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Gariboldi MB, Marras E, Ferrario N, Vivona V, Prini P, Vignati F, Perletti G. Anti-Cancer Potential of Edible/Medicinal Mushrooms in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10120. [PMID: 37373268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible/medicinal mushrooms have been traditionally used in Asian countries either in the cuisine or as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. In recent decades, they have aroused increasing attention in Europe as well, due to their health and nutritional benefits. In particular, among the different pharmacological activities reported (antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, immunomodulating, antidiabetic, etc.), edible/medicinal mushrooms have been shown to exert in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects on several kinds of tumors, including breast cancer. In this article, we reviewed mushrooms showing antineoplastic activity again breast cancer cells, especially focusing on the possible bioactive compounds involved and their mechanisms of action. In particular, the following mushrooms have been considered: Agaricus bisporus, Antrodia cinnamomea, Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. We also report insights into the relationship between dietary consumption of edible mushrooms and breast cancer risk, and the results of clinical studies and meta-analyses focusing on the effects of fungal extracts on breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Nicole Ferrario
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Veronica Vivona
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Pamela Prini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Perletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Kumar HMA, Sarkar M, Darshan K, Ghoshal T, Kavya BS, Bashayl BM, Asaiya AJK, Berry N. The Ganoderma: Biodiversity and Significance. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Bielecka J, Mielcarek K, Grabia M, Socha K. Treasures from the forest: Evaluation of mushroom extracts as anti-cancer agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112106. [PMID: 34482165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms provide a reliable source of bioactive compounds and have numerous nutritional values, which is one of the reasons why they are widely used for culinary purposes. They may also be a remedy for several medical conditions, including cancer diseases. Given the constantly increasing number of cancer incidents, the great anticancer potential of mushrooms has unsurprisingly become an object of interest to researchers. Therefore, this review aimed to collect and summarize all the available scientific data on the anti-cancer activity of mushroom extracts. Our research showed that mushroom extracts from 92 species, prepared using 12 different solvents, could reduce the viability of 38 various cancers. Additionally, we evaluated different experimental models: in vitro (cell model), in vivo (mice and rat model, case studies and randomized controlled trials), and in silico. Breast cancer proved to be sensitive to the highest number of mushroom extracts. The curative mechanisms of the studied mushrooms consisted in: inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, unregulated proportion of cells in cell cycle phases, induction of autophagy and phagocytosis, improved response of the immune system, and induction of apoptotic death of cells via upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. The processes mainly involved the expression of caspases -3, -8, -9, AKT, p27, p53, BAX, and BCL2. The quoted results could lead to the classification of mushrooms as nutraceuticals used to prevent a variety of disorders or to support treatment of cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Nowakowski
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Bielecka
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Konrad Mielcarek
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Grabia
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Socha
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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Xian H, Li J, Zhang Y, Li D, Zhu Y, Li S, Tan Z, Lin Z, Li X, Pan Y. Antimetastatic Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Peptide on B16-F10-luc-G5 Melanoma Mice With Sleep Fragmentation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650216. [PMID: 34305583 PMCID: PMC8296642 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) polysaccharide peptide (GL-pp) is a component of the globally acknowledged traditional Chinese medicine Ganoderma lucidum; Ganoderma lucidum is known for its sedative, hypnotic, immune regulatory, antitumor, and other pharmacological effects. In recent years, sleep disorders have been linked to many diseases and human body disorders, including cancer. Some experimental studies in mice found that sleep fragmentation could promote tumor development and progression. However, effects on GL-pp on tumor metastasis under circumstances of sleep disorders have rarely been studied. Thus, in this study, we used mice with sleep fragmentation (SF) bearing B16-F10-luc-G5 melanoma tumors to investigate the effect of SF on melanoma metastasis. Furthermore, we investigated the antitumor and antimetastatic effects of GL-pp (80 mg/kg) in mice suffering from SF and bearing B16-F10-luc-G5. Then, whole proteomics was used to analyze the differences in protein expression in the lung tissue between SF mice bearing B16-F10-luc-G5 with and without GL-pp administration. High-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA was also used to analyze the impact of GL-pp on the gut microbiota composition in SF mice bearing B16-F10-luc-G5. Last, the effects of GL-pp on macrophage polarization and TNF-α serum levels were detected. Collectively, we found that SF significantly facilitated the B16-F10-luc-G5 melanoma tumor metastasis in mice, while GL-pp significantly reduced B16-F10-luc-G5 melanoma tumor metastasis under the condition of SF, in which proteomics and gut microbiota had been changed greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Zhu J, Shi L, Du G, Li L, Liu M. Upregulated SET Promotes Cell Survival Through Activating Akt/NF-κB Signal in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4735-4745. [PMID: 32606964 PMCID: PMC7310974 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s255930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose SET has been proven to be an oncogene, which promotes the initiation and progression in several kinds of malignant carcinomas. However, the expression and its functional roles in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remained unknown. Materials and Methods CRC tissues samples, CRC cell lines and xenograft mouse tumors were used in this study. The mRNA and protein expressions were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blot (WB), respectively. siRNAs were used to silence the gene expression. Cell viability, cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis were measured by MTS assay, EdU incorporation assay, plated colony formation assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot was applied to evaluate the levels of Akt, p-Akt, c-Myc and cyclin D1. Xenograft mouse model was performed to observe the role of SET in vivo. Results Our results revealed that SET was up-regulated in CRC, and the expression of SET was increased with the development of CRC. SET knockdown in vitro attenuated cell proliferation activity, and increased cell apoptosis in CRC cells. Moreover, the knockdown of SET reduces tumorigenic potential in nude mice. For the mechanism, knockdown of SET promoted the dephosphorylation of Akt, followed by suppressing the translocation of NF-κB to nucleus. In addition, SET knockdown-mediated dephosphorylation of Akt downregulated the expression of c-Myc and Cyclin D1, which inhibited the cell survival in CRC. Conclusion Our results indicated that SET promoted cell survival via activating Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in CRC, which strongly suggested that SET might be a potential therapeutic target in the colorectal carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Medical Cellular Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Genlai Du
- Department of Medical Cellular Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medical Cellular Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Medical Cellular Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
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Berretta M, Rinaldi L, Taibi R, Tralongo P, Fulvi A, Montesarchio V, Madeddu G, Magistri P, Bimonte S, Trovò M, Gnagnarella P, Cuomo A, Cascella M, Lleshi A, Nasti G, Facchini S, Fiorica F, Di Francia R, Nunnari G, Pellicanò GF, Guglielmino A, Danova M, Rossetti S, Amore A, Crispo A, Facchini G. Physician Attitudes and Perceptions of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): A Multicentre Italian Study. Front Oncol 2020; 10:594. [PMID: 32411599 PMCID: PMC7202223 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) interventions are widely used by patients with chronic disorders, including cancer, and may interact with cancer treatment. Physicians are often unaware of this, probably due to poor patient-physician communication on CAM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physicians' knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns regarding CAM in a survey conducted in Italy. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 438 physicians (11 Italian hospitals) who predominantly treat patients with chronic disease, to collect personal and professional data and information on attitudes toward CAM and its possible role in Conventional Medicine (CM). Results: Of the 438 participants, most were specialists in oncology (18%), internal medicine (17%), surgery (15%), and radiotherapy (11%). Most worked at university (44%) or research hospitals (31%). Forty-two percent of participants believed that CAM could have an integrative role within CM. Oncologists were the physicians who were best informed on CAM (58%). Physicians working at research institutes or university hospitals had a greater knowledge of CAM than those employed at general hospitals (p < 0.0001), and those who were also involved in research activity had a greater knowledge of CAM than those who were not (p < 0.003). Length of work experience was significantly related to CAM knowledge. Moreover, 55% of participants suggest CAM interventions to their patients and 44% discuss CAM with them. The best-known interventions were acupuncture, Aloe vera and high-dose vitamin C. Conclusion: CAM use by patients with chronic disease and/or cancer has become a topical issue for the scientific community and for physicians. Knowing the reasons that prompt these patients to use CAM and guiding them in their decisions would improve treatment and outcomes and also benefit healthcare systems. Our findings contribute to a greater understanding of CAM knowledge, attitudes, and practice among Italian physicians. Further research is needed to identify the more effective CAM treatments and to work toward an integrated healthcare model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - CRO, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Taibi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - CRO, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Paolo Tralongo
- Division of Medical Oncology, "Umberto I" Hospital, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Alberto Fulvi
- Division of Medical Oncology, "Gemelli" Hospital, Roman, Italy
| | | | - Giordano Madeddu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Magistri
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bimonte
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trovò
- Division of Radiotherapy, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gnagnarella
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Cuomo
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Cascella
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Arben Lleshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - CRO, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Division of Medical Oncology B, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Facchini
- Department of Urology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Aurelio Guglielmino
- Division of Anaesthesia, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Danova
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, Vigevano Civic Hospital, ASST of Pavia, Vigevano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossetti
- Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Amore
- Division of Surgery Melanoma and Skin Cancer, 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Crispo
- Unit of Epidemiology, 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Mushroom extracts and compounds with suppressive action on breast cancer: evidence from studies using cultured cancer cells, tumor-bearing animals, and clinical trials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4675-4703. [PMID: 32274562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews mushrooms with anti-breast cancer activity. The mushrooms covered which are better known include the following: button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, Brazilian mushroom Agaricus blazei, Amauroderma rugosum, stout camphor fungus Antrodia camphorata, Jew's ear (black) fungus or black wood ear fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, reishi mushroom or Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma sinense, maitake mushroom or sheep's head mushroom Grifola frondosa, lion's mane mushroom or monkey head mushroom Hericium erinaceum, brown beech mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus, sulfur polypore mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), Phellinus linteus (Japanese "meshimakobu," Chinese "song gen," Korean "sanghwang," American "black hoof mushroom"), abalone mushroom Pleurotus abalonus, king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, tuckahoe or Fu Ling Poria cocos, and split gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Antineoplastic effectiveness in human clinical trials and mechanism of anticancer action have been reported for Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinula edodes.
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He J, Wei X, Li S, Quan X, Li R, Du H, Yuan S, Sun L. DT-13 suppresses breast cancer metastasis by modulating PLOD2 in the adipocytes microenvironment. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 59:152778. [PMID: 31005809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the main cause of death in breast cancer and previous researches have indicated the pivotal role of adipocytes in breast cancer metastasis. DT-13, the saponin monomer 13 of the Dwarf lilyturf tuber, has been proved to exert potential anti-metastatic effect, the detailed mechanisms have not been well elucidated and the role of DT-13 in modulating adipocyte-breast cancer microenvironment has been given little attention. PURPOSE This study aims to explore the mechanisms of DT-13 in inhibiting breast cancer metastasis and whether DT-13 inhibit breast cancer metastasis via modulating the interactions between adipocytes and breast cancer cells. METHODS The cytotoxic effect of DT-13 on breast cancer cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Migration assays was used to conduct the effect of DT-13 on breast cancer cells migration. Orthotopic xenograft tumor model was used to test the effect of DT-13 on breast cancer metastasis. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to investigate the mechanisms of DT-13 inhibiting breast cancer metastasis. RESULTS DT-13 inhibited breast cancer cells migration at the concentration without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, DT-13 decreased PLOD2 expression through modulating JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways directly or indirectly in the adipocyte-breast cancer microenvironment. Orthotopic implantation mouse model of breast cancer further confirmed that DT-13 inhibited breast cancer metastasis via downregulating PLOD2 in vivo. CONCLUSION DT-13 suppressed breast cancer metastasis via reducing the expression of PLOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingping Quan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiming Li
- Tasly Research Institute, Tianjin Tasly Hodling Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Hongzhi Du
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Ganoderma lucidum Extract Reduces the Motility of Breast Cancer Cells Mediated by the RAC⁻Lamellipodin Axis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051116. [PMID: 31109134 PMCID: PMC6567024 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The main cause of BC morbidity and mortality is the invasiveness capacity of cancer cells that may lead to metastasis. Here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE)—a medicinal mushroom with anticancer properties—on BC motility via the Rac/Lamellipodin pathway. GLE treatment effects were tested on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The effects were tested on cell viability, migration and invasion. Pulldowns, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence were used to measure Rac activity and the expression of proteins involved in cell migration and in lamellipodia formation, respectively. As a result, GLE suppressed BC cell viability, migration, and invasion capacity. GLE impaired Rac activity, as well as downregulated Lamellipodin, ENA/VASP, p-FAK (Tyr925), Cdc42, and c-Myc expression. Lamellipodia formation was significantly reduced by GLE. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GLE reduces Rac activity and downregulates signaling molecules involved in lamellipodia formation. These novel findings serve as basis for further studies to elucidate the potential of GLE as a therapeutic agent regulating the Rac/Lamellipodin pathway in BC metastasis.
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Sun Y, Sun L. Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) Against Tumor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1182:79-118. [PMID: 31777015 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer potential of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) and its extracts has been widely demonstrated, including antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic, and multidrug resistance reversional activities, involving a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms besides antitumor immunology. Intrinsic- and extrinsic-initiated apoptotic pathway in association with cell cycle arresting, telomerase inhibiting, autophagy, and oxidative stress is involved in the antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive activities of Ganoderma and its extracts. The inhibition of tumor cell adhesion, invasion, and migration by Ganoderma and its extracts involves molecular mechanisms such as AP-1, NF-κB, MMP, cadherin, β-integrin, c-Met, FAK, EMT, and so on. Targeting the major pro-angiogenic stimulus, VEGF, and its receptor contributes to the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by Ganoderma and its extracts. Inhibition against the ATP-dependent transmembrane drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the surface of resistant tumor cells to prevent reduction of the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs by pumping out the drugs plays an important role in the activities of Ganoderma and its extracts to reverse tumor cell multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China.
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Rios-Fuller TJ, Ortiz-Soto G, Lacourt-Ventura M, Maldonado-Martinez G, Cubano LA, Schneider RJ, Martinez-Montemayor MM. Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) impairs breast cancer stem cells by targeting the STAT3 pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35907-35921. [PMID: 30542507 PMCID: PMC6267592 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggressive nature of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) may be explained in part by the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), a subpopulation of cells, which are involved in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway participates in the development and progression of BCSCs, but its role in TNBC remains unclear. Here, we report that Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), a medicinal mushroom with anticancer activity, acts on BCSCs in vitro and in TNBC pre-clinical animal tumor models by downregulating the STAT3 pathway. We show that GLE significantly reduces TNBC cell viability, and down-regulates total and phosphorylated STAT3 expression. This is consistent with the reduction of OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 expression, reduction in the BCSC population by loss of the ALDH1 and CD44+/CD24– population, the deformation of mammospheres, and the strong reduction in animal tumor volume and tumor weight. Analysis of the BCSC compartment in tumors revealed that GLE decreases the STAT3 pathway and the expression of OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 in BCSCs. These findings demonstrate that the anti-cancer activity of GLE targets BCSCs of TNBC through the downregulation of the STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Rios-Fuller
- Universidad Central del Caribe-School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Ortiz-Soto
- Universidad Central del Caribe-School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Lacourt-Ventura
- Universidad Central del Caribe-School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | | | - Luis A Cubano
- Universidad Central del Caribe-School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, United States of America
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Wu K, Na K, Chen D, Wang Y, Pan H, Wang X. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 on Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides-induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2356-2368. [PMID: 30272272 PMCID: PMC6203158 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) has been demonstrated to elicit antitumorigenic and proapoptotic activities in cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of GLP have yet to be elucidated. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) has been reported to exert proapoptotic effects and therefore, may serve an important role in cancer prevention. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which GLP stimulates anticancer activity in human prostate cancer (PCa) PC-3 cells. In addition, the role of NAG-1 in GLP-induced cancer inhibition was examined. The results of the present study demonstrated that GLP significantly inhibited cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner in PC-3 cells. Flow cytometry indicated that GLP induced late apoptosis, which was accompanied by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP) cleavage, and inhibition of pro-caspase-3, -6 and -9 protein expression. Furthermore, it was observed that the expression levels of NAG-1, and its transcriptional factor early growth response-1, were upregulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner upon GLP treatment. The results of a luciferase assay demonstrated that GLP induced the promoter activity of NAG-1, thus indicating that NAG-1 may be transcriptionally regulated by GLP. The secretion of NAG-1 proteins into the cell culture medium was also upregulated upon GLP treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of NAG-1 expression by small interfering RNA significantly, but not completely, prevented GLP-induced apoptosis, and reversed the effects of GLP on PARP and pro-caspase expression. It was further demonstrated that GLP inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in PC-3 cells. The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to report that GLP may induce apoptosis of PCa cells, which is partially mediated through NAG-1 induction. The present findings may be helpful in elucidating the anticancer mechanisms of GLP through NAG-1 induction for its chemopreventive potential in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kun Na
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Dian Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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Avet C, Denoyelle C, L'Hôte D, Petit F, Guigon CJ, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Simon V. GnRH regulates the expression of its receptor accessory protein SET in pituitary gonadotropes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201494. [PMID: 30052687 PMCID: PMC6063425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive function is under the control of the neurohormone GnRH, which activates a G-protein-coupled receptor (GnRHR) expressed in pituitary gonadotrope cells. GnRHR activates a complex signaling network to regulate synthesis and secretion of the two gonadotropin hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, both regulating gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in gonads. Recently, in an attempt to identify the mechanisms underlying GnRHR signaling plasticity, we identified the first interacting partner of GnRHR, the proto-oncogene SET. We showed that SET binds to intracellular domains of GnRHR to enhance its coupling to cAMP pathway in αT3-1 gonadotrope cells. Here, we demonstrate that SET protein is rapidly regulated by GnRH, which increases SET phosphorylation state and decreases dose-dependently SET protein level. Our results highlight a post-translational regulation of SET protein involving the proteasome pathway. We determined that SET phosphorylation upon GnRH stimulation is mediated by PKC and that PKC mediates GnRH-induced SET down-regulation. Phosphorylation on serine 9 targets SET for degradation into the proteasome. Furthermore, a non-phosphorylatable SET mutant on serine 9 is resistant to GnRH-induced down-regulation. Altogether, these data suggest that GnRH-induced SET phosphorylation on serine 9 mediates SET protein down-regulation through the proteasome pathway. Noteworthy, SET down-regulation was also observed in response to pulsatile GnRH stimulation in LβT2 gonadotrope cells as well as in vivo in prepubertal female mice supporting its physiological relevance. In conclusion, this study highlights a regulation of SET protein by the neurohormone GnRH and identifies some of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Avet
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Denoyelle
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - David L'Hôte
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Céline J Guigon
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Simon
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
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14
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15
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Cui ML, Yang HY, He GQ. Apoptosis induction of colorectal cancer cells HTL-9 in vitro by the transformed products of soybean isoflavones by Ganoderma lucidum. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:1101-1112. [PMID: 29204990 PMCID: PMC5742293 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soybean isoflavones have been one of the potential preventive candidates for antitumor research in recent years. In this paper, we first studied the transformation of soybean isoflavones with the homogenized slurry of Ganoderma lucidum. The resultant transformed products (TSI) contained (703.21±4.35) mg/g of genistein, with transformed rates of 96.63% and 87.82% of daidzein and genistein, respectively, and TSI also could enrich the bioactive metabolites of G. lucidum. The antitumor effects of TSI on human colorectal cancer cell line HTL-9, human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, and human immortalized gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 were also studied. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that TSI could dramatically reduce the viability rates of HTL-9 cells and MCF-7 cells without detectable cytotoxicity on GES-1 normal cells when the TSI concentration was lower than 100 μg/ml. With 100 μg/ml of TSI, HTL-9 cells were arrested in the G1 phase, and late-apoptosis was primarily induced, accompanied with partial early-apoptosis. TSI could induce primarily early-apoptosis by arresting cells in the G1 phase of MCF-7 cells. For HTL-9 cells, Western-blot and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that TSI (100 μg/ml) can up-regulate the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and cytochrome c (Cyto-c), indicating that TSI could induce cell apoptosis mainly through the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, the expression of p53 was up-regulated, while the expression of Survivin and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was down-regulated. All these results showed that TSI could induce apoptosis of HTL-9 cells by the regulation of multiple apoptosis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-lin Cui
- College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
| | - Huan-yi Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guo-qing He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Lukong KE, Ogunbolude Y, Kamdem JP. Breast cancer in Africa: prevalence, treatment options, herbal medicines, and socioeconomic determinants. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 166:351-365. [PMID: 28776284 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. GLOBOCAN estimated about 1.7 million new cases of breast cancer diagnoses worldwide and about 522,000 deaths in 2012. The burden of breast cancer mortality lies in the developing low-income and middle-income countries, where about 70% of such deaths occur. The incidence of breast cancer is also rising in low-income and middle-income countries in Africa as trend towards urbanization, and adoption of Western lifestyles increases. In general, the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype tends to be frequent in women of African ancestry. What are the factors contributing to this prevalence? Are there genetic predispositions to TNBC in African women? This review addresses these questions and provides an update on the incidence, survival, and mortality of breast cancer in Africans, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africans. We have also addressed factors that could account for ethical disparities in incidence and mortality. Further, we have highlighted challenges associated with access to essential drug and to healthcare treatment in some African countries and outlined alternative/herbal treatment methods that are increasingly implemented in Africa and other developing nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiven Erique Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Yetunde Ogunbolude
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jean Paul Kamdem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Campus Pimenta, Crato, Ceará, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
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Yao Y, Zhao K, Yu Z, Ren H, Zhao L, Li Z, Guo Q, Lu N. Wogonoside inhibits invasion and migration through suppressing TRAF2/4 expression in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:103. [PMID: 28774312 PMCID: PMC5543547 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Twist1 is involved in tumor initiation and progression, which especially contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis. Wogonoside is the main in-vivo metabolite of wogonin, and it is also a natural product with potential treatment effects against cancer. Methods In this study, we investigated the in-vitro anti-invasion and in-vivo anti-metastasis effects of wogonoside on breast cancer cells and uncovered its underlying mechanism. Results The results showed that wogonoside could suppress the growth and metastasis of breast tumor in the orthotopic model of MDA-MB-231 cells. We found that wogonoside could reduce the overexpression of TNF-α, TRAF2 and TRAF4 in later stage of tumor, and improved tumor microenvironment. Therefore, TNF-α was utilized to induce metastases of breast cancer cell in vitro. Wogonoside could inhibit invasion and migration in TNF-α-induced MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, and BT-474 cells. Mechanically, wogonoside inactivated NF-κB signaling through decreasing the protein expression of TRAF2/4, which further inhibited Twist1 expression. Consequently, wogonoside could down-regulate MMP-9, MMP-2, vimentin and CD44v6 expression in TNF-α-induced MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 cells. Then, these findings were proved in TNF-α + TGF-β1-induced MCF7 cells. Conclusions Wogonoside might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of tumor metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haochuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Gill BS, Navgeet, Kumar S. Ganoderma lucidum targeting lung cancer signaling: A review. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317707437. [PMID: 28653896 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317707437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer causes huge mortality to population, and pharmaceutical companies require new drugs as an alternative either synthetic or natural targeting lung cancer. The conventional therapies cause side effects, and therefore, natural products are used as a therapeutic candidate in lung cancer. Chemical diversity among natural products highlights the impact of evolution and survival of fittest. One such neglected natural product is Ganoderma lucidum used for promoting health and longevity for a longer time. The major bioconstituents of G. lucidum are mainly terpenes, polysaccharides, and proteins, which were explored for various activities ranging from apoptosis to autophagy. The bioconstituents of G. lucidum activate plasma membrane receptors and initiate various downstream signaling leading to nuclear factor-κB, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin in cancer. The bioconstituents regulate the expression of various genes involved in cell cycle, immune response, apoptosis, and autophagy in lung cancer. This review highlights the inextricable role of G. lucidum and its bioconstituents in lung cancer signaling for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Singh Gill
- 1 Centre for Biosciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Navgeet
- 2 Department of Biotechnology, Doaba College, Jalandhar, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- 3 Centre for Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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19
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Fei F, Qu J, Zhang M, Li Y, Zhang S. S100A4 in cancer progression and metastasis: A systematic review. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73219-73239. [PMID: 29069865 PMCID: PMC5641208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death and directly associates with cancer progression, resistance to anticancer therapy, and poor patient survival. Current efforts focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis attract a special attention to cancer researchers. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a complex of molecular program during embryogenesis, inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and cancer progression and metastasis. S100A4, an important member of S100 family proteins, functions to increase the tumor progression and metastasis. The molecular mechanisms of S100A4 involving in the progression and metastasis are diverse in various malignant tumors. Detection of S100A4 expression becomes a promising candidate biomarker in cancer early diagnosis and prediction of cancer metastasis and therefore, S100A4 may be a therapeutic target. This review summarized up to date advancement on the role of S100A4 in human cancer development, progression, and metastasis and the underlying molecular events and then strategies to target S100A4 expression experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fei
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R.China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R.China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, P.R. China
| | - Mingqing Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, P.R. China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, P.R. China
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20
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Zhang Y. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) suppresses proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:679-684. [PMID: 28427938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The medical mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), a traditional Chinese medicine, has exhibited a promising anti-cancer effect. However, the molecular mechanism of its action on cancer cells remains unclear. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is the cause of many types of cancer, including breast cancer. Here we investigated the effect of Reishi on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and elucidated the molecular mechanism of its function in inhibiting breast cancer cells. We found that Reishi blocked Wnt/β-catenin signaling through inhibiting the phosphorylation of Wnt co-receptor LRP6. In human (MDA-MB-231) and mouse (4T1) breast cancer cell lines, Reishi significantly decreased the phosphorylation of LRP6 and suppressed Wnt3a-activated Wnt target gene Axin2 expression. Administration of Reishi inhibited Wnt-induced hyper-proliferation of breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Our results provide evidence that Reishi suppresses breast cancer cell growth and migration through inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, indicating that Reishi may be a potential natural inhibitor for breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Mice
- Reishi/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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21
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Na K, Li K, Sang T, Wu K, Wang Y, Wang X. Anticarcinogenic effects of water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1541-1554. [PMID: 28358412 PMCID: PMC5403400 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) polysaccharides (GLPs) have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for cancer prevention for many years. However, the mechanism by which GLP exerts its chemopreventive activities remains elusive. In addition, it is unclear whether sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum water extract (BSGLWE), which contains mainly GLPs, has anticancer effects on colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the anticancer effects and potential mechanisms of BSGLWE on colorectal cancer in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that BSGLWE significantly inhibited colorectal cancer HCT116 cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that BSGLWE disrupted cell cycle progression at G2/M phase via downregulation of cyclin B1 and cyclin A2, and upregulation of P21 at mRNA levels. Moreover, BSGLWE induced apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 and survivin at mRNA levels, and reduced Bcl-2, PARP, pro-caspase-3 and pro-caspase-9 at protein levels. Furthermore, BSGLWE suppressed tumor growth in vivo by regulating the expression of genes and proteins associated with cell cycle and apoptosis, which was further confirmed by a reduction of Ki67, PCNA, and Bcl-2 expression as determined by immunohistochemistry staining. NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), a pro-apoptotic gene, was significantly upregulated in vivo and in vitro upon BSGLWE treatment at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the relative amounts of secreted NAG-1 in cell culture medium or serum of nude mice were all upregulated upon BSGLWE treatments, suggesting a role of NAG-1 in BSGLWE-induced anticolorectal cancer activity. This is the first study to show that BSGLWE inhibits colorectal cancer carcinogenesis through regulating genes responsible for cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis cascades. These findings indicate that BSGLWE possesses chemopreventive potential in colorectal cancer which may serve as a promising anticancer agent for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Na
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Sang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kaikai Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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22
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DNA Microarray-Based Screening and Characterization of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MICROARRAYS 2017; 6:microarrays6010004. [PMID: 28146102 PMCID: PMC5374364 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of DNA microarray assay (DMA) has entered a new era owing to recent innovations in omics technologies. This review summarizes recent applications of DMA-based gene expression profiling by focusing on the screening and characterizationof traditional Chinese medicine. First, herbs, mushrooms, and dietary plants analyzed by DMA along with their effective components and their biological/physiological effects are summarized and discussed by examining their comprehensive list and a list of representative effective chemicals. Second, the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicine are summarized by examining the genes and pathways responsible for the action, the cell functions involved in the action, and the activities found by DMA (silent estrogens). Third, applications of DMA for traditional Chinese medicine are discussed by examining reported examples and new protocols for its use in quality control. Further innovations in the signaling pathway based evaluation of beneficial effects and the assessment of potential risks of traditional Chinese medicine are expected, just as are observed in other closely related fields, such as the therapeutic, environmental, nutritional, and pharmacological fields.
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Cai YD, Zhang Q, Zhang YH, Chen L, Huang T. Identification of Genes Associated with Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone on a Protein–Protein Interaction Network with a Shortest Path Algorithm. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1027-1038. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Cai
- School
of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute
of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- College
of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute
of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Chen C, Li P, Li Y, Yao G, Xu JH. Antitumor effects and mechanisms of Ganoderma extracts and spores oil. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3571-3578. [PMID: 27900038 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a popular herbal medicine used in China to promote health. Modern studies have disclosed that the active ingredients of Ganoderma can exhibit several effects, including antitumor effects and immunomodulation. The present study evaluated the antitumor effects of self-prepared Ganoderma extracts and spores oil, and investigated the possible underlying mechanisms by observing the effects of the extracts and oil on topoisomerases and the cell cycle. The results showed that Ganoderma extracts and spores oil presented dose-dependent inhibitory effects on tumor cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Ganoderma extracts on HL60, K562 and SGC-7901 cells for 24 h were 0.44, 0.39 and 0.90 mg/ml, respectively; for Ganoderma spores oil, the IC50 values were 1.13, 2.27 and 6.29 mg/ml, respectively. In the in vivo study, the inhibitory rates of Ganoderma extracts (4 g/kg/d, intragastrically) on S180 and H22 cells were 39.1 and 44.6%, respectively, and for Ganoderma spores oil (1.2 g/kg/d, intragastrically) the inhibitory rates were 30.9 and 44.9%, respectively. Ganoderma extracts and spores oil inhibited the activities of topoisomerase I and II. Ganoderma spores oil was shown block the cell cycle at the transition between the G1 and S phases and induce a marked decrease in cyclin D1 levels in K562 cells, with no significant change in cyclin E level. These results suggest that the Ganoderma extracts and spores oil possessed antitumor effects in the in vitro and in vivo studies. The antitumor mechanisms of the extracts and spores oil were associated with inhibitory effects on topoisomerase I and II activities, and for Ganoderma spores oil, the antitumor effects may also be associated with decreased cyclin D1 levels, thus inducing G1 arrest in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Ye Li
- Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Guan Yao
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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Polyphenol-rich strawberry extract (PRSE) shows in vitro and in vivo biological activity against invasive breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30917. [PMID: 27498973 PMCID: PMC4976366 DOI: 10.1038/srep30917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the biological effects of a polyphenol-rich strawberry extract (PRSE), obtained from the “Alba” variety, on the highly aggressive and invasive basal-like breast cancer cell line A17. Dose-response and time-course experiments showed that PRSE is able to decrease the cellular viability of A17 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. PRSE effect on cell survival was investigated in other tumor and normal cell lines of both mouse and human origin, demonstrating that PRSE is more active against breast cancer cells. Cytofluorimetric analysis of A17 cells demonstrated that sub-lethal doses of PRSE reduce the number of cells in S phase, inducing the accumulation of cells in G1 phase of cell cycle. In addition, the migration of A17 cells was studied monitoring the ability of PRSE to inhibit cellular mobility. Gene expression analysis revealed the modulation of 12 genes playing different roles in the cellular migration, adhesion and invasion processes. Finally, in vivo experiments showed the growth inhibition of A17 cells orthotopically transplanted into FVB syngeneic mice fed with PRSE. Overall, we demonstrated that PRSE exerts important biological activities against a highly invasive breast cancer cell line both in vitro and in vivo suggesting the strawberry extracts as preventive/curative food strategy.
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Kao CH, Bishop KS, Xu Y, Han DY, Murray PM, Marlow GJ, Ferguson LR. Identification of Potential Anticancer Activities of Novel Ganoderma lucidum Extracts Using Gene Expression and Pathway Network Analysis. GENOMICS INSIGHTS 2016; 9:1-16. [PMID: 27006591 PMCID: PMC4778854 DOI: 10.4137/gei.s32477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) has been used for the general promotion of health in Asia for many centuries. The common method of consumption is to boil lingzhi in water and then drink the liquid. In this study, we examined the potential anticancer activities of G. lucidum submerged in two commonly consumed forms of alcohol in East Asia: malt whiskey and rice wine. The anticancer effect of G. lucidum, using whiskey and rice wine-based extraction methods, has not been previously reported. The growth inhibition of G. lucidum whiskey and rice wine extracts on the prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and DU145, was determined. Using Affymetrix gene expression assays, several biologically active pathways associated with the anticancer activities of G. lucidum extracts were identified. Using gene expression analysis (real-time polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) and protein analysis (Western blotting), we confirmed the expression of key genes and their associated proteins that were initially identified with Affymetrix gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi H.J. Kao
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen S. Bishop
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuanye Xu
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dug Yeo Han
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pamela M. Murray
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth J. Marlow
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Property from Mycelium Culture Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:616298. [PMID: 26345142 PMCID: PMC4540982 DOI: 10.1155/2015/616298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since mushrooms have many bioactive components, they have been used as components in folk medicine. Because mycelium has an advantage when it comes to large-scale production, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and anti-tyrosinase activity from 55 mycelia in culture media. Relatively high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity was detected from the ethanol extract of culture media including mycelium (EECiM) of Morchella esculenta var. esculenta (MEVE), Auricularia polytricha (APO), Tremella aurantia (TAU), Volvariella bombycina (VBO), and Oudemansiella sp. (Osp), which also showed strong reducing power and inhibitory activity in relation to the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. On the other hand, relatively high tyrosinase inhibitory activity was detected in Inonotus mikadoi (IMI), Coriolus versicolor (CVE), Volvariella volvacea (VVO), Panellus serotinus (PSE), Auricularia auricula (AAU), and Fomitopsis sp. (Fsp). Interestingly, the APO EECiM exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging rate (77.5 ± 4.3%) and reducing power (1.18 ± 0.041), while the highest inhibitory power of the TBA value and antityrosinase activity were detected in that of TAU (64.5 ± 4.1%) and IMI (46.0 ± 7.5%), respectively. Overall, our study suggested potential candidates for EECiMs that exhibited powerful antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties and might be used as natural antioxidant tyrosinase inhibitor.
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Ma R, Feng Y, Lin S, Chen J, Lin H, Liang X, Zheng H, Cai X. Mechanisms involved in breast cancer liver metastasis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:64. [PMID: 25885919 PMCID: PMC4440291 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis is a frequent occurrence in patients with breast cancer; however, the available treatments are limited and ineffective. While liver-specific homing of breast cancer cells is an important feature of metastasis, the formation of liver metastases is not random. Indeed, breast cancer cell factors contribute to the liver microenvironment. Major breakthroughs have been achieved recently in understanding breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM). The process of liver metastasis consists of multiple steps and involves various factors from breast cancer cells and the liver microenvironment. A further understanding of the roles of breast cancer cells and the liver microenvironment is crucial to guide future work in clinical treatments. In this review we discuss the contribution of breast cancer cells and the liver microenvironment to liver metastasis, with the aim to improve therapeutic efficacy for patients with BCLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang University Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Yili Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Shuang Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Heming Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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Cheng S, Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum for cancer treatment: we are close but still not there. Integr Cancer Ther 2015; 14:249-57. [PMID: 25626896 DOI: 10.1177/1534735414568721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for millennia to improve health and promote longevity. The idea of using G. lucidum for cancer treatment is based on numerous laboratory and preclinical studies with cancer and immune cells as well as animal models demonstrating various biological activities in vitro and in vivo. For example, G. lucidum possesses cytotoxic, cytostatic, antimetastatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating activities. Limited clinical studies, including case reports and randomized controlled trials, suggest G. lucidum as an alternative adjunct therapy for stimulating the immune system in cancer patients. To confirm the efficacy of G. lucidum in cancer treatment, systematic translational research programs should be started worldwide. In addition, only standardized preclinically evaluated, biologically active G. lucidum extracts should be used in alternative treatments. This approach will lead to the development of standardized G. lucidum preparations with specific chemical fingerprint-associated anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Cheng
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel Sliva
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Sávio ALV, da Silva GN, Salvadori DMF. Inhibition of bladder cancer cell proliferation by allyl isothiocyanate (mustard essential oil). Mutat Res 2014; 771:29-35. [PMID: 25771977 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds hold great promise for combating antibiotic resistance, the failure to control some diseases, the emergence of new diseases and the toxicity of some contemporary medical products. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), which is abundant in cruciferous vegetables and mustard seeds and is commonly referred to as mustard essential oil, exhibits promising antineoplastic activity against bladder cancer, although its mechanism of action is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AITC activity on bladder cancer cell lines carrying a wild type (wt; RT4) or mutated (T24) TP53 gene. Morphological changes, cell cycle kinetics and CDK1, SMAD4, BAX, BCL2, ANLN and S100P gene expression were evaluated. In both cell lines, treatment with AITC inhibited cell proliferation (at 62.5, 72.5, 82.5 and 92.5μM AITC) and induced morphological changes, including scattered and elongated cells and cellular debris. Gene expression profiles revealed increased S100P and BAX and decreased BCL2 expression in RT4 cells following AITC treatment. T24 cells displayed increased BCL2, BAX and ANLN and decreased S100P expression. No changes in SMAD4 and CDK1 expression were observed in either cell line. In conclusion, AITC inhibits cell proliferation independent of TP53 status. However, the mechanism of action of AITC differed in the two cell lines; in RT4 cells, it mainly acted via the classical BAX/BCL2 pathway, while in T24 cells, AITC modulated the activities of ANLN (related to cytokinesis) and S100P. These data confirm the role of AITC as a potential antiproliferative compound that modulates gene expression according to the tumor cell TP53 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Ventura Sávio
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Patologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Glenda Nicioli da Silva
- UFOP - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Escola de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Daisy Maria Fávero Salvadori
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Patologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Dai S, Liu J, Sun X, Wang N. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells by suppressing VEGF expression and up-regulating the expression of connexin 43. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:434. [PMID: 25374251 PMCID: PMC4232730 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Reishimax) is an herbal mushroom known to have inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for its anti-proliferative effects on the ovarian cancer have not been fully elucidated. Methods Human ovarian cancer cells HO 8910 (HOCC) and human primary ovarian cells (HPOC) were treated with G. lucidum. Effects of G. lucidum treatment on cell proliferation were studied by MTT assay. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connexin 43 (Cx43) were measured by immunohistochemistry and real time polymerase chain reaction. To study the molecular mechanism of CX43 mediated anti-tumor activity, small interference RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown Cx43 expression in HOCC. Results G. lucidum treatment resulted in reduced proliferation of HOCC. Inhibition of proliferation was accompanied by a decrease in VEGF expression and increase in Cx43 expression in the cancer cells. The extent of immune-reactivity of Cx43 or VEGF in cancer cells were correlated with the concentrations of G. lucidum used for treatment. Furthermore, knockdown of Cx43 expression in HOCC abrogated the effect of G. lucidum on cell proliferation without alteration of G. lucidum-induced attenuation of VEGF expression. Conclusions G. lucidum inhibits ovarian cancer by down-regulating the expression of VEGF and up-regulating the downstream Cx43 expression. G. lucidum may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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