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De Lorenzis E, Wasson CW, Del Galdo F. Alveolar epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in scleroderma interstitial lung disease: Technical challenges, available evidence and therapeutic perspectives. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2024; 9:7-15. [PMID: 38333528 PMCID: PMC10848925 DOI: 10.1177/23971983231181727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The alveolar epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is the process of transformation of differentiated epithelial cells into mesenchymal-like cells through functional and morphological changes. A partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process can indirectly contribute to lung fibrosis through a paracrine stimulation of the surrounding cells, while a finalized process could also directly enhance the pool of pulmonary fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix deposition. The direct demonstration of alveolar epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease is challenging due to technical pitfalls and the limited availability of lung tissue samples. Similarly, any inference on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition occurrence driven from preclinical models should consider the limitations of cell cultures and animal models. Notwithstanding, while the occurrence or the relevance of this phenomenon in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease have not been directly and conclusively demonstrated until now, pre-clinical and clinical evidence supports the potential role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the development and progression of lung fibrosis. Evidence consolidation on scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition would pave the way for new therapeutic opportunities to prevent, slow or even reverse lung fibrosis, drawing lessons from current research lines in neoplastic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico De Lorenzis
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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2
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Akrida I, Mulita F, Plachouri KM, Benetatos N, Maroulis I, Papadaki H. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in metaplastic breast cancer and phyllodes breast tumors. Med Oncol 2023; 41:20. [PMID: 38104042 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a transdifferentiation program whereby epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal phenotype, is essential during embryonic development. EMT has also been implicated in cancer progression by conferring migratory and metastatic potential, as well as cell plasticity and stem cell like traits, to cancer cells. Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare aggressive type of breast cancer characterized by the presence of heterologous elements, typically by the existence of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Phyllodes tumors (PTs) are uncommon fibroepithelial neoplasms consisting of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. Although various hypotheses have been proposed on the pathogenesis of these biphasic tumors, there is growing evidence supporting the theory that PTs and MBC could both correlate with cancer related EMT. This review summarizes the existing literature on the emerging role of EMT in the pathogenesis of MBC and PTs. Both malignant PTs and MBC are characterized by poor prognosis. Therefore, several anti-EMT targeting strategies such as blocking upstream signaling pathways, targeting the molecular drivers of EMT and targeting mesenchymal cells and the extracellular matrix, could potentially represent a promising therapeutic approach for patients suffering from these aggressive neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Akrida
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, Rion, Greece.
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, University of Patras Medical School, Rion, Greece.
- Department of Surgery, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504, Rion, Greece.
| | - Francesk Mulita
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Benetatos
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Maroulis
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | - Helen Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, University of Patras Medical School, Rion, Greece
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3
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Amin A, Morello M, Petrara MR, Rizzo B, Argenton F, De Rossi A, Giunco S. Short-Term TERT Inhibition Impairs Cellular Proliferation via a Telomere Length-Independent Mechanism and Can Be Exploited as a Potential Anticancer Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2673. [PMID: 37345011 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic component of telomerase, may also contribute to carcinogenesis via telomere-length independent mechanisms. Our previous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that short-term telomerase inhibition by BIBR1532 impairs cell proliferation without affecting telomere length. Here, we show that the impaired cell cycle progression following short-term TERT inhibition by BIBR1532 in in vitro models of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, i.e., Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), and B-cell malignancies, i.e., Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines, is characterized by a significant reduction in NF-κB p65 nuclear levels leading to the downregulation of its target gene MYC. MYC downregulation was associated with increased expression and nuclear localization of P21, thus promoting its cell cycle inhibitory function. Consistently, treatment with BIBR1532 in wild-type zebrafish embryos significantly decreased Myc and increased p21 expression. The combination of BIBR1532 with antineoplastic drugs (cyclophosphamide or fludarabine) significantly reduced xenografted cells' proliferation rate compared to monotherapy in the zebrafish xenograft model. Overall, these findings indicate that short-term inhibition of TERT impairs cell growth through the downregulation of MYC via NF-κB signalling and supports the use of TERT inhibitors in combination with antineoplastic drugs as an efficient anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Amin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marzia Morello
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Petrara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rizzo
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Anita De Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Giunco
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
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4
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González-Moles MÁ, Keim-del Pino C, Ramos-García P. Hallmarks of Cancer Expression in Oral Lichen Planus: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13099. [PMID: 36361889 PMCID: PMC9658487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and likely autoimmune nature that is currently considered an oral potentially malignant disorder, implying that patients suffering from this process are at risk of developing oral cancer in their lifetime. The molecular alterations that develop in OLP and that make the affected oral epithelium predisposed to malignancy are unknown, although, as in other autoimmune diseases (ulcerative colitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, etc.), they may be linked to oncogenesis-promoting effects mediated by the inflammatory infiltrate. So far there is no in-depth knowledge on how these hallmarks of cancer are established in the cells of the oral epithelium affected by OLP. In this scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses the state of evidence based knowledge in this field is presented, to point out gaps of evidence and to indicate future lines of research. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Dare were searched for secondary-level studies published before October 2022. The results identified 20 systematic reviews and meta-analyses critically appraising the hallmarks tumor-promoting inflammation (n = 17, 85%), sustaining proliferative signaling (n = 2, 10%), and evading growth suppressors (n = 1, 5%). No evidence was found for the other hallmarks of cancer in OLP. In conclusion, OLP malignization hypothetically derives from the aggressions of the inflammatory infiltrate and a particular type of epithelial response based on increased epithelial proliferation, evasion of growth-suppressive signals and lack of apoptosis. Future evidence-based research is required to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Keim-del Pino
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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5
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González-Moles MÁ, Moya-González E, García-Ferrera A, Nieto-Casado P, Ramos-García P. Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Upregulation in Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153673. [PMID: 35954336 PMCID: PMC9367569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the current evidence on the prognostic and clinicopathological significance value of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) upregulation in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for studies published before April 2022, not restricted by date or publication language. The methodological quality of primary-level studies was critically assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. We carried out meta-analyses, explored heterogeneity and its sources, and performed subgroup, meta-regression, sensitivity, and small-study effects analyses. Twenty-one studies (1698 patients) met inclusion criteria. TERT protein overexpression was significantly associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.70−5.35, p < 0.001), disease-free survival (HR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.80−9.05, p = 0.001), and higher histological grade OSCC (odds ratio [OR] = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.83−5.62, p < 0.001). These large effect sizes were consistently obtained by homogeneous subgroups (p > 0.10, I2 = 0.0, respectively), which reflects a high quality of evidence. On the other hand, TERT gene mutations obtained constantly nonsignificant null effect sizes for all outcomes investigated, evidencing no prognostic or clinicopathological value. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TERT upregulation is a prognostic indicator of poor survival in oral cancer. Our findings support the immunohistochemical assessment of TERT overexpression, which could probably be incorporated into the prognostic evaluation of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-M.); (P.R.-G.)
| | - Eloísa Moya-González
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Ferrera
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Paola Nieto-Casado
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-M.); (P.R.-G.)
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6
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Zhang X, Bai J, Yin H, Long L, Zheng Z, Wang Q, Chen F, Yu X, Zhou Y. Exosomal miR-1255b-5p targets human telomerase reverse transcriptase in colorectal cancer cells to suppress epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:2589-2608. [PMID: 32679610 PMCID: PMC7530775 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to hypoxia. Exosomes produced in tumor microenvironments carry microRNAs (miRNAs) that affect proliferation, metastasis, and EMT. Hypoxic regulation of EMT is associated with telomerase content and stability, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We identified a targeting relationship between tumor‐suppressing miR‐1255b‐5p and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) via clinical screening of serum samples in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. EMT suppression via exosomal miR‐1255b‐5p delivery was investigated by assessing hTERT expression, Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, and telomerase activity. We revealed that hypoxia directly affected exosomal miR‐1255b‐5p content, the delivery of which between CRC cells significantly impacted cell invasion, EMT‐related protein expression, and telomerase stability. Specifically, miR‐1255b‐5p suppressed EMT by inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin activation via hTERT inhibition. Hypoxia reduced exosomal miR‐1255b‐5p secretion by CRC cells, thereby increasing hTERT expression to enhance EMT and telomerase activity. In a mouse CRC model, hypoxic exosomes containing overexpressed miR‐1255b‐5p attenuated EMT, tumor progression, and liver metastasis. Our results suggest the antitumor role of miR‐1255b‐5p and its involvement in the regulation of hTERT‐mediated EMT. We propose that miRNA‐targeted regulation of telomerase is a promising therapeutic strategy for future CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Long
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhewen Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxia Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, China
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7
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Majounie E, Wee K, Williamson LM, Jones MR, Pleasance E, Lim HJ, Ho C, Renouf DJ, Yip S, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Laskin J. Fluorouracil sensitivity in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with a somatic DPYD structural variant. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2020; 6:mcs.a004713. [PMID: 31871216 PMCID: PMC6996515 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and represents a heterogeneous group of tumors, the majority of which are treated with a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Fluoropyrimidine (5-FU) and its oral prodrug, capecitabine, are commonly prescribed treatments for several solid tumor types including HNSCC. 5-FU-associated toxicity is observed in ∼30% of treated patients and is largely caused by germline polymorphisms in DPYD, which encodes dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of 5-FU catabolism and deactivation. Although the association of germline DPYD alterations with toxicity is well-described, the potential contribution of somatic DPYD alterations to 5-FU sensitivity has not been explored. In a patient with metastatic HNSCC, in-depth genomic and transcriptomic integrative analysis on a biopsy from a metastatic neck lesion revealed alterations in genes that are associated with 5-FU uptake and metabolism. These included a novel somatic structural variant resulting in a partial deletion affecting DPYD, a variant of unknown significance affecting SLC29A1, and homozygous deletion of MTAP. There was no evidence of deleterious germline polymorphisms that have been associated with 5-FU toxicity, indicating a potential vulnerability of the tumor to 5-FU therapy. The discovery of the novel DPYD variant led to the initiation of 5-FU treatment that resulted in a rapid response lasting 17 wk, with subsequent relapse due to unknown resistance mechanisms. This suggests that somatic alterations present in this tumor may serve as markers for tumor sensitivity to 5-FU, aiding in the selection of personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Majounie
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kathleen Wee
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Laura M Williamson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Martin R Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Erin Pleasance
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Howard J Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Cheryl Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Daniel J Renouf
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada.,Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L8, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Janessa Laskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
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8
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Raju K L, Haragannavar VC, Patil S, Rao RS, Nagaraj T, Augustine D, Venkatesiah SS, Nambiar S. Expression of hTERT in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma – an Immunohistochemical Analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1573-1582. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Jaiswal RK, Yadava PK. TGF-β-mediated regulation of plasminogen activators is human telomerase reverse transcriptase dependent in cancer cells. Biofactors 2019; 45:803-817. [PMID: 31317567 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase/terminal transferase enzyme that adds telomeric repeat sequences at the extreme end of a newly replicated chromosome. Apart from telomere lengthening, telomerase has many extracurricular activities. Telomerase is known to regulate the expression of many genes and helps in cancer progression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). We have previously reported that human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) regulates the expression of plasminogen activator such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in cancer cells following a genome-wide transcriptomic study. Here, we present data substantiating these results in terms of real-time assays, western blots, and immunofluorescence. Another aim of this study is to find out the possible mechanism by which hTERT regulates the expression of plasminogen activators. We have used some molecular biology techniques such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence and some assays such as wound healing assay and colony formation assay to solve this question. In this study, we show a positive association between hTERT and uPA. We also demonstrate that hTERT enhances uPA expression concomitant with EMT. Knocking down of hTERT reduces uPA expression as well as reverses EMT in cancer cells. We have also found that uPA is a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced protein. Our observations establish that TGF-β-induced uPA expression is hTERT dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K Jaiswal
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pramod K Yadava
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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10
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Raising the bar in anticancer therapy: recent advances in, and perspectives on, telomerase inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1370-1388. [PMID: 31136800 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleic reverse transcriptase enzyme that uses an integral RNA component as a template to add tandem telomeric DNA repeats, TTAGGG, at the 3' end of the chromosomes. 85-90% of human tumors and their derived cell lines predominantly express high levels of telomerase, therefore contributing to cancer cell development. However, in normal cells, telomerase activity is almost always absent except in germ cells and stem cells. This differential expression has been exploited to develop highly specific and potent cancer therapeutics. In this review, we outline recent advances in the development of telomerase inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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11
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Yang K, Zhang S, Zhang D, Tao Q, Zhang T, Liu G, Liu X, Zhao T. Identification of SERPINE1, PLAU and ACTA1 as biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on integrated bioinformatics analysis. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1030-1041. [PMID: 30937621 PMCID: PMC6687676 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the six leading cancer by incidence worldwide. The 5-year survival rate of HNSCC patients remains less than 65% due to lack of symptoms in the early stage. Hence, biomarkers which can improve detection of HNSCC should improve clinical outcome. METHODS Gene expression profiles (GSE6631, GSE58911) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC data were used for integrated bioinformatics analysis; the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then subjected to functional and pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Subsequently, module analysis of the PPI network was performed and overall survival (OS) analysis of hub genes in subnetwork was studied. Finally, immunohistochemistry was used to verify the selected markers. RESULTS A total of 52 up-regulated and 80 down-regulated DEGs were identified, which were mainly associated with ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion signaling pathways. Importantly, a set of prognostic signatures including SERPINE1, PLAU and ACTA1 were screened from DEGs, which could predict OS in HNSCC patients from TCGA cohort. Experiment of clinical samples further successfully validated that these three signature genes were aberrantly expressed in the oral epithelial dysplasia and HNSCC, and correlated with aggressiveness of HNSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS SERPINE1, PLAU and ACTA1 played important roles in regulating the initiation and progression of HNSCC, and could be identified as key biomarkers for precise diagnosis and prognosis of HNSCC, which will provide potential targets for clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Medical Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shizhou Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Guijun Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Stomatology Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tengda Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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12
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Hallmarks of Cancer-Related Newly Prognostic Factors of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082413. [PMID: 30115834 PMCID: PMC6121568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the sixth leading malignancy worldwide. OSCC is an aggressive tumor and its prognosis has exhibited little improvement in the last three decades. Comprehensive elucidation of OSCC's molecular mechanism is imperative for early detection and treatment, improving patient survival. Based on broadly accepted notions, OSCC arises from multiple genetic alterations caused by chronic exposure to carcinogens. In 2011, research revealed 10 key alterations fundamental to cancer cell development: sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, avoiding immune destruction, activating invasion and metastasis, tumor-promoting inflammation, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, and deregulating energetics. This review describes molecular pathological findings on conventional and novel hallmarks of OSCC prognostic factors. In addition, the review summarizes the functions and roles of several molecules as novel OSCC prognosticators.
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13
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Meram AT, Chen J, Patel S, Kim DD, Shirley B, Covello P, Coppola D, Wei EX, Ghali G, Kevil CG, Shackelford RE. Hydrogen Sulfide Is Increased in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Compared to Adjacent Benign Oral Mucosae. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:3843-3852. [PMID: 29970504 PMCID: PMC7771275 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the enzymes that synthesize it, cystathionine-b-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate, are increased in different human malignancies. Due to its short half-life, H2S concentrations have not been directly measured in a human malignancy. Here we directly measured in vivo H2S levels within oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Punch biopsies of OSCC and benign mucosae from 15 patients were analyzed by HPLC, western blotting, and tissue microarray analyses. RESULTS H2S concentrations were significantly higher in OSCC compared to adjacent benign oral mucosae. Western blot and tissue microarray studies revealed significantly increased cystathionine-b-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate, phopho-Stat3, mitoNEET, hTERT, and MAPK protein levels in OSCC. CONCLUSION H2S concentrations and the enzymes that synthesize it are significantly increased in OSCC. Here, for the first time H2S concentrations within a living human malignancy were measured and compared to adjacent counterpart benign tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Meram
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Stavan Patel
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Dongsoo D Kim
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Brett Shirley
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Paul Covello
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - Eric X Wei
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Ghali Ghali
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Rodney E Shackelford
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A.
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14
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Zhao X, Zhang C, Le Z, Zeng S, Pan C, Shi J, Wang J, Zhao X. Telomerase reverse transcriptase interference synergistically promotes tumor necrosis factor‑related apoptosis‑inducing ligand‑induced oral squamous cell carcinoma apoptosis and suppresses proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1283-1294. [PMID: 29901096 PMCID: PMC6089774 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to induce cell apoptosis in many types of cancer cells. However, some malignant cells still exhibit anti-apoptosis features induced by TRAIL; thus the underlying mechanisms that regulate sensitivity and resistance of tumor cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis remain unclear. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is overexpressed in most types of human tumors and is mostly inactive in somatic cells. The present study aimed to investigate the endogenous effects and mechanisms of hTERT inhibition and TRAIL overexpression on TRAIL-induced apoptosis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. The effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated TRAIL and hTERT gene silencing by RNA interference were investigated on the proliferation and apoptosis of human OSCC cells in vitro and in vivo. The present results suggest that knockdown of hTERT expression accelerated TRAIL-resistant OSCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and impaired OSCC cell proliferation. In addition, this process is accompanied by the upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, and downregulation of B cell lymphoma-2. Additionally, the possible mechanisms underlying the association between TRAIL expression and hTERT silencing were explored. The results demonstrated that TRAIL expression levels were elevated when the hTERT gene was silenced, and notable anti-tumor effects were observed when TRAIL upregulation and hTERT gene silencing were carried out simultaneously. The present findings provide experimental evidence for the combined use of TRAIL and hTERT as a possible gene therapy strategy in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Zhiliang Le
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510635, P.R. China
| | - Suyun Zeng
- Department of Periodontology, Hefei Stomatological Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Chaobin Pan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jianjie Shi
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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15
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Jaiswal RK, Kumar P, Kumar M, Yadava PK. hTERT promotes tumor progression by enhancing TSPAN13 expression in osteosarcoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1038-1054. [PMID: 29722072 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase complex maintains the length of the telome, cbre, and protects erosion of the physical ends of the eukaryotic chromosome in all actively dividing cells including cancer cells. Telomerase activation extends the lifespan of cells in culture by maintaining the length of the telomere. Compared to terminally differentiated somatic cells, telomerase activity remains high in over 90% of cancer cells. It has now become clear that the role of telomerase is much more complex than just telomere lengthening. The remaining 10% of cancers deploy ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres) pathway to maintain telomere length. Telomerase inhibitors offer a good therapeutic option. Also, telomerase-associated molecules can be targeted provided their roles are clearly established. In any case, it is necessary to understand the major role of telomerase in cancer cells. Many studies have already been done to explore gene profiling of a telomerase positive cell by knocking down expression of hTERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase). To complement these studies, we performed global gene profiling of a telomerase negative cell by ectopically expressing hTERT and studied changes in the global gene expression patterns. Analysis of microarray data for telomerase negative cells ectopically expressing telomerase showed 76 differentially regulated genes, out of which 39 genes were upregulated, and 37 were downregulated. Three upregulated genes such as TSPAN13, HMGCS2, DLX5, and three downregulated genes like DHRS2, CRYAB, and PDLIM1 were validated by real-time PCR. Knocking down of TSAPN13 in hTERT overexpressing U2OS cells enhanced the apoptosis of the cells. TSPAN13 knockdown in these cells suppressed mesenchymal properties and enhanced epithelial character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K Jaiswal
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod K Yadava
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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16
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Bu R, Siraj AK, Divya SP, Kong Y, Parvathareddy SK, Al-Rasheed M, Al-Obaisi KAS, Victoria IG, Al-Sobhi SS, Al-Dawish M, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. Telomerase reverse transcriptase mutations are independent predictor of disease-free survival in Middle Eastern papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:2028-2039. [PMID: 29266240 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Tumor recurrence occurs in ∼20% of PTCs and some reach advanced stages. Promoter mutation in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene is identified to be a prognostic marker in PTC. However, the contribution of TERT promoter mutation to cancer progression in PTC patients is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the incidence of TERT promoter mutations and TERT protein expression and their association with clinicopathological outcomes in a large cohort of PTC samples using direct sequencing technology and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, two PTC cell lines were utilized to investigate role of TERT mutations in mediating metastasis. Two promoter hotspot mutations C228T and C250T were identified in 18.0% (167/927) of our cohort and were significantly associated with poor 5 years disease-free survival and distant metastasis of PTC. TERT protein overexpression was noted in 20.1% of our PTC cohort and was significantly associated with poor prognostic markers such as older age, extrathyroidal extension and Stage IV tumors. A significant association was also found between TERT overexpression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Functional analysis showed that TERT inhibition reduced cell growth, invasion, migration and angiogenesis in PTC via suppression of EMT in PTC cells. Our results suggest that TERT promoter mutation is an independent predictor of disease-free survival and might drive the metastasis, and downregulation of TERT could potentiate antitumor and antimetastatic activities in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Bu
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul K Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan Kong
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Rasheed
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadija A S Al-Obaisi
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ingrid G Victoria
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif S Al-Sobhi
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Dawish
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawla S Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, , Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Raju K L, Augustine D, Rao RS, S V S, Haragannavar VC, Nambiar S, Prasad K, Awan KH, Patil S. Biomarkers in Tumorigenesis Using Cancer Cell Lines: A Systematic Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2329-2337. [PMID: 28950674 PMCID: PMC5720632 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.9.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite many research advancements in the field, the genetic changes
regulating the transformation of normal oral cells into malignant cells have not been fully elucidated. Several studies have
evaluated carcinogenesis at the molecular level. Cancer cell lines are commonly used in biomedical research because
they provide an unlimited source of cells and represent various stages of initiation and progression of carcinogenesis
in vitro. Aims: The objective of the study was to review original research articles using cancer cell lines as a tool to
understand carcinogenesis and to identify the genes involved in tumor development. Additionally, we also examined
the application of the genes as predictive biomarkers. Methods and Materials: Several databases, including PubMed,
Google Scholar, Ebsco, and Science Direct, were searched from 1985 to December 2016 using various combinations of
the following key words: “mouth neoplasm”, “cell lines”, and “tumorigenesis”. Original experimental studies published
in English were included. We excluded letters to the editor, historic reviews, and unpublished data from the analysis.
Results: There were 17 studies (in vitro) included in the analysis. There were 14 genes and 4 miRNAs involved in
malignant transformation of oral keratinocytes into cancer cells. The most commonly studied genes were p53, cyclin
D1, and hTERT. Conclusion: Additional reviews and studies are needed to identify a panel of genes specific to various
potentially malignant disorders and to aid in the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because
tumorigenesis involves the mutation of multiple genes. Furthermore, improving advanced cost-effective diagnostic
methods may benefit the public health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Raju K
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S.Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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18
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Islam B, Stadlbauer P, Gil-Ley A, Pérez-Hernández G, Haider S, Neidle S, Bussi G, Banas P, Otyepka M, Sponer J. Exploring the Dynamics of Propeller Loops in Human Telomeric DNA Quadruplexes Using Atomistic Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2458-2480. [PMID: 28475322 PMCID: PMC5514396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
have carried out a series of extended unbiased molecular dynamics
(MD) simulations (up to 10 μs long, ∼162 μs in
total) complemented by replica-exchange with the collective variable
tempering (RECT) approach for several human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex
(GQ) topologies with TTA propeller loops. We used different AMBER
DNA force-field variants and also processed simulations by Markov
State Model (MSM) analysis. The slow conformational transitions in
the propeller loops took place on a scale of a few μs, emphasizing
the need for long simulations in studies of GQ dynamics. The propeller
loops sampled similar ensembles for all GQ topologies and for all
force-field dihedral-potential variants. The outcomes of standard
and RECT simulations were consistent and captured similar spectrum
of loop conformations. However, the most common crystallographic loop
conformation was very unstable with all force-field versions. Although
the loss of canonical γ-trans state of the
first propeller loop nucleotide could be related to the indispensable
bsc0 α/γ dihedral potential, even supporting this particular
dihedral by a bias was insufficient to populate the experimentally
dominant loop conformation. In conclusion, while our simulations were
capable of providing a reasonable albeit not converged sampling of
the TTA propeller loop conformational space, the force-field description
still remained far from satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barira Islam
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stadlbauer
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Gil-Ley
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Hernández
- Department for Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Shozeb Haider
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Stephen Neidle
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Giovanni Bussi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pavel Banas
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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19
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Boscolo-Rizzo P, Da Mosto MC, Rampazzo E, Giunco S, Del Mistro A, Menegaldo A, Baboci L, Mantovani M, Tirelli G, De Rossi A. Telomeres and telomerase in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: from pathogenesis to clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:457-74. [PMID: 27501725 PMCID: PMC5035656 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Strongly associated with tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a frequently lethal, heterogeneous disease whose pathogenesis is a multistep and multifactorial process involving genetic and epigenetic events. The majority of HNSCC patients present with locoregional advanced stage disease and are treated with combined modality strategies that can markedly impair quality of life and elicit unpredictable results. A large fraction of those who undergo locoregional treatment and achieve a complete response later develop locoregional recurrences or second field tumors. Biomarkers that are thus able to stratify risk and enable clinicians to tailor treatment plans and to personalize post-therapeutic surveillance strategies are highly desirable. To date, only HPV status is considered a reliable independent predictor of treatment response and survival in patients with HNSCC arising from the oropharyngeal site. Recent studies suggest that telomere attrition, which may be an early event in human carcinogenesis, and telomerase activation, which is detected in up to 90 % of malignancies, could be potential markers of cancer risk and disease outcome. This review examines the current state of knowledge on and discusses the implications linked to telomere dysfunction and telomerase activation in the development and clinical outcome of HNSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation
- Genomic Instability
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/mortality
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Mice
- Prognosis
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Telomere/genetics
- Telomere Homeostasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Section of Otolaryngology and Regional Centre for Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Da Mosto
- Section of Otolaryngology and Regional Centre for Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
| | - Enrica Rampazzo
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Giunco
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Annarosa Del Mistro
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Menegaldo
- Section of Otolaryngology and Regional Centre for Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
| | - Lorena Baboci
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Mantovani
- Section of Otolaryngology and Regional Centre for Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padova, Italy.
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto-IRCCS, Padova, Italy.
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20
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Zhao T, Hu F, Liu X, Tao Q. Blockade of telomerase reverse transcriptase enhances chemosensitivity in head and neck cancers through inhibition of AKT/ERK signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35908-21. [PMID: 26497550 PMCID: PMC4742150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), characterized by the high frequency of local recurrence and distant metastases, is mostly related to highly malignant and resistant to apoptosis, resulting in significant insensitivity to chemotherapy. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), as the catalytic subunit of telomerase, was implicated in the telomerase-mediated cellular transformation, proliferation, stemness and cell survival. Moreover, overexpression of human TERT (hTERT) is reported to be correlated with advanced invasive stage of the tumor progression and poor prognosis. Here, we show that hTERT potentially mediated the apoptotic resistance and blockade of telomerase reverse transcriptase could enhance chemosensitivity in head and neck cancers. Mechanistically, hTERT interacts with the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK to suppress the expression of p53, ultimately, leading to modulation of the cellular sensitivity to chemotherapy. Thus, these findings suggest that hTERT targeting could be an attractive approach in combination with conventional chemotherapies for patients suffering from chemoinsensitivity or refractory HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengda Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengchun Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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21
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Sinevici N, O'sullivan J. Oral cancer: Deregulated molecular events and their use as biomarkers. Oral Oncol 2016; 61:12-8. [PMID: 27688099 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral Cancer (OC) is a subset of head and neck cancer (HNC) with an annual worldwide incidence of 275,000 cases. OC remains a significant burden worldwide in terms of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Despite desirable outcomes in early diagnosed OCs and treatment advances most OCs are detected in advanced stages. The 5-year survival rate of early-stage disease is ∼80% and that of late-stage disease is only ∼20%. Recurrence and chemoresistance from a treatment point of view and pain and disfiguration are important factors contributing to the high morbidity and mortality of OC. Furthermore the process of oral carcinogenesis is complex and not yet fully understood. Consequently numerous potential biomarkers have been hypothesised though controversial results across the board hamper their clinical implementation. Of greatest advantage would be biomarkers signalling early events preceeding OC. Biomarker targets predominately involve deregulated molecular events that participate in cell signalling, growth, survival, motility, angiogenesis and cell cycle control but can also use changes in metabolic genes to discriminate healthy form disease state. Promising potential biomarkers include the growth signalling oncogenes, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Cyclin D1, the anti-growth signalling components p53 and p21, apoptotic effectors such as Bcl-2 and also components involved in immortalisation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis processes. Translation of these potential biomakers to the patients is closer than ever though few issues remain to be resolved. Firstly large clinical trials are needed to validate their clinical applicability but also standardised methods of collection, storage and processing methods are needed to minimise variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff O'sullivan
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Chen Y, Zhang Y. Functional and mechanistic analysis of telomerase: An antitumor drug target. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 163:24-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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