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Sritharan S, Guha S, Hazarika S, Sivalingam N. Meta analysis of bioactive compounds, miRNA, siRNA and cell death regulators as sensitizers to doxorubicin induced chemoresistance. Apoptosis 2022; 27:622-646. [PMID: 35716277 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has presented to be the most challenging disease, contributing to one in six mortalities worldwide. The current treatment regimen involves multiple rounds of chemotherapy administration, alone or in combination. The treatment has adverse effects including cardiomyopathy, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In addition, the development of resistance to chemo has been attributed to cancer relapse and low patient overall survivability. Multiple drug resistance development may be through numerous factors such as up-regulation of drug transporters, drug inactivation, alteration of drug targets and drug degradation. Doxorubicin is a widely used first line chemotherapeutic drug for a myriad of cancers. It has multiple intracellular targets, DNA intercalation, adduct formation, topoisomerase inhibition, iron chelation, reactive oxygen species generation and promotes immune mediated clearance of the tumor. Agents that can sensitize the resistant cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug are currently the focus to improve the clinical efficiency of cancer therapy. This review summarizes the recent 10-year research on the use of natural phytochemicals, inhibitors of apoptosis and autophagy, miRNAs, siRNAs and nanoformulations being investigated for doxorubicin chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sritharan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sampurna Guha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Snoopy Hazarika
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Nageswaran Sivalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Carbonate Apatite and Hydroxyapatite Formulated with Minimal Ingredients to Deliver SiRNA into Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11030063. [PMID: 32927738 PMCID: PMC7565062 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer is one of the top-ranked noncommunicable diseases causing deaths to nine million people and affecting almost double worldwide in 2018. Tremendous advancement in surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and targeted immunotherapy have improved the rate of cure and disease-free survival. As genetic mutations vary in different cancers, potential of customized treatment to silence the problem gene/s at the translational level is being explored too. Yet delivering therapeutics at the required dosage only to the affected cells without affecting the healthy ones, is a big hurdle to be overcome. Scientists worldwide have been working to invent a smart drug delivery system for targeted delivery of therapeutics to tumor tissues only. As part of such an effort, few organic nanocarriers went to clinical trials, while inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are still in development stage despite their many customizable properties. Carbonate apatite (CA), a pH sensitive nanocarrier has emerged as an efficient delivery system for drugs, plasmids and siRNAs in preclinical models of breast and colon cancers. Like hydroxyapatite (HA) which serves as a classical tool for delivery of genetic materials such as siRNA and plasmid, CA is an apatite-based synthetic carrier. We developed simplified methods of formulating CA-in-DMEM and a DMEM-mimicking buffer and HA in a HEPES-buffered solution and characterized them in terms of size, stability, protein corona (PC) composition, cytotoxicity, siRNA delivery efficiency in breast cancer cells and siRNA biodistribution profile in a mouse model of breast cancer. Methods: Particle growth was analyzed via spectrophotometry and light microscopy, size was measured via dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy and confirmation of functional groups in apatite structures was made by FT-IR. siRNA-binding was analyzed via spectrophotometry. Stability of the formulation solutions/buffers was tested over various time points and at different temperatures to determine their compatibility in the context of practical usage. Cellular uptake was studied via fluorescence microscopy. MTT assay was performed to measure the cytotoxicity of the NPs. Liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry was carried out to analyze the PC formed around all three different NPs in serum-containing media. To explore biodistribution of all the formulations, fluorescence-labeled siRNA-loaded NPs were administered intravenously prior to analysis of fluorescence intensity in the collected organs and tumors of the treated mice. Results: The size of NPs in 10% serum-containing media was dramatically different where CA-in-DMB and HA were much larger than CA-in-DMEM. Effect of media was notable on the PC composition of all three NPs. All three NPs bound albumin and some common protease inhibitors involved in bone metabolism due to their compositional similarity to our bone materials. Moreover, CA also bound heme-binding proteins and opsonins. Unlike CA, HA bound different kinds of keratins. Difference in PC constitution was likely to influence accumulation of NPs in various organs including those of reticuloendothelial system, such as liver and spleen and the tumor. We found 10 times more tumor accumulation of CA-in-DMB than CA-in-DMEM, which could be due to more stable siRNA-binding and distinct PC composition of the former. Conclusion: As a nanocarrier CA is more efficient than HA for siRNA delivery to the tumor. CA prepared in a buffer containing only the mere constituents was potentially more efficient than classical CA prepared in DMEM, owing to the exclusion of interference attributed by the inorganic ions and organic molecules present in DMEM.
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Schrörs B, Boegel S, Albrecht C, Bukur T, Bukur V, Holtsträter C, Ritzel C, Manninen K, Tadmor AD, Vormehr M, Sahin U, Löwer M. Multi-Omics Characterization of the 4T1 Murine Mammary Gland Tumor Model. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1195. [PMID: 32793490 PMCID: PMC7390911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor models are critical for our understanding of cancer and the development of cancer therapeutics. The 4T1 murine mammary cancer cell line is one of the most widely used breast cancer models. Here, we present an integrated map of the genome, transcriptome, and immunome of 4T1. Results: We found Trp53 (Tp53) and Pik3g to be mutated. Other frequently mutated genes in breast cancer, including Brca1 and Brca2, are not mutated. For cancer related genes, Nav3, Cenpf, Muc5Ac, Mpp7, Gas1, MageD2, Dusp1, Ros, Polr2a, Rragd, Ros1, and Hoxa9 are mutated. Markers for cell proliferation like Top2a, Birc5, and Mki67 are highly expressed, so are markers for metastasis like Msln, Ect2, and Plk1, which are known to be overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC markers are, compared to a mammary gland control sample, lower (Esr1), comparably low (Erbb2), or not expressed at all (Pgr). We also found testis cancer antigen Pbk as well as colon/gastrointestinal cancer antigens Gpa33 and Epcam to be highly expressed. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is expressed, while MHC class II is not. We identified 505 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and 20 insertions and deletions (indels). Neoantigens derived from 22 SNVs and one deletion elicited CD8+ or CD4+ T cell responses in IFNγ-ELISpot assays. Twelve high-confidence fusion genes were observed. We did not observe significant downregulation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes or SNVs/indels impairing their function, providing evidence for 6-thioguanine resistance. Effects of the integration of the murine mammary tumor virus were observed at the genome and transcriptome level. Conclusions: 4T1 cells share substantial molecular features with human TNBC. As 4T1 is a common model for metastatic tumors, our data supports the rational design of mode-of-action studies for pre-clinical evaluation of targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schrörs
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Boegel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Albrecht
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Bukur
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valesca Bukur
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Holtsträter
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Ritzel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Manninen
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arbel D Tadmor
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Vormehr
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany.,HI-TRON - Helmholtz-Institut für Translationale Onkologie Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Löwer
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
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Padayachee J, Daniels A, Balgobind A, Ariatti M, Singh M. HER-2/neu and MYC gene silencing in breast cancer: therapeutic potential and advancement in nonviral nanocarrier systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1437-1452. [PMID: 32515263 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, with approximately 1.4 million new cases diagnosed annually. Associated genetic perturbations are emerging in the face of intense scientific enquiry, facilitating its classification, prognostication and treatment. RNAi, utilizing siRNA, is a powerful treatment strategy to silence disease-causing genes. However, therapeutic siRNA instability and poor cellular uptake have limited its clinical application, necessitating the use of nanocarriers. In this review, we highlight the RNAi mechanism, HER-2/neu and MYC as breast cancer gene targets, and nonviral nanocarriers as potentially safe and efficient delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jananee Padayachee
- Nano-Gene & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Aliscia Daniels
- Nano-Gene & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Adhika Balgobind
- Nano-Gene & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Mario Ariatti
- Nano-Gene & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
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Riccardo F, Barutello G, Petito A, Tarone L, Conti L, Arigoni M, Musiu C, Izzo S, Volante M, Longo DL, Merighi IF, Papotti M, Cavallo F, Quaglino E. Immunization against ROS1 by DNA Electroporation Impairs K-Ras-Driven Lung Adenocarcinomas . Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020166. [PMID: 32268572 PMCID: PMC7349290 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapeutic approaches, there is still an urgent need for novel strategies to improve patient survival. ROS1, a tyrosine kinase receptor endowed with oncoantigen features, is activated by chromosomal rearrangement or overexpression in NSCLC and in several tumor histotypes. In this work, we have exploited transgenic mice harboring the activated K-Ras oncogene (K-RasG12D) that spontaneously develop metastatic NSCLC as a preclinical model to test the efficacy of ROS1 immune targeting. Indeed, qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses revealed ROS1 overexpression in the autochthonous primary tumors and extrathoracic metastases developed by K-RasG12D mice and in a derived transplantable cell line. As proof of concept, we have evaluated the effects of the intramuscular electroporation (electrovaccination) of plasmids coding for mouse- and human-ROS1 on the progression of these NSCLC models. A significant increase in survival was observed in ROS1-electrovaccinated mice challenged with the transplantable cell line. It is worth noting that tumors were completely rejected, and immune memory was achieved, albeit only in a few mice. Most importantly, ROS1 electrovaccination was also found to be effective in slowing the development of autochthonous NSCLC in K-RasG12D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Angela Petito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Chiara Musiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Stefania Izzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.I.); (M.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.I.); (M.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Irene Fiore Merighi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.I.); (M.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (E.Q.); Tel.: +39-011670-6457 (F.C. & E.Q.)
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (E.Q.); Tel.: +39-011670-6457 (F.C. & E.Q.)
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Qiao J, Li M, Sun D, Li W, Xin Y. Knockdown of ROS proto-oncogene 1 inhibits migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells by targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8569-8582. [PMID: 31802893 PMCID: PMC6801563 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s213421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Gastric cancer ranks the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) is an oncogene and ROS1 rearrangement has been reported in many cancers. Our study aimed to investigate the potential function and the precise mechanisms of ROS1 in gastric cancer. Methods In our study, the analysis of ROS1 expression and clinical pathologic factors of gastric cancer in gastric cancer using TCGA database demonstrated that ROS1 expression was elevated in gastric cancer and related to T, N, M and TNM staging. High expression of ROS1 predicted poor survival in patients with gastric cancer. Then, we measured ROS1 expression in four human gastric cancer cell lines and knocked down ROS1 expression in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells by specific shRNA transfection via Lipofectamine 2000. The effect of ROS1 knockdown on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis and metastasis in vitro was evaluated by MTT, colony formation, flow cytometric analysis, wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins, EMT markers and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway members were measured by Western blotting. Results We demonstrated that shROS1 transfection markedly downregulated ROS1 expression in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells. Knockdown of ROS1 inhibited cell survival, clonogenic growth, migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, ROS1 knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt. Conclusion Collectively, our data suggest that ROS1 may serve as a promising therapeutic target in gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qiao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116027, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116027, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xin
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Onco-Pathology, Cancer Institute and General Surgery Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, People's Republic of China
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Fatemian T, Moghimi HR, Chowdhury EH. Intracellular Delivery of siRNAs Targeting AKT and ERBB2 Genes Enhances Chemosensitization of Breast Cancer Cells in a Culture and Animal Model. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090458. [PMID: 31484456 PMCID: PMC6781320 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
: Pharmacotherapy as the mainstay in the management of breast cancer suffers from various drawbacks, including non-targeted biodistribution, narrow therapeutic and safety windows, and also resistance to treatment. Thus, alleviation of the constraints from the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of classical anti-cancer drugs could lead to improvements in efficacy and patient survival in malignancies. Moreover, modifications in the genetic pathophysiology of cancer via administration of small nucleic acids might pave the way towards higher response rates to chemotherapeutics. Inorganic pH-dependent carbonate apatite (CA) nanoparticles were utilized in this study to efficiently deliver various classes of therapeutics into cancer cells. Co-delivery of drugs and genetic materials was successfully attained through a carbonate apatite delivery device. On 4T1 cells, siRNAs against AKT and ERBB2 plus paclitaxel or docetaxel resulted in the largest increase in anti-cancer effects compared to CA/paclitaxel or CA/docetaxel. Therefore, these ingredients were selected for further in vivo investigations. Animals receiving injections of CA/paclitaxel or CA/docetaxel loaded with siRNAs against AKT and ERBB2 possessed significantly smaller tumors compared to CA/drug-treated mice. Interestingly, synergistic interactions in target protein knock down with combinations of CA/AKT/paclitaxel, CA/ERBB2/docetaxel were documented via western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Fatemian
- Jeffry Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia
| | - Hamid Reza Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffry Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia.
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Karim ME, Shetty J, Islam RA, Kaiser A, Bakhtiar A, Chowdhury EH. Strontium Sulfite: A New pH-Responsive Inorganic Nanocarrier to Deliver Therapeutic siRNAs to Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020089. [PMID: 30791612 PMCID: PMC6410046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles hold great potential in the area of precision medicine, particularly for treating cancer owing to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and improved pharmacokinetics properties compared to their organic counterparts. Here we introduce strontium sulfite nanoparticles as new pH-responsive inorganic nanocarriers for efficient transport of siRNAs into breast cancer cells. We employed the simplest nanoprecipitation method to generate the strontium sulfite nanoparticles (SSNs) and demonstrated the dramatic roles of NaCl and d-glucose in particle growth stabilization in order to produce even smaller nanosize particles (Na-Glc-SSN) with high affinity towards negatively charged siRNA, enabling it to efficiently enter the cancer cells. Moreover, the nanoparticles were found to be degraded with a small drop in pH, suggesting their potential capability to undergo rapid dissolution at endosomal pH so as to release the payload. While these particles were found to be nontoxic to the cells, they showed higher potency in facilitating cancer cell death through intracellular delivery and release of oncogene-specific siRNAs targeting ros1 and egfr1 mRNA transcripts, than the strontium sulfite particles prepared in absence of NaCl and d-glucose, as confirmed by growth inhibition assay. The mouse plasma binding analysis by Q-TOF LC-MS/MS demonstrated less protein binding to smaller particles of Na-Glc-SSNs. The biodistribution studies of the particles after 4 h of treatment showed Na-Glc-SSNs had less off-target distribution than SSNs, and after 24 h, all siRNAs were cleared from all major organs except the tumors. ROS1 siRNA with its potential therapeutic role in treating 4T1-induced breast tumor was selected for subsequent in vivo tumor regression study, revealing that ROS1 siRNA-loaded SSNs exerted more significant anti-tumor effects than Na-Glc-SSNs carrying the same siRNA following intravenous administration, without any systemic toxicity. Thus, strontium sulfite emerged as a powerful siRNA delivery tool with potential applications in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Emranul Karim
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Jayalaxmi Shetty
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Rowshan Ara Islam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Ahsanul Kaiser
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Athirah Bakhtiar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahsa University, 2, Jalan SP 4/4, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610 Jenjarom, Malaysia.
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
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siRNAs Targeting Growth Factor Receptor and Anti-Apoptotic Genes Synergistically Kill Breast Cancer Cells through Inhibition of MAPK and PI-3 Kinase Pathways. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030073. [PMID: 29932151 PMCID: PMC6164725 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the second leading cause of female deaths worldwide, is usually treated with cytotoxic drugs, accompanied by adverse side-effects, development of chemoresistance and relapse of disease condition. Survival and proliferation of the cancer cells are greatly empowered by over-expression or over-activation of growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic factors. Identification of these key players that cross-talk to each other, and subsequently, knockdown with their respective siRNAs in a synchronous manner could be a promising approach to precisely treat the cancer. Since siRNAs demonstrate limited cell permeability and unfavorable pharmacokinetic behaviors, pH-sensitive nanoparticles of carbonate apatite were employed to efficiently carry the siRNAs in vitro and in vivo. By delivering selective siRNAs against the mRNA transcripts of the growth factor receptors, such as ER, ERBB2 (HER2), EGFR and IGFR, and anti-apoptotic protein, such as BCL2 in human (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and murine (4T1) breast cancer cell lines, we found that ESR1 along with BCL-2, or with ERBB2 and EGFR critically contributes to the growth/survival of the cancer cells by activating the MAPK and PI-3 kinase pathways. Furthermore, intravenous delivery of the selected siRNAs aiming to suppress the expression of ER/BCL2 and ER/ERBB2/EGFR groups of proteins led to a significant retardation in tumor growth in a 4T1-induced syngeneic mouse model.
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