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Kim M, Choi YS, Jeong DH. SERS detection of dopamine using metal-chelated Ag nanoshell. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14214-14220. [PMID: 38690106 PMCID: PMC11060141 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
As the concentrations of different neurotransmitters can indicate the presence of certain disorders affecting brain functions, quantitative analyses of neurotransmitters have attracted increasing attention in various fields. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is an outstanding spectroscopic analytical tool that enables detection at the single molecule level with high specificity. As local field enhancement of surface plasmon is effective within nanometers, active interaction between SERS-active noble metals (gold and silver) and analyte molecules enhances the molecular detection capacity of SERS. However, neurotransmitters and noble metal nanoparticles are often not affinitive, because neurotransmitters generally have a hydroxyl group rather than a thiol group. As a result, the interaction between the two typically remains inactive, which makes detection more difficult. To overcome this limitation, in the present work we utilized metal-chelation to attract dopamine, a neurotransmitter molecule, close to the surface of silver nanoparticles. AgNS was capped with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sequentially integrated with copper ion to bind dopamine in the form of chelate bonding between dopamine and copper. The PVA linked AgNS and metal ions through a coordinate bond between hydroxyl groups and metal ions. This metal-chelation-functionalized nanoprobe allowed us to stably detect dopamine in aqueous solution at a concentration of less than 10-6 M. Therefore, this method provides a convenient and easy-to-prepare option for the effective detection of dopamine, thus meaning it has the potential to be applied to other neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sik Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Center for Educational Research, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Alshamrani M. Recent advances and therapeutic journey of pyridine-based Cu(II) complexes as potent anticancer agents: a review (2015–2022). J COORD CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2164190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meshal Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang H, Yang T, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhu Z, Guo Z, Wang X. DNA topoisomerases as additional targets for anticancer monofunctional platinum(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:304-310. [PMID: 33300919 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02608e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes and important targets for DNA-oriented anticancer drugs. Two mitochondrion-targeted monofunctional platinum(ii) complexes, [Pt(ortho-PPh3CH2Py)(NH3)2Cl](NO3)2 (OPT) and [Pt(para-PPh3CH2Py)(NH3)2Cl](NO3)2 (PPT; PPh3 = triphenylphosphonium, Py = pyridine), show significant inhibition towards the activity of DNA topoisomerases in addition to their DNA binding and mitochondrial targeting capabilities. OPT exhibits strong cytotoxicity toward the human renal clear cell carcinoma 786-O and the murine prostate cancer RM-1 cell lines. The complex could bind to the minor groove of DNA, as well as DNA topoisomerases I and IIα, thereby acting as an inhibitor of topoisomerase I/IIα and causing DNA damage. The damage was evidenced by the enhanced expression of γ-H2AX, Chk1/2 phosphorylation, p53 and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of PPT on DNA topoisomerases was largely limited to the isolated enzymes. The results demonstrate that the cellular inhibition of the complex towards the DNA topoisomerases positively correlated with its mitochondrial accumulation. Molecular docking provided more detailed structural insights into the interactions of OPT or PPT with DNA and topoisomerase I/IIα. The binding sites of OPT and PPT in topoisomerase-DNA complexes are different from each other. Aside from previously revealed DNA and mitochondrial targets, this study discovered new evidence that DNA topoisomerases may also serve as targets of monofunctional platinum(ii) complexes. For a multispecific platinum complex, strong DNA binding ability does not necessarily lead to potent cytotoxicity as other factors including the cell types, mitochondrial accumulation, and activity of DNA topoisomerases also affect the outcome of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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Li Y, Huang T, Fu Y, Wang T, Zhao T, Guo S, Sun Y, Yang Y, Li C. Antitumor activity of a novel dual functional podophyllotoxin derivative involved PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215886. [PMID: 31557166 PMCID: PMC6763125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer through local expansion and metastasis is well recognized, but preventing these characteristic cancer processes is challenging. To this end, a new strategy is required. In this study, we presented a novel dual functional podophyllotoxin derivative, 2-pyridinealdehyde hydrazone dithiocarbamate S-propionate podophyllotoxin ester (PtoxPdp), which inhibited both matrix metalloproteinases and Topoisomerase II. This new podophyllotoxin derivative exhibited significant anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic that correlated with the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase. In a xenograft animal local expansion model, PtoxPdp was superior to etoposide in tumor repression. A preliminary mechanistic study revealed that PtoxPdp induced apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, PtoxPdp could also inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which was achieved by downregulating both PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB/Snail pathways. Taken together, our results reveal that PtoxPdp is a promising antitumor drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (CL); (YL)
| | - Tengfei Huang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yun Fu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Sun
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic Medicine, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yun Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Changzheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic Medicine, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (CL); (YL)
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p53-Mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Played a Role in Ptox Dpt-Induced EMT Inhibition in Liver Cancer Cell Lines. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2531493. [PMID: 31191795 PMCID: PMC6525883 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2531493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) involves metastasis and drug resistance; thus, a new EMT reversing agent is required. It has shown that wild-type p53 can reverse EMT back to epithelial characteristics, and iron chelator acting as a p53 inducer has been demonstrated. Moreover, recent study revealed that etoposide could also inhibit EMT. Therefore, combination of etoposide with iron chelator might achieve better inhibition of EMT. To this end, we prepared di-2-pyridineketone hydrazone dithiocarbamate S-propionate podophyllotoxin ester (PtoxDpt) that combined the podophyllotoxin (Ptox) structural unit (etoposide) with the dithiocarbamate unit (iron chelator) through the hybridization strategy. The resulting PtoxDpt inherited characteristics from parent structural units, acting as both the p53 inducer and topoisomerase II inhibitor. In addition, the PtoxDpt exhibited significant inhibition in migration and invasion, which correlated with downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). More importantly, PtoxDpt could inhibit EMT in the absence or presence of TGF-β1, concomitant to the ROS production, and the additional evidence revealed that PtoxDpt downregulated AKT/mTOR through upregulation of p53, indicating that PtoxDpt induced EMT inhibition through the p53/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Growth Inhibition of a Novel Iron Chelator, DpdtC, against Hepatoma Carcinoma Cell Lines Partly Attributed to Ferritinophagy-Mediated Lysosomal ROS Generation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4928703. [PMID: 30154950 PMCID: PMC6098875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4928703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some iron chelators display significant anticancer activity that may involve ferritin degradation either in proteasomes or in lysosomes, and the latter might involve ferritinophagy with a period. However, the correlation of ferritinophagy with anticancer activity of iron chelator was not fully determined. Revealing the underlying link therefore is required. Di-2-pyridylketone dithiocarbamate (DpdtC), a novel iron chelator, could mobilize iron from ferritin and displayed excellent antitumor against hepatoma carcinoma cell lines (IC50s = 0.4 ± 0.2 for HepG2 and 3.5 ± 0.3 μM for Bel-7402, resp.); we speculated that the antiproliferative action of DpdtC might involve ferritinophagy. To this end, the alterations of ferritin, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II), and nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) were investigated after exposure of DpdtC to the cells. The results revealed that DpdtC could cause increases of autophagic vacuoles and LC3-II. The data from cellular immunofluorescence and Western blotting showed a reciprocal relation between abundances of ferritin and LC3-II, but the trends of NCOA4 and LC3-II in abundance were in a similar manner, indicating that a ferritinophagy occurred. Further studies revealed that the ferritinophagy evoked an iron-driven intralysosomal oxidative reaction, resulting in LMP change and lipid peroxidation. Thus, a ferritinophagy-mediated lysosomal ROS generation playing a role in the antiproliferative action of DpdtC could be proposed, which will enrich our knowledge of iron chelator in cancer therapy.
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Wang T, Liu Y, Fu Y, Huang T, Yang Y, Li S, Li C. Antiproliferative activity of di-2-pyridylhydrazone dithiocarbamate acetate partly involved in p53 mediated apoptosis and autophagy. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1909-1919. [PMID: 29039462 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have higher demand of iron and copper ions for growth, disturbing the metal's homeostasis can inhibit proliferation of cancer cell. Dithiocarbamates possessing excellent metal chelating ability and antitumor activity are considered as candidates in chelation therapy, however, their antitumor molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, a dithiocarbamate derivative, di-2-pyridylhydrazone dithiocarbamate s-acetic acid (DpdtaA) was prepared to address the issue whether the molecular mechanism behind biological behavior showed by dithiocarbamate was p53 mediated. The proliferation inhibition assay showed that DpdtaA exhibited excellent antiproliferative effect for hepatocellular carcinoma (IC50= 3.0±0.4 µM for HepG2, 6.1±0.6 µM for Bel-7402 cell). However, in the presence of copper ion, the antiproliferative activity of DpdtaA significantly attenuated (~3-fold for HepG2) due to formation of copper chelate. The ROS assay revealed that the antiproliferative activity of DpdtaA correlated with ROS generation. Western blotting demonstrated that DpdtaA could upregulate p53 via down-regulating the Mdm2, accordingly leading to changes of bcl family proteins, indicating that a p53-dependent intrinsic apoptosis was partly involved. Simulation from molecular docking hinted that DpdtaA could disrupt interaction between p53 and Mdm2, indicating the disruption might also contribute to the upregulation of p53. The alternations in lysosome membrane permeability and acidic vacuoles as well as LC3-II upregulation indicated that autophagy was involved. The copper addition led to significantly attenuate biological activity of DpdtaA, with few dithiocarbamates, but the mechanism in apoptosis induction was not altered except for weaker ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Youxun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Yun Fu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Changzheng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
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Acilan C, Cevatemre B, Adiguzel Z, Karakas D, Ulukaya E, Ribeiro N, Correia I, Pessoa JC. Synthesis, biological characterization and evaluation of molecular mechanisms of novel copper complexes as anticancer agents. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:218-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Fu Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Li C, Zhou S, Yang Y, Zhou P, Lu C, Li C. Calcium release induced by 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and its copper complex contributes to tumor cell death. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1662-1670. [PMID: 28112358 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones display significant antitumor activity and their copper complexes also exhibit enhanced biological activities in most situations, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Therefore, investigation of the mechanism involved in the change upon chelation is required to extend our understanding of the effects of thiosemicarbazones. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (PCT) and its copper complex (PCT-Cu) on cell proliferation was investigated. The copper chelate exhibited a 3- to 10-fold increase in antitumor activity (with an IC50 <5 µM). The results showed that both PCT and PCT-Cu induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vitro and in vivo, caused cellular DNA fragmentation, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and cell cycle arrest. Western blotting showed that both PCT and PCT-Cu induced apoptosis. Upregulation of GRP78 in HepG2 cells following treatment with the agents indicated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurred. Furthermore calcium release was revealed in this study, suggesting that PCT and PCT-Cu disturbed calcium homeostasis. It was noted that PCT-Cu sensitized thapsigargin‑stimulated calcium release from the ER, which was correlated with the ROS level they induced, implying that the antitumor activity of PCT and PCT-Cu partly stemmed from calcium mobilization, a situation that was reported in few studies. Our findings may significantly contribute to the understanding of the anti‑proliferative effect of the derivatives of thiosemicarbazones along with their antitumor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Youxun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Cuiping Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Pingxin Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Changzheng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
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Wang D, Qu X, Zhuang X, Geng G, Hou J, Xu N, Li W, Hu T, Chen YS. Seed Oil ofBrucea javanicaInduces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1394-1403. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1224362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wang T, Fu Y, Huang T, Liu Y, Wu M, Yuan Y, Li S, Li C. Copper Ion Attenuated the Antiproliferative Activity of Di-2-pyridylhydrazone Dithiocarbamate Derivative; However, There Was a Lack of Correlation between ROS Generation and Antiproliferative Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081088. [PMID: 27556432 PMCID: PMC6273760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chelators for cancer treatment has been an alternative option. Dithiocarbamates have recently attracted considerable attention owning to their diverse biological activities; thus, the preparation of new dithiocarbamate derivatives with improved antitumor activity and selectivity as well as probing the underlying molecular mechanism are required. In this study, di-2-pyridylhydrazone dithiocarbamate S-propionic acid (DpdtpA) and its copper complex were prepared and characterized, and its antiproliferative activity was evaluated. The proliferation inhibition assay showed that DpdtpA exhibited excellent antiproliferative effect in hepatocellular carcinoma (IC50 = 1.3 ± 0.3 μM for HepG2, and 2.5 ± 0.6 μM for Bel-7402). However, in the presence of copper ion, the antiproliferative activity of DpdtpA was dramatically attenuated (20–30 fold) owing to the formation of copper chelate. A preliminarily mechanistic study revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation mediated the antiproliferative activity of DpdtpA, and accordingly induced apoptosis, DNA cleavage, and autophagy. Surprisingly, the cytotoxicity of DpdtpA copper complex (DpdtpA–Cu) was also involved in ROS generation; however, a paradoxical relation between cellular ROS level and cytotoxicity was observed. Further investigation indicated that DpdtpA could induce cell cycle arrest at the S phase; however, DpdtpA–Cu lacked this effect, which explained the difference in their antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Yun Fu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Tengfei Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Youxun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Meihao Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Yanbin Yuan
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Changzheng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
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Interaction of Di-2-pyridylketone 2-pyridine Carboxylic Acid Hydrazone and Its Copper Complex with BSA: Effect on Antitumor Activity as Revealed by Spectroscopic Studies. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050563. [PMID: 27136517 PMCID: PMC6274005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug, di-2-pyridylketone-2-pyridine carboxylic acid hydrazone (DPPCAH) and its copper complex (DPPCAH-Cu) exhibit significant antitumor activity. However, the mechanism of their pharmacological interaction with the biological molecule bovine serum albumin (BSA) remains poorly understood. The present study elucidates the interactions between the drug and BSA through MTT assays, spectroscopic methods and molecular docking analysis. Our results indicate that BSA could attenuate effect on the cytotoxicity of DPPCAH, but not DPPCAH-Cu. Data from fluorescence quenching measurements demonstrated that both DPPCAH and DPPCAH-Cu could bind to BSA, with a reversed effect on the environment of tryptophan residues in polarity. CD spectra revealed that the DPPCAH-Cu exerted a slightly stronger effect on the secondary structure of BSA than DPPCAH. The association constant of DPPCAH with BSA was greater than that of DPPCAH-Cu. Docking studies indicated that the binding of DPPCAH to BSA involved a greater number of hydrogen bonds compared to DPPCAH-Cu. The calculated distances between bound ligands and tryptophans in BSA were in agreement with fluorescence resonance energy transfer results. Thus, the binding affinity of the drug (DPPCAH or DPPCAH-Cu) with BSA partially contributes to its antitumor activity; the greater the drug affinity is to BSA, the less is its antitumor activity.
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