Fattahi or S Nikanfar: or
| | - Ralf Dittrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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