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Winter RC, Amghar M, Wacker AS, Bakos G, Taş H, Roscher M, Kelly JM, Benešová-Schäfer M. Future Treatment Strategies for Cancer Patients Combining Targeted Alpha Therapy with Pillars of Cancer Treatment: External Beam Radiation Therapy, Checkpoint Inhibition Immunotherapy, Cytostatic Chemotherapy, and Brachytherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1031. [PMID: 39204136 PMCID: PMC11359268 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most complex and challenging human diseases, with rising incidences and cancer-related deaths despite improved diagnosis and personalized treatment options. Targeted alpha therapy (TαT) offers an exciting strategy emerging for cancer treatment which has proven effective even in patients with advanced metastatic disease that has become resistant to other treatments. Yet, in many cases, more sophisticated strategies are needed to stall disease progression and overcome resistance to TαT. The combination of two or more therapies which have historically been used as stand-alone treatments is an approach that has been pursued in recent years. This review aims to provide an overview on TαT and the four main pillars of therapeutic strategies in cancer management, namely external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), cytostatic chemotherapy (CCT), and brachytherapy (BT), and to discuss their potential use in combination with TαT. A brief description of each therapy is followed by a review of known biological aspects and state-of-the-art treatment practices. The emphasis, however, is given to the motivation for combination with TαT as well as the pre-clinical and clinical studies conducted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Christine Winter
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy/Translational Radiotheranostics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.C.W.); (M.A.); (G.B.); (H.T.)
| | - Mariam Amghar
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy/Translational Radiotheranostics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.C.W.); (M.A.); (G.B.); (H.T.)
| | - Anja S. Wacker
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; (A.S.W.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Gábor Bakos
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy/Translational Radiotheranostics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.C.W.); (M.A.); (G.B.); (H.T.)
| | - Harun Taş
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy/Translational Radiotheranostics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.C.W.); (M.A.); (G.B.); (H.T.)
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Service Unit for Radiopharmaceuticals and Preclinical Studies, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - James M. Kelly
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; (A.S.W.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Martina Benešová-Schäfer
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy/Translational Radiotheranostics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.C.W.); (M.A.); (G.B.); (H.T.)
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Miura T, Kado J, Ashisuke K, Masuzawa M, Nakayama F. Sustained activation of the FGF1-MEK-ERK pathway inhibits proliferation, invasion and migration and enhances radiosensitivity in mouse angiosarcoma cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:303-314. [PMID: 38637316 PMCID: PMC11115473 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Angiosarcoma is a rare refractory soft-tissue tumor with a poor prognosis and is treated by radiotherapy. The fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) mutant, with enhanced thermostability due to several substituted amino acids, inhibits angiosarcoma cell metastasis, yet the mechanism of action is unclear. This study aims to clarify the FGF1 mutant mechanism of action using ISOS-1 mouse angiosarcoma cells. The wild-type FGF1 or FGF1 mutant was added to ISOS-1 cells and cultured, evaluating cell numbers over time. The invasive and migratory capacity of ISOS-1 cells was assessed by transwell analysis. ISOS-1 cell radiosensitivity was assessed by colony formation assay after X-ray irradiation. To examine whether mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor counteracts the FGF1 mutant effects, a combination of MEK inhibitor and FGF1 mutant was added to ISOS-1 cells and cultured. The FGF1 mutant was observed to inhibit ISOS-1 cell proliferation, invasion and migration by sustained FGF1 signaling activation. A MEK inhibitor suppressed the FGF1 mutant-induced inhibition of proliferation, invasion and migration of ISOS-1 cells. Furthermore, the FGF1 mutant enhanced radiosensitivity of ISOS-1 cells, but MEK inhibition suppressed the increased radiosensitivity. In addition, we found that the FGF1 mutant strongly inhibits actin polymerization, suggesting that actin cytoskeletal dynamics are closely related to ISOS-1 cell radiosensitivity. Overall, this study demonstrated that in ISOS-1 cells, the FGF1 mutant inhibits proliferation, invasion and migration while enhancing radiosensitivity through sustained activation of the MEK-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Miura
- Regenerative Therapy Research Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Junko Kado
- Regenerative Therapy Research Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ashisuke
- Radiation Effect Research Group, Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Masuzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Iwase General Hospital, 20 Kitamachi, Sukagawa-shi, Fukushima 962-8503, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nakayama
- Regenerative Therapy Research Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Shinohara Y, Komiya Y, Morimoto K, Endo Y, Terashima M, Suzuki T, Takino T, Ninomiya I, Yamada H, Uto Y. Development of UTX-143, a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 5 inhibitor, using amiloride as a lead compound. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117603. [PMID: 38246115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
NHE5, an isoform of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) protein, is an ion-transporting membrane protein that regulates intracellular pH and is highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we hypothesized that NHE5 inhibitors can be used as anticancer drugs. However, because NHE1 is ubiquitously expressed in all cells, it is extremely important to demonstrate its selective inhibitory activity against NHE5. We used amiloride, an NHE non-selective inhibitor, as a lead compound and created UTX-143, which has NHE5-selective inhibitory activity, using a structure-activity relationship approach. UTX-143 showed selective cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and reduced the migratory and invasive abilities of cancer cells. These results suggest a new concept wherein drugs exhibit cancer-specific cytotoxic effects through selective inhibition of NHE5 and the possibility of UTX-143 as a lead NHE5-selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Shinohara
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yuki Komiya
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kashin Morimoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshio Endo
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Minoru Terashima
- Division of Functional Geneomics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Division of Functional Geneomics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takino
- Division of Education for Global Standard, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Director of Central Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Fukui Prefectural Hospital, Yotsui-2, Fukui 910-0846, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Yamada
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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Tu KJ, Roy SK, Keepers Z, Gartia MR, Shukla HD, Biswal NC. Docetaxel radiosensitizes castration-resistant prostate cancer by downregulating CAV-1. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:256-267. [PMID: 37747697 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2263553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Docetaxel (DXL), a noted radiosensitizer, is one of the few chemotherapy drugs approved for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), though only a fraction of CRPCs respond to it. CAV-1, a critical regulator of radioresistance, has been known to modulate DXL and radiation effects. Combining DXL with radiotherapy may create a synergistic anticancer effect through CAV-1 and improve CRPC patients' response to therapy. Here, we investigate the effectiveness and molecular characteristics of DXL and radiation combination therapy in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used live/dead assays to determine the IC50 of DXL for PC3, DU-145, and TRAMP-C1 cells. Colony formation assay was used to determine the radioresponse of the same cells treated with radiation with/without IC50 DXL (4, 8, and 12 Gy). We performed gene expression analysis on public transcriptomic data collected from human-derived prostate cancer cell lines (C4-2, PC3, DU-145, and LNCaP) treated with DXL for 8, 16, and 72 hours. Cell cycle arrest and protein expression were assessed using flow cytometry and western blot, respectively. RESULTS Compared to radiation alone, combination therapy with DXL significantly increased CRPC death in PC3 (1.48-fold, p < .0001), DU-145 (1.64-fold, p < .05), and TRAMP-C1 (1.13-fold, p < .05) at 4 Gy of radiation. Gene expression of CRPC treated with DXL revealed downregulated genes related to cell cycle regulation and upregulated genes related to immune activation and oxidative stress. Confirming the results, G2/M cell cycle arrest was significantly increased after treatment with DXL and radiation. CAV-1 protein expression was decreased after DXL treatment in a dose-dependent manner; furthermore, CAV-1 copy number was strongly associated with poor response to therapy in CRPC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that DXL sensitizes CRPC cells to radiation by downregulating CAV-1. DXL + radiation combination therapy may be effective at treating CRPC, especially subtypes associated with high CAV-1 expression, and should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sanjit K Roy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachery Keepers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manas R Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Hem D Shukla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nrusingh C Biswal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Yao P, Wang X, Wang Q, Dai Q, Peng Y, Yuan Q, Mou N, Lv S, Weng B, Wang Y, Sun F. Cyclic RGD-Functionalized pH/ROS Dual-Responsive Nanoparticle for Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1827. [PMID: 37514014 PMCID: PMC10386338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women and is a big challenge to clinical treatment due to the high morbidity and mortality. The pH/ROS dual-responsive nanoplatforms may be an effective way to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of breast cancer. Herein, we report a docetaxel (DTX)-loaded pH/ROS-responsive NP that could achieve active targeting of cancer cells and selective and complete drug release for effective drug delivery. The pH/ROS-responsive NPs were fabricated using nanocarriers that consist of an ROS-responsive moiety (4-hydroxymethylphenylboronic acid pinacol ester, HPAP), cinnamaldehyde (CA, an aldehyde organic compound with anticancer activities) and cyclodextrin (α-CD). The NPs were loaded with DTX, modified with a tumor-penetration peptide (circular RGD, cRGD) and named DTX/RGD NPs. The cRGD could promote DTX/RGD NPs penetration into deep tumor tissue and specifically target cancer cells. After internalization by cancer cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, the pH-responsive acetal was cleaved to release CA in the lysosomal acidic environment. Meanwhile, the high ROS in tumor cells induced the disassembly of NPs with complete release of DTX. In vitro cellular assays verified that DTX/RGD NPs could be effectively internalized by 4T1 cells, obviously inducing apoptosis, blocking the cell cycle of 4T1 cells and consequently, killing tumor cells. In vivo animal experiments demonstrated that the NPs could target to the tumor sites and significantly inhibit the tumor growth in 4T1 breast cancer mice. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrated that DTX/RGD NPs could significantly improve the antitumor effect compared to free DTX. Thus, the DTX/RGD NPs provide a promising strategy for enhancing drug delivery and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qianmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Nan Mou
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bangbi Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fengjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Yan H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Kong X, Liu D, Li J, Xi Y, Ji J, Ye L, Zhai G. A ROS-responsive biomimetic nano-platform for enhanced chemo-photodynamic-immunotherapy efficacy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6583-6600. [PMID: 36227002 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complex bloodstream components, tumor microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity, traditional nanoparticles have a limited effect (low drug delivery efficiency and poor penetration to the deeper tumor) on eradicating tumors. To solve these challenges, novel platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles (PCDD NPs) were constructed for combined chemo-photodynamic- and immunotherapy of melanoma. The platelet membrane imparted the PCDD nanoparticles with an excellent long circulation effect and tumor targeting ability, which solved the issues of low drug delivery efficiency. After reaching the tumor cells, it releases the drug-loaded CDD micelles, becoming positively charged and facilitating the deep penetration of tumors. Cytotoxic and apoptosis experiments showed that PCDD nanoparticles have the strongest tumor cell killing ability. Based on the excellent results in vitro, PCDD was used to assess anti-tumor and distal tumor inhibition in rat models. The results revealed that the PCDD combined PDT, immunotherapy and chemotherapy could not only inhibit the primary tumor growth (inhibition rate: 92.0%) but also suppress the distant tumor growth (inhibition rate: 90.7%) and lung metastasis, which is far more effective compared to the commercial Taxotere®. Exploration of the molecular mechanism showed that in vivo immune response induced an increase in positive immune responders, suppressed negative immune suppressors, and established an inflammatory tumor immune environment, leading to excellent results in tumor suppression and lung metastasis. In conclusion, this novel multifunctional PCDD nanoparticle is a promising platform for tumor combined chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Xinru Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Dongzhu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Yanwei Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China.
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Tao H, Zhan Z, Qiu W, Liao K, Yuan Y, Zheng R. Docetaxel and cisplatin induction chemotherapy with or without fluorouracil in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A retrospective propensity score matching analysis. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2022; 18:e111-e118. [PMID: 33945215 PMCID: PMC9291171 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the addition of fluorouracil to docetaxel and cisplatin induction chemotherapy (IC) can truly improve the prognosis of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS A total of 801 patients newly diagnosed with non-metastatic locoregionally advanced NPC were included as the subjects. In this study, propensity score matching (PSM) was used for analysis of overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS) and locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS), and the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was used to investigate toxic reactions. RESULTS Patients received treatment with docetaxel and cisplatin (TP) or docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil (TPF). With a median follow-up time of 60 months (range: 5-124 months), the TPF group had better 5-year OS (84.7% vs 79.0%; P = 0.037), PFS (84.6% vs 76.8%; P = 0.008) and DMFS (89.5% vs 82.3%; P = 0.004) than the TP group. After PSM, 258 patients were matched in each cohort. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 5-year OS, PFS and DMFS were 85.5%, 84.2% and 89.2%, respectively, in the TPF group, higher than the 80.8%, 75.0% and 81.4%, respectively, in the TP group (P = 0.048, 0.009 and 0.006, respectively). Moreover, the multivariate analysis revealed that different IC regimens were independent prognostic factors for PFS and DMFS (P = 0.014 and 0.010, respectively). CONCLUSION This study found that compared with the TP regimen, TPF induction chemotherapy is associated with improved survival in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC. TPF can produce more mucosal and nausea/vomiting adverse reactions than TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Yun Tao
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Ze‐Jiang Zhan
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Wen‐Ze Qiu
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Kai Liao
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Ya‐Wei Yuan
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Rong‐Hui Zheng
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdongP.R. China
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Maharaj M, Heslop L, Govender T, Korowlay N, Singh A, Choudhary P, Sathekge M. The Outcome and Safety of Re-challenge Lutetium-177 PSMA ( 177Lu-PSMA) Therapy with Low-Dose Docetaxel as a Radiosensitizer-a Promising Combination in Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC): a Case Report. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 55:136-140. [PMID: 34093893 PMCID: PMC8139998 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-021-00696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-directed radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) with lutetium-177 (177Lu-PSMA) has been used in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), and retrospective data have shown this therapy to be favourably safe with attractive clinical responses. Re-challenge 177Lu-PSMA therapy in early responders has been shown to be safe and effective. We report the use of low-dose Taxol-based chemotherapy (modified dose 25 mg/m2 weekly × 6 weeks) as a radiosensitizer with re-challenge 177Lu-PSMA therapy (4 cycles). In a period of 3 years, the patient underwent a total of 8 cycles of 177Lu-PSMA with a cumulative dose of 51.8 GBq. All therapies were uneventful and well tolerated. There was a good response to re-challenge 177Lu-PSMA therapy and low-dose docetaxel (Taxol-177Lu-PSMA) with no recorded tumour resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Maharaj
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging and Therapy Centres of Excellence, Durban, KwaZulu Natal South Africa
| | - Lucille Heslop
- Durban Oncology Centre, West Ridge, Durban, South Africa
| | - Trisha Govender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging and Therapy Centres of Excellence, Durban, KwaZulu Natal South Africa
| | - Nisaar Korowlay
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Aviral Singh
- Theranostics Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Molecular Imaging (PET/CT) ENETS Center of Excellence, Zentralklinik Bad Berka GmbH, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Partha Choudhary
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
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Bolidong D, Domoto T, Uehara M, Sabit H, Okumura T, Endo Y, Nakada M, Ninomiya I, Miyashita T, Wong RW, Minamoto T. Potential therapeutic effect of targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3β in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11807. [PMID: 32678196 PMCID: PMC7367341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common gastrointestinal cancer and is often refractory to current therapies. Development of efficient therapeutic strategies against ESCC presents a major challenge. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β has emerged as a multipotent therapeutic target in various diseases including cancer. Here we investigated the biology and pathological role of GSK3β in ESCC and explored the therapeutic effects of its inhibition. The expression of GSK3β and tyrosine (Y)216 phosphorylation-dependent activity was higher in human ESCC cell lines and primary tumors than untransformed esophageal squamous TYNEK-3 cells from an ESCC patient and tumor-adjacent normal esophageal mucosa. GSK3β-specific inhibitors and small interfering (si)RNA-mediated knockdown of GSK3β attenuated tumor cell survival and proliferation, while inducing apoptosis in ESCC cells and their xenograft tumors in mice. GSK3β inhibition spared TYNEK-3 cells and the vital organs of mice. The therapeutic effect of GSK3β inhibition in tumor cells was associated with G0/G1- and G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest, decreased expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 and increased expression of cyclin B1. These results suggest the tumor-promoting role of GSK3β is via cyclin D1/CDK4-mediated cell cycle progression. Consequently, our study provides a biological rationale for GSK3β as a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilireba Bolidong
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uehara
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Hemragul Sabit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Endo
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Richard W Wong
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan.
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10
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Modulation of the Microtubule Network for Optimization of Nanoparticle Dynamics for the Advancement of Cancer Nanomedicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7020056. [PMID: 32545909 PMCID: PMC7355834 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promise in both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. NPs are mainly transported along cellular microtubules (MTs). Docetaxel (DTX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug that can manipulate the cellular MT network to maximize its clinical benefit. However, the effect of DTX on NP behaviour has not yet been fully elucidated. We used gold NPs of diameters 15 and 50 nm at a concentration of 0.2 nM to investigate the size dependence of NP behaviour. Meanwhile, DTX concentrations of 0, 10 and 50 nM were used to uphold clinical relevance. Our study reveals that a concentration of 50 nM DTX increased NP uptake by ~50% and their retention by ~90% compared to cells treated with 0 and 10 nM DTX. Smaller NPs had a 20-fold higher uptake in cells treated with 50 nM DTX vs. 0 and 10 nM DTX. With the treatment of 50 nm DTX, the cells became more spherical in shape, and NPs were redistributed closer to the nucleus. A significant increase in NP uptake and retention along with their intracellular distribution closer to the nucleus with 50 nM DTX could be exploited to target a higher dose to the most important target, the nucleus in both radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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11
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Bannister AH, Bromma K, Sung W, Monica M, Cicon L, Howard P, Chow RL, Schuemann J, Chithrani DB. Modulation of nanoparticle uptake, intracellular distribution, and retention with docetaxel to enhance radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2019; 93:20190742. [PMID: 31778316 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the major issues in current radiotherapy (RT) is the normal tissue toxicity. A smart combination of agents within the tumor would allow lowering the RT dose required while minimizing the damage to healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. We chose gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and docetaxel (DTX) as our choice of two radiosensitizing agents. They have a different mechanism of action which could lead to a synergistic effect. Our first goal was to assess the variation in GNP uptake, distribution, and retention in the presence of DTX. Our second goal was to assess the therapeutic results of the triple combination, RT/GNPs/DTX. METHODS We used HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells for our study. Cells were incubated with GNPs (0.2 nM) in the absence and presence of DTX (50 nM) for 24 h to determine uptake, distribution, and retention of NPs. For RT experiments, treated cells were given a 2 Gy dose of 6 MV photons using a linear accelerator. RESULTS Concurrent treatment of DTX and GNPs resulted in over 85% retention of GNPs in tumor cells. DTX treatment also forced GNPs to be closer to the most important target, the nucleus, resulting in a decrease in cell survival and increase in DNA damage with the triple combination of RT/ GNPs/DTX vs RT/DTX. Our experimental therapeutic results were supported by Monte Carlo simulations. CONCLUSION The ability to not only trap GNPs at clinically feasible doses but also to retain them within the cells could lead to meaningful fractionated treatments in future combined cancer therapy. Furthermore, the suggested triple combination of RT/GNPs/DTX may allow lowering the RT dose to spare surrounding healthy tissue. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This is the first study to show intracellular GNP transport disruption by DTX, and its advantage in radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Bromma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Wonmo Sung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mesa Monica
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Leah Cicon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Perry Howard
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Robert L Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Devika Basnagge Chithrani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Division of medical sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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12
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Triggered radiosensitizer delivery using thermosensitive liposomes and hyperthermia improves efficacy of radiotherapy: An in vitro proof of concept study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204063. [PMID: 30226898 PMCID: PMC6143263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To increase the efficacy of chemoradiation and decrease its toxicity in normal tissue, a new concept is proposed, local radiosensitizer delivery, which combines triggered release of a radiosensitizer from thermosensitive liposomes with local hyperthermia and radiotherapy. Here, key aspects of this concept were investigated in vitro I) the effect of hyperthermia on the enhancement of radiotherapy by ThermoDox (thermosensitive liposome containing doxorubicin), II) the concentration dependence of the radiosensitizing effect of doxorubicin and III) the sequence of doxorubicin, hyperthermia and radiotherapy maximizing the radiosensitizing effect. Methods Survival of HT1080 (human fibrosarcoma) cells was measured after exposure to ThermoDox or doxorubicin for 60 minutes, at 37 or 43°C, with or without irradiation. Furthermore, cell survival was measured for cells exposed to different doxorubicin concentrations and radiation doses. Finally, cell survival was measured after applying doxorubicin and/or hyperthermia before or after irradiation. Cell survival was measured by clonogenic assay. In addition, DNA damage was assessed by γH2AX staining. Results Exposure of cells to doxorubicin at 37°C resulted in cell death, but exposure to ThermoDox at 37°C did not. In contrast, ThermoDox and doxorubicin at 43°C resulted in similar cytotoxicity, and in combination with irradiation caused a similar enhancement of cell kill due to radiation. Doxorubicin enhanced the radiation effect in a small, but significant, concentration-dependent manner. Hyperthermia showed the strongest enhancement of radiation effect when applied after irradiation. In contrast, doxorubicin enhanced radiation effect only when applied before irradiation. Concurrent doxorubicin and hyperthermia immediately before or after irradiation showed equal enhancement of radiation effect. Conclusion In vitro, ThermoDox resulted in cytotoxicity and enhancement of irradiation effect only in combination with hyperthermia. Therefore hyperthermia-triggered radiosensitizer release from thermosensitive liposomes may ultimately serve to limit toxicities due to the radiosensitizer in unheated normal tissue and result in enhanced efficacy in the heated tumor.
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13
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Kusumoto S, Fujiwara H, Sagawa M, Nobuzane T, Nishida T, Akagi Y, Hirokawa Y, Katsube Y. Successful radiotherapy for endometrial serous carcinoma with local repeated recurrence. Int Cancer Conf J 2018; 7:71-75. [PMID: 31149518 PMCID: PMC6498359 DOI: 10.1007/s13691-018-0323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC) has been increasing, and ESC is resistant to treatment. We report a patient with ESC who responded to radiotherapy for multiple recurrences. The first recurrence was detected in the vaginal wall and left internal iliac lymph node 5 months after the initial treatment. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was administered. Radiation was delivered using the intensity modulated radiation therapy technique. The second recurrent tumor was detected in the right internal iliac lymph node after 4 months, and CCRT was conducted. After 4 months, the third recurrence was detected in the right common iliac node, and CCRT was performed. After 8 months, the fourth recurrence was detected in the horizontal portion of the duodenum, and radiotherapy was administered. After 9 months, the fifth recurrence was detected in the vaginal wall. Interstitial brachytherapy was conducted. Grade 2 gastrointestinal injury, nausea and radiodermatitis were observed. During the subsequent 13-month follow-up, there has been no recurrence. Although ESC is resistant to treatment, radiotherapy could be effective in some cases. Even when multiple recurrences occur, radiotherapy may be considered a treatment option if the irradiation level is permissible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kusumoto
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chugoku Rosai Hospital, 1-5-1 Hiro Tagaya, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0193 Japan
| | - Hisaya Fujiwara
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chugoku Rosai Hospital, 1-5-1 Hiro Tagaya, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0193 Japan
| | - Maiko Sagawa
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chugoku Rosai Hospital, 1-5-1 Hiro Tagaya, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0193 Japan
| | - Takahiro Nobuzane
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chugoku Rosai Hospital, 1-5-1 Hiro Tagaya, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0193 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nishida
- 2Department of Pathology, Chugoku Rosai Hospital, 1-5-1 Hiro Tagaya, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0193 Japan
| | - Yukio Akagi
- Hiroshima Heiwa Clinic, State of the Art Treatment Center, 1-31 Kawara-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0856 Japan
| | - Yutaka Hirokawa
- Hiroshima Heiwa Clinic, State of the Art Treatment Center, 1-31 Kawara-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0856 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katsube
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chugoku Rosai Hospital, 1-5-1 Hiro Tagaya, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0193 Japan
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Aguilar LE, GhavamiNejad A, Park CH, Kim CS. On-demand drug release and hyperthermia therapy applications of thermoresponsive poly-(NIPAAm-co-HMAAm)/polyurethane core-shell nanofiber mat on non-vascular nitinol stents. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:527-538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Dynamic Microenvironment Induces Phenotypic Plasticity of Esophageal Cancer Cells Under Flow. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38221. [PMID: 27910892 PMCID: PMC5133540 DOI: 10.1038/srep38221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer microenvironment is a remarkably heterogeneous composition of cellular and non-cellular components, regulated by both external and intrinsic physical and chemical stimuli. Physical alterations driven by increased proliferation of neoplastic cells and angiogenesis in the cancer microenvironment result in the exposure of the cancer cells to elevated levels of flow-based shear stress. We developed a dynamic microfluidic cell culture platform utilizing eshopagael cancer cells as model cells to investigate the phenotypic changes of cancer cells upon exposure to fluid shear stress. We report the epithelial to hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal transition as a result of decreasing E-Cadherin and increasing N-Cadherin and vimentin expressions, higher clonogenicity and ALDH positive expression of cancer cells cultured in a dynamic microfluidic chip under laminar flow compared to the static culture condition. We also sought regulation of chemotherapeutics in cancer microenvironment towards phenotypic control of cancer cells. Such in vitro microfluidic system could potentially be used to monitor how the interstitial fluid dynamics affect cancer microenvironment and plasticity on a simple, highly controllable and inexpensive bioengineered platform.
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Kaluzki I, Hrgovic I, Hailemariam-Jahn T, Doll M, Kleemann J, Valesky EM, Kippenberger S, Kaufmann R, Zoeller N, Meissner M. Dimethylfumarate inhibits melanoma cell proliferation via p21 and p53 induction and bcl-2 and cyclin B1 downregulation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13627-13635. [PMID: 27468725 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that dimethylfumarate (DMF), known as a highly potent anti-psoriatic agent, might have anti-tumorigenic properties in melanoma. It has recently been demonstrated that DMF inhibits melanoma proliferation by apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition and therefore inhibits melanoma metastasis. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms remain to be evaluated. To elucidate the effects of DMF on melanoma cell lines (A375, SK-Mel), we first performed cytotoxicity assays. No significant lactatedehydogenase (LDH) release could be found. In further analysis, we showed that DMF suppresses melanoma cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. To examine whether these effects are conveyed by apoptotic mechanisms, we studied the amount of apoptotic nucleosomes and caspase 3/7 activity using ELISA analysis. Significant apoptosis was induced by DMF in both cell lines, and this could be paralleled with bcl-2 downregulation and PARP-1 cleavage. We also performed cell cycle analysis and found that DMF induced concentration-dependent arrests of G0/G1 as well as G2/M. To examine the underlying mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, we analyzed the expression profiles of important cell cycle regulator proteins such as p53, p21, cyclins A, B1, and D1, and CDKs 3, 4, and 6. Interestingly, DMF induced p53 and p21 yet inhibited cyclin B1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Other cell cycle regulators were not influenced by DMF. The knockdown of DMF induced p53 via siRNA led to significantly reduced apoptosis but had no influence on cell cycle arrest. We examined the adhesion of melanoma cells on lymphendothelial cells during DMF treatment and found a significant reduction in interaction. These data provide evidence that DMF inhibits melanoma proliferation by reinduction of important cell cycle inhibitors leading to a concentration-dependent G0/G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis via downregulation of bcl-2 and induction of p53 and PARP-1 cleavage. Hence, DMF might be an interesting agent in the treatment of melanoma and is worth further investigation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kaluzki
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Igor Hrgovic
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tsige Hailemariam-Jahn
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monika Doll
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Kleemann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Valesky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Zoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Meissner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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