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Zhao J, Sun Y, Ren L, Huang S, Zhang J. Antagonism of androgen receptor signaling by aloe-emodin. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114092. [PMID: 37806336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been a key driver of both primary and recurrent prostate cancer. In this work, aloe-emodin was identified as a novel AR antagonist, effectively inhibiting AR signaling. Firstly, aloe-emodin can inhibit LNCaP cell growth by promoting apoptosis. Then, the results of Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR further confirmed that aloe-emodin modulated AR protein levels by promoting AR proteasomal degradation, and also inhibited the transcription of the AR downstream target genes, including PSA, KLK2, and TMPRSS2. Furthermore, the result of immunofluorescence showed that aloe-emodin prevented the nuclear translocation of AR. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation suggested that aloe-emodin combined with AR to form stable complexes, which might explain that aloe-emodin prevented the translocation of AR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus by affecting the ligand binding of AR. Therefore, aloe-emodin as a novel AR antagonist may play a crucial role in promoting cancer prevention or complementing pharmacological therapies in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yantong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shuqing Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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2
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Fan H, Li J, Manuel AM, Zhao Z. Enzalutamide-induced signatures revealed by epigenetic plasticity using single-cell multi-omics sequencing in prostate cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:648-661. [PMID: 36910711 PMCID: PMC9995291 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is morphologically and molecularly heterogeneous, which poses obstacles for early diagnosis and treatment. Advancements in understanding the heterogeneity of prostate cancer will help navigate through these challenges and ultimately benefit patients. In this study, we integrated single-cell sequencing for transposase-accessible chromatin and whole transcriptome in prostate cancer cell lines, aiming to decode the epigenetic plasticity upon enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment. By comparing the cell populations representing early-treatment response or resistance to the initial tumor cells, we identified seven signature gene sets; they present consistent trends of chromatin closing co-occurred with down-regulated genes during early response and chromatin opening with up-regulated genes upon maintaining drug resistance. In the molecular signatures, we found genes ZNF337, MAPK15, and ESRRG are favorable in progression-free prognosis during early response, while genes CCDC150, CCDC18, and POC1A marked poor prognosis underpinning the pre-existing drug resistance in The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate adenocarcinoma cohort. Ultimately, drug-target analyses nominated combinatory drug candidates to either enhance early-treatment response or potentially overcome ENZ resistance. Together, our integrative, single-cell multi-omics approach in pre-clinical models is effective in identifying informative signatures from complex molecular events, illustrating diverse drug responses in prostate cancer, and invoking novel combinatory drug strategies to inform clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Fan
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jinze Li
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Astrid M Manuel
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Markowitsch SD, Juetter KM, Schupp P, Hauschulte K, Vakhrusheva O, Slade KS, Thomas A, Tsaur I, Cinatl J, Michaelis M, Efferth T, Haferkamp A, Juengel E. Shikonin Reduces Growth of Docetaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Mainly through Necroptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:882. [PMID: 33672520 PMCID: PMC7923752 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for advanced prostate carcinoma (PCa) remains poor due to development of therapy resistance, and new treatment options are needed. Shikonin (SHI) from Traditional Chinese Medicine has induced antitumor effects in diverse tumor entities, but data related to PCa are scarce. Therefore, the parental (=sensitive) and docetaxel (DX)-resistant PCa cell lines, PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 were exposed to SHI [0.1-1.5 μM], and tumor cell growth, proliferation, cell cycling, cell death (apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis), and metabolic activity were evaluated. Correspondingly, the expression of regulating proteins was assessed. Exposure to SHI time- and dose-dependently inhibited tumor cell growth and proliferation in parental and DX-resistant PCa cells, accompanied by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M or S phase and modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins. SHI induced apoptosis and more dominantly necroptosis in both parental and DX-resistant PCa cells. This was shown by enhanced pRIP1 and pRIP3 expression and returned growth if applying the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. No SHI-induced alteration in metabolic activity of the PCa cells was detected. The significant antitumor effects induced by SHI to parental and DX-resistant PCa cells make the addition of SHI to standard therapy a promising treatment strategy for patients with advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha D. Markowitsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Kira M. Juetter
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Patricia Schupp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Kristine Hauschulte
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Olesya Vakhrusheva
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Kimberly Sue Slade
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Anita Thomas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK;
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
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4
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Cardoso HJ, Carvalho TMA, Fonseca LRS, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. Revisiting prostate cancer metabolism: From metabolites to disease and therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1499-1538. [PMID: 33274768 DOI: 10.1002/med.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, still presents important unmet clinical needs concerning treatment. In the last years, the metabolic reprogramming and the specificities of tumor cells emerged as an exciting field for cancer therapy. The unique features of PCa cells metabolism, and the activation of specific metabolic pathways, propelled the use of metabolic inhibitors for treatment. The present work revises the knowledge of PCa metabolism and the metabolic alterations that underlie the development and progression of the disease. A focus is given to the role of bioenergetic sources, namely, glucose, lipids, and glutamine sustaining PCa cell survival and growth. Moreover, it is described as the action of oncogenes/tumor suppressors and sex steroid hormones in the metabolic reprogramming of PCa. Finally, the status of PCa treatment based on the inhibition of metabolic pathways is presented. Globally, this review updates the landscape of PCa metabolism, highlighting the critical metabolic alterations that could have a clinical and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M A Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lara R S Fonseca
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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5
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Wang L, Stadlbauer B, Lyu C, Buchner A, Pohla H. Shikonin enhances the antitumor effect of cabazitaxel in prostate cancer stem cells and reverses cabazitaxel resistance by inhibiting ABCG2 and ALDH3A1. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3784-3800. [PMID: 33294267 PMCID: PMC7716147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population among cancer cells, defined as capable of self-renewal, and driving tumor growth, metastasis, and therapeutic relapse. The development of therapeutic strategies to target CSCs is of great importance to prevent tumor metastasis and relapse. Increasing evidence shows that shikonin has inhibiting effects on CSCs. This study was to determine the effect of shikonin on prostate CSCs, and on drug resistant cells. Sphere formation assay was used to enrich prostate CSCs. The effect of shikonin on viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion was studied. Typical CSCs markers were analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. The cytotoxic mechanism of shikonin was analyzed by staining for annexin V, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential. To study the effect of shikonin on drug-resistant cells a cabazitaxel resistant cell line was established. Shikonin inhibited the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate CSCs. Shikonin enhanced the antitumor effect of cabazitaxel, which is a second-line chemotherapeutic drug in advanced prostate cancer. Shikonin induced apoptosis through generating ROS and disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, shikonin suppressed the expression of ALDH3A1 and ABCG2 in prostate CSCs, which are two markers related to drug-resistance. When inhibiting the expression of ABCG2 and ALDH3A1, the cabazitaxel resistant cells acquired more sensibility to cabazitaxel. Shikonin enhances the cytotoxic activity of cabazitaxel in prostate CSCs and reverses the cabazitaxel-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
| | - Birgit Stadlbauer
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
| | - Chen Lyu
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
| | - Alexander Buchner
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
| | - Heike Pohla
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University MunichGermany
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6
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Liu T, Li S, Wu L, Yu Q, Li J, Feng J, Zhang J, Chen J, Zhou Y, Ji J, Chen K, Mao Y, Wang F, Dai W, Fan X, Wu J, Guo C. Experimental Study of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment by Shikonin Through Regulating PKM2. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:19-31. [PMID: 32110554 PMCID: PMC7035901 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s237614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Shikonin is a natural product with many activities, including anti-cancer effects. Pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2) plays a crucial role in the growth of tumor cells. However, the effect of shikonin on PKM2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. Methods Cell viability, apoptosis level, glucose uptake, and lactate production were detected in HCC cells. Lentivirus-overexpressed and -shRNA of PKM2 were used to verify the key target of shikonin. A xenograft mouse model was used to detect the efficacy of shikonin and its combination with sorafenib in vivo. Results Shikonin inhibited proliferation and glycolysis and induced apoptosis in HCC cells. Either PKM2-overexpressed or PKM2-shRNA alleviated or enhanced this effect. The results of CCK-8 showed that shikonin significantly inhibited cell viability of HCC cells. The levels of glucose uptake and lactate production were dramatically decreased by shikonin-treated. Results of flow cytometry and Western blot showed that the levels of apoptosis of HCC cells were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner after shikonin treatment. In addition, shikonin enhanced the anti-cancer effect of sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that SK combined with sorafenib markedly inhibits tumor growth in HCC-transplanted nude mice compared to SK or sorafenib alone. Conclusion By inhibiting PKM2, shikonin inhibited proliferation and glycolysis and induced cell apoptosis in HCC cells. The effect of shikonin on tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis and glycolsis will make it promising drug for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan 250000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Mao
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
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7
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Shikonin derivatives for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 459:248-267. [PMID: 31132429 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals gained considerable interest during the past years as source to develop new treatment options for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Motivated by the fact that a majority of established anticancer drugs are derived in one way or another from natural resources, we focused on shikonin, a naphthoquinone with high potentials to be further developed as preventive or therapeutic drug to fight cancer. Shikonin is the major chemical component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Purple Cromwell) roots. Traditionally, the root extract has been applied to cure dermatitis, burns, and wounds. Over the past three decades, the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of root extracts, isolated shikonin as well as semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives and nanoformulations have been described. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to understand the effect of shikonin at cellular and molecular levels. Preliminary clinical trials indicate the potential of shikonin for translation into clinical oncology. Shikonin exerts additive and synergistic interactions in combination with established chemotherapeutics, immunotherapeutic approaches, radiotherapy and other treatment modalities, which further underscores the potential of this phytochemical to be integrated into standard treatment regimens.
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8
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Compounds from Cynomorium songaricum with Estrogenic and Androgenic Activities Suppress the Oestrogen/Androgen-Induced BPH Process. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6438013. [PMID: 28588640 PMCID: PMC5447316 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6438013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the phytoestrogenic and phytoandrogenic activities of compounds isolated from CS and uncover the role of CS in prevention of oestrogen/androgen-induced BPH. Methods Cells were treated with CS compounds, and immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the nuclear translocation of ERα or AR in MCF-7 or LNCaP cells; luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect ERs or AR transcriptional activity in HeLa or AD293 cells; MTT assay was performed to detect the cell proliferation of MCF-7 or LNCaP cells. Oestrogen/androgen-induced BPH model was established in rat and the anti-BPH, anti-estrogenic, and anti-androgenic activities of CS in vivo were further investigated. Results The nuclear translocation of ERα was stimulated by nine CS compounds, three of which also stimulated AR translocation. The transcriptional activities of ERα and ERβ were induced by five compounds, within which only ECG induced AR transcriptional activity as well. Besides, ECG stimulated the proliferation of both MCF-7 cells and LNCaP cells. CS extract suppressed oestrogen/androgen-induced BPH progress in vivo by downregulation of E2 and T level in serum and alteration of the expressions of ERα, ERβ, and AR in the prostate. Conclusion Our data demonstrates that compounds from CS exhibit phytoestrogenic and phytoandrogenic activities, which may contribute to inhibiting the oestrogen/androgen-induced BPH development.
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Ghosh C, Hossain M, Solanki J, Najm IM, Marchi N, Janigro D. Overexpression of pregnane X and glucocorticoid receptors and the regulation of cytochrome P450 in human epileptic brain endothelial cells. Epilepsia 2017; 58:576-585. [PMID: 28199000 PMCID: PMC5386820 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective Recent evidence suggests a metabolic contribution of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) to the drug‐resistant phenotype in human epilepsy. However, the upstream molecular regulators of CYP in the epileptic brain remain understudied. We therefore investigated the expression and function of pregnane xenobiotic (PXR) and glucocorticoid (GR) nuclear receptors in endothelial cells established from post‐epilepsy surgery brain samples. Methods PXR/GR localization was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in specimens from subjects who underwent temporal lobe resections to relieve drug‐resistant seizures. We used primary cultures of endothelial cells obtained from epileptic brain tissues (EPI‐ECs; n = 8), commercially available human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs; n = 8), and human hepatocytes (n = 3). PXR/GR messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in brain ECs was initially determined by complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays. The expression of PXR/GR proteins was quantified by Western blot. PXR and GR silencing was performed in EPI‐ECs (n = 4), and the impact on downstream CYP expression was determined. Results PXR/GR expression was detected by immunofluorescence in ECs and neurons in the human temporal lobe samples analyzed. Elevated mRNA and protein levels of PXR and GR were found in EPI‐ECs versus control HBMECs. Hepatocytes, used as a positive control, displayed the highest levels of PXR/GR expression. We confirmed expression of PXR/GR in cytoplasmic‐nuclear subcellular fractions, with a significant increase of PXR/GR in EPI‐ECs versus controls. CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2E1 were overexpressed in EPI‐ECs versus control, whereas CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 were downregulated or absent in EPI‐ECs. GR silencing in EPI‐ECs led to decreased CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and PXR expression. PXR silencing in EPI‐ECs resulted in the specific downregulation of CYP3A4 expression. Significance Our results indicate increased PXR and GR in primary ECs derived from human epileptic brains. PXR or GR may be responsible for a local drug brain metabolism sustained by abnormal CYP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Mohammed Hossain
- Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Jesal Solanki
- Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Imad M Najm
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS/INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Damir Janigro
- Flocel, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
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10
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Jang SY, Hong D, Jeong SY, Kim JH. Shikonin causes apoptosis by up-regulating p73 and down-regulating ICBP90 in human cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Zhang X, Hu W, Wu F, Yuan X, Hu J. Shikonin inhibits TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:615-24. [PMID: 26042337 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin is a naphthoquinone compound extracted from the Chinese herb purple gromwell. Shikonin has broad antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced proliferation and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is an important factor that contributes to atherosclerosis. The effects of shikonin on the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs have been reported; however, the function of shikonin on TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion of VSMCs during atherosclerosis remains unclear. In this study, we used Western blot, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the effect of shikonin on the TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of VSMCs and to determine the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that shikonin inhibits the TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion. Further study revealed that shikonin regulates the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase signaling pathways; modulates the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, B-cell lymphoma 2, and Bax; activates caspase-3 and caspase-9; induces cell cycle arrest; and promotes the apoptosis of VSMCs. Together, our results indicate that shikonin may become a promising agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis and they also establish foundation for the development of anti-atherosclerosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Zhang
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wu
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yuan
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Kuo LJ, Huang CY, Cheng WL, Hung CS, Wu CT, Lin FY, Chang YJ, Huang MT. Glucose-regulated protein 78 mediates the anticancer efficacy of shikonin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5063-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Farooqi AA, Sarkar FH. Overview on the complexity of androgen receptor-targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25705125 PMCID: PMC4336517 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the field of prostate cancer (PCa) biology has developed exponentially and paralleled with that has been the growing interest in translation of laboratory findings into clinical practice. Based on overwhelming evidence of high impact research findings which support the underlying cause of insufficient drug efficacy in patients progressing on standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is due to persistent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis. Therefore, newer agents must be discovered especially because newer ADT such as abiraterone and enzalutamide are becoming ineffective due to rapid development of resistance to these agents. High-throughput technologies are generating massive and highly dimensional genetic variation data that has helped in developing a better understanding of the dynamic repertoire of AR and AR variants. Full length AR protein and its variants modulate a sophisticated regulatory system to orchestrate cellular responses. We partition this multicomponent review into subsections addressing the underlying mechanisms of resistance to recent therapeutics, positive and negative regulators of AR signaling cascade, and how SUMOylation modulates AR induced transcriptional activity. Experimentally verified findings obtained from cell culture and preclinical studies focusing on the potential of natural agents in inhibiting mRNA/protein levels of AR, nuclear accumulation and enhanced nuclear export of AR are also discussed. We also provide spotlight on molecular basis of enzalutamide resistance with an overview of the strategies opted to overcome such resistance. AR variants are comprehensively described and different mechanisms that regulate AR variant expression are also discussed. Reconceptualization of phenotype- and genotype-driven studies have convincingly revealed that drug induced resistance is a major stumbling block in standardization of therapy. Therefore, we summarize succinctly the knowledge of drug resistance especially to ADT and potential avenues to overcome such resistance for improving the treatment outcome of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- />Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- />Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 HWCRC, 4100 JohnR Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Wada N, Kawano Y, Fujiwara S, Kikukawa Y, Okuno Y, Tasaki M, Ueda M, Ando Y, Yoshinaga K, Ri M, Iida S, Nakashima T, Shiotsu Y, Mitsuya H, Hata H. Shikonin, dually functions as a proteasome inhibitor and a necroptosis inducer in multiple myeloma cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:963-72. [PMID: 25530098 PMCID: PMC4324584 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin (SHK), a natural small agent (MW 288.3), reportedly induces cell death in various tumor cells. We have found that SHK also exerts potent cytocidal effects on human multiple myeloma (MM) cells, but its anticancer mechanism in MM cells remains to be elucidated. SHK at 2.5–5 μM induced apoptosis in seven MM cell lines, including the bortezomib-resistant cell line KMS11/BTZ. The IC50 value of SHK against KMS11/BTZ was comparable to that of a parental cell line KMS11 (1.1 and 1.56 μM, respectively). SHK induces accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and activates XBP-1 in MM cells, suggesting that SHK functions as a proteasome inhibitor, eventually inducing ER stress-associated apoptosis. SHK increases levels of HSP70/72, which protects cells from apoptosis, and exerts greater cytocidal effects in combination with the HSP70/72 inhibitor VER-155008. At higher concentrations (10–20 μM), SHK induced cell death, which was completely inhibited by a necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), while the cytocidal activity was unaffected by Z-VAD-FMK, strongly suggesting that cell death is induced by SHK at high concentrations through necroptosis. The present data show for the first time that SHK induces cell death in MM cells. SHK efficiently induces apoptosis and combination of heat shock protein inhibitor with low dose SHK enhances apoptosis, while high dose SHK induces necroptosis in MM cells. These findings together support the use of SHK as a potential therapeutic agent for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Wada
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yawara Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shiho Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Okuno
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yoshinaga
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Ri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yukimasa Shiotsu
- Translational Oncology, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hata
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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Hao Z, Qian J, Yang J. Shikonin induces apoptosis and inhibits migration of ovarian carcinoma cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Src and FAK. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:629-633. [PMID: 25621031 PMCID: PMC4301518 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study identified that shikonin, a naphthoquinone extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, inhibits the migration of ovarian cancer cells and induces their apoptosis by impairing the phosphorylation of two kinases, proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase Src (Src) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Ovarian carcinoma SKOV-3 cells were treated with various concentrations of shikonin and analyzed for the effects on cell migration, invasion and apoptosis via Transwell assays and flow cytometry. In addition, the effects of shikonin administration on the expression and phosphorylation of Src and FAK in the SKOV-3 cells were analyzed by western blotting. Shikonin appeared to induce apoptosis and decrease cell migration in the SKOV-3 ovarian cells. Furthermore, the present study provides evidence that shikonin may exert these effects on human ovarian carcinoma cells via the inhibition of the protein tyrosine kinases, Src and FAK. Thus, shikonin should be considered for additional investigation as a candidate agent for the prevention and treatment of human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Hao
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qian
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Jishi Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Taixing Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225004, P.R. China
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Acetylamine derivative of diospyrin, a plant-derived binaphthylquinonoid, inhibits human colon cancer growth in Nod-Scid mice. Invest New Drugs 2014; 33:22-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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