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Wang Y, Li Y, Liu D, Zheng D, Li X, Li C, Huang C, Wang Y, Wang X, Li Q, Xu J. A Potential Anti-Glioblastoma Compound LH20 Induces Apoptosis and Arrest of Human Glioblastoma Cells via CDK4/6 Inhibition. Molecules 2023; 28:5047. [PMID: 37446710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor characterized by signaling dysregulation and aberrant cell cycle control. The CDK4/6-Rb axis is dysregulated in approximately 80% of all GBM cases. In this study, the anti-GBM effect of a novel pyrimidin-2-amine, LH20 was evaluated in vitro using the primary GBM cell lines U87MG and U251. GBM cells were administered LH20 at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 4, 8, 10, 20, 100, and 200 µM for 24 and 48 h, and the proliferation rate was evaluated using a CCK8 assay. Migration, apoptosis, and cell cycle were also assessed using a wound healing assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay, and cell cycle staining, respectively. The targets of LH20 were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction and molecular docking. Western blotting analysis was performed to confirm the anti-GBM mechanism of LH20. We found that at concentrations of 4, 8, and 10 µM, LH20 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of U87MG and U251 cells, induced late phase apoptosis, promoted tumor cell necrosis, and arrested the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. LH20 also inhibited CDK4 and CDK6 activities by decreasing the phosphorylation of Rb. Our results suggest LH20 as a potential treatment strategy against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Youbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Danyang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Caihui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Junyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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Zhang R, Zeng M, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Lv N, Wang L, Gan J, Li Y, Jiang X, Yang L. Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease: Saponins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10505. [PMID: 37445682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development for Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been a long-standing challenge. Saponins, which are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities, have displayed therapeutic potential in treating Alzheimer's disease. In a comprehensive review of the literature from May 2007 to May 2023, we identified 63 references involving 40 different types of saponins that have been studied for their effects on Alzheimer's disease. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid beta peptide deposition, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, modulating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and antiapoptosis. Most intriguingly, ginsenoside Rg1 and pseudoginsenoside-F11 possess these important pharmacological properties and show the best promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a summary and classification of common saponins that have been studied for their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease, showcasing their underlying mechanisms. This highlights the promising potential of saponins for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yawen Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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3
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Tam DNH, Nam NH, Cuong NTK, Hung DT, Soa DT, Altom A, Tran L, Elhadad H, Huy NT. Compound K: A systematic review of its anticancer properties and probable mechanisms. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36691721 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a common natural product, which is well-known to have a wide range of pharmacological activities in cancer. Its metabolite, compound K (CK), has been reported to have anticancer activity. We aimed to systematically review the literature for evidence of anticancer effects of CK. We conducted a systematic search in eight databases. We included all in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the anticancer effects of CK with no restrictions. Quality assessment was applied by ToxRTool. Fifty-four articles were included in our study. The purity of CK in our included studies was at least 95%. The in vitro studies reported that CK had a potential anticancer activity on several cell lines including human lung cancer cell lines (A549, PC-9), nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line (Hk-1), liver cancer cell line (BEL 7402), and pediatric acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (Kasumi-1, MV4-11). The in vivo studies reported a significant decrease in tumor volume in mice treated with CK. CK is a potential supplementary treatment in cancer chemotherapies. The safety and further clinical trials of CK should be explored for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Ngoc Hien Tam
- Asia Shine Trading & Service Co., Ltd., Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.,Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nguyen The Ky Cuong
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Oncology Department, Thu Duc City Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dang The Hung
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thi Soa
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Vinh Medical University, Nghe An, 43000-44000, Vietnam
| | - Ahmad Altom
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Heba Elhadad
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Bai X, Bian Z, Zhang M. Targeting the Nrf2 signaling pathway using phytochemical ingredients: A novel therapeutic road map to combat neurodegenerative diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154582. [PMID: 36610130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a classical nuclear transcription factor that regulates the system's anti-oxidative stress response. The activation of Nrf2 induces the expression of antioxidant proteins and improves the system's anti-oxidative stress ability. Accumulating evidence suggests that Nrf2-centered signaling pathways may be a key pharmacological target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). However, phytochemicals as new therapeutic agents against NDDs have not been clearly delineated. PURPOSE To review the therapeutic effects of phytochemical ingredients on NDDs by activating Nrf2 and reducing oxidative stress injury. METHODS A comprehensive search of published articles was performed using various literature databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The search terms included "Nrf2", "phytochemical ingredients", "natural bioactive agents", "neurodegenerative diseases", "Antioxidant", "Alzheimer's disease", "Parkinson's disease", "Huntington's disease", "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" "multiple sclerosis", "toxicity", and combinations of these keywords. A total of 769 preclinical studies were retrieved until August 2022, and we included 39 of these articless on phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and other fields. RESULTS Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies showed that phytochemical ingredients could act as an Nrf2 activator in the treatment of NDDs through the antioxidant defense mechanism. These phytochemical ingredients, such as salidroside, naringenin, resveratrol, sesaminol, ellagic acid, ginsenoside Re, tanshinone I, sulforaphane, curcumin, naringin, tetramethylpyrazine, withametelin, magnolol, piperine, and myricetin, had the potential to improve Nrf2 signaling, thereby combatting NDDs. CONCLUSION As Nrf2 activators, phytochemical ingredients may provide a novel potential strategy for the treatment of NDDs. Here, we reviewed the interaction between phytochemical ingredients, Nrf2, and its antioxidant damaging pathway in NDDs and explored the advantages of phytochemical ingredients in anti-oxidative stress, which provides a reliable basis for improving the treatment of NDDs. However, further clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of Nrf2 activators for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110004, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhigang Bian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110004, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110004, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Liu M, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Deng Y, Gao X, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang S, Liu J, Chen S, Yao W, Liu X. Compound K is a potential clinical anticancer agent in prostate cancer by arresting cell cycle. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154584. [PMID: 36610114 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides are the bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng Meyer. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside with better bioavailability. It is also a promising anticancer agent. PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the effect of CK on prostate cancer (PCa) and its potential mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN The proliferation, migration and cell cycle of PCa cells after CK treatment were assessed in various PCa cell lines. Docetaxel was used as a positive control drug. Unlike other published studies, the potential mechanisms of CK (50 μM) were investigated by an unbiased global transcriptome sequencing in the current study. METHODS Key CK related genes (CRGs) with prognostic significance were identified and verified by bioinformatic methods using data from the TCGA dataset and GSE21034 dataset. The role of CDK1 in the effect of CK treatment on PCa cells was investigated by overexpression of CDK1. RESULTS CK inhibited the proliferation and migration of PCa cells at concentrations (less than 25 μM) without obvious cytotoxicity. Five key CRGs with prognostic significance were identified, including CCNA2, CCNB2, CCNE2, CDK1, and PKMYT1, which are involved in cell cycle pathways. CK inhibited the expression of these 5 genes and the cell cycle of PCa cells. According to the results of bioinformatic analysis, the expression of the five key CRGs was strongly associated with poor prognosis and advanced pathological stage and grade of PCa. In addition, CK could restore androgen sensitivity in castration-resistant PCa cells, probably by inhibiting the expression of CDK1. After CDK1 overexpression, the inhibition of proliferation and migration of PCa cells by CK was decreased. The inhibition on the phosphorylation of AKT by CK was also reduced. CONCLUSION CK can inhibit PCa cells, and the mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of cell cycle pathways through CDK1. CK is also a potential clinical anticancer agent for treating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yucong Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - An Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxuan Deng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Weimin Yao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Zhao Y, Zhong X, Yan J, Sun C, Zhao X, Wang X. Potential roles of gut microbes in biotransformation of natural products: An overview. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:956378. [PMID: 36246222 PMCID: PMC9560768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been extensively applied in clinical practice, characterized by multi-component and multi-target, many pharmacodynamic substances, complex action mechanisms, and various physiological activities. For the oral administration of natural products, the gut microbiota and clinical efficacy are closely related, but this relationship remains unclear. Gut microbes play an important role in the transformation and utilization of natural products caused by the diversity of enzyme systems. Effective components such as flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, and phenols cannot be metabolized directly through human digestive enzymes but can be transformed by enzymes produced by gut microorganisms and then utilized. Therefore, the focus is paid to the metabolism of natural products through the gut microbiota. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the studies about gut microbiota and their effect on the biotransformation of various components of natural products and highlighted the involved common bacteria, reaction types, pharmacological actions, and research methods. This study aims to provide theoretical support for the clinical application in the prevention and treatment of diseases and provide new ideas for studying natural products based on gut biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinqin Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junyuan Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Congying Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zhao,
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Xiaoying Wang,
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Yuan TJ, Xu XH, Zhou N, Yan G, Gu TW, Peng LH. Phytochemicals as new therapeutic candidates simultaneously stimulate proliferation and counteract senescence of stem cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113170. [PMID: 35676782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for regenerative therapy. However, the research and clinical application of MSCs are greatly hindered by the limited cells proliferation and replicative senescence. Therapeutic agents that can both enhance the proliferative ability and decrease the replicative senescence of MSCs are greatly needed, however, not been reported yet. Herein, for the first time, we identified 11 natural compounds from medicinal plants with both excellent proliferative and anti-senescence abilities in MSCs. The qPCR analysis indicated underlying mechanisms associated with fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor, Wnt/β-catenin and leukemia-induced factor in proliferation; the reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial dysfunction autophagy and proteostasis are involved in cells senescence-related mechanism. Phytochemicals are demonstrated as novel therapeutic candidates with promising effects in both stimulating proliferation and retarding replicative senescence of stem cells with high safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Jun Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xue-Han Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Nan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ge Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ting-Wei Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
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Zimmermann-Klemd AM, Reinhardt JK, Winker M, Gründemann C. Phytotherapy in Integrative Oncology-An Update of Promising Treatment Options. Molecules 2022; 27:3209. [PMID: 35630688 PMCID: PMC9143079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern phytotherapy is part of today's conventional evidence-based medicine and the use of phytopharmaceuticals in integrative oncology is becoming increasingly popular. Approximately 40% of users of such phytopharmaceuticals are tumour patients. The present review provides an overview of the most important plants and nature-based compounds used in integrative oncology and illustrates their pharmacological potential in preclinical and clinical settings. A selection of promising anti-tumour plants and ingredients was made on the basis of scientific evidence and therapeutic practical relevance and included Boswellia, gingko, ginseng, ginger, and curcumin. In addition to these nominees, there is a large number of other interesting plants and plant ingredients that can be considered for the treatment of cancer diseases or for the treatment of tumour or tumour therapy-associated symptoms. Side effects and interactions are included in the discussion. However, with the regular and intended use of phytopharmaceuticals, the occurrence of adverse side effects is rather rare. Overall, the use of defined phytopharmaceuticals is recommended in the context of a rational integrative oncology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Zimmermann-Klemd
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.Z.-K.); (M.W.)
| | - Jakob K. Reinhardt
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Moritz Winker
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.Z.-K.); (M.W.)
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.Z.-K.); (M.W.)
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P.K. S. Saponins -Uptake and Targeting issues for brain-specific delivery for enhanced cell death induction in glioblastoma. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220121145332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Saponins represent a category of diverse, natural glycoside molecules that belong to the triterpenoid or the steroid class. They vary in terms of their solubility and permeability characteristics and are classifiable based on the biopharmaceutics classification system. They have drug delivery potential as surfactants that can solubilize cholesterol in the plasma membrane of tumorigenic cells. Glioblastoma is an important malignancy that can aggressively afflict the brain of humans with a poor prognosis. Glioblastoma Stem Cells (GSCs), are an important subset of cancer cells and are major determinants for drug resistance and tumour relapse. These cells are quiescent and have been known to survive current therapeutic strategies. Certain saponins have shown potential to eliminate glioblastoma cells in a variety of model systems and hence provide a sound scientific basis for their development as a “stand-alone” drug or as part of a drug combination (from the existing arsenal of drugs) developed for the treatment of glioblastoma. However, due to their reactogenicity towards the immune system and hemolytic potential, selective delivery to the tumorigenic site is essential. Hence, nano-formulations (liposome/emulsion-based delivery systems/nano-structured lipid and calix[n]arenes-based carriers) and variants that are resistant to saponin may serve as delivery tools that can be functionalized to improve the selectivity. It is necessary to develop/validate/refine in vitro higher order models that replicate the features of the glioma microenvironment (BBB/BTB). Reproducible validation of the model as well as the drug/delivery system will help in the development of formulations that can augment cell death in this recalcitrant brain tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh P.K.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
School of Biosciences & Technology
VIT, Vellore, Vellore Dt, India
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Liu J, Wang Y, Yu Z, Lv G, Huang X, Lin H, Ma C, Lin Z, Qu P. Functional Mechanism of Ginsenoside Compound K on Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221101203. [PMID: 35615883 PMCID: PMC9152193 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, as the most important constituents of ginseng, have been extensively investigated in cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics. Among the ginsenosides, Compound K (CK), a rare protopanaxadiol type of ginsenoside, has been most broadly used for cancer treatment due to its high anticancer bioactivity. However, the functional mechanism of CK in cancer is not well known. This review describes the structure, transformation and pharmacological activity of CK and discusses the functional mechanisms of CK and its metabolites, which regulate signaling pathways related to tumor growth and metastasis. CK inhibits tumor growth by inducing tumor apoptosis and tumor cell differentiation, regulates the tumor microenvironment by suppressing tumor angiogenesis-related proteins, and downregulates the roles of immunosuppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). There is currently much research on the potential development of CK as a new strategy when administered alone or in combination with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhun Yu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangfu Lv
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - He Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Qu
- National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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11
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Zhou L, Li ZK, Li CY, Liang YQ, Yang F. Anticancer properties and pharmaceutical applications of ginsenoside compound K: A review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:286-300. [PMID: 34793617 PMCID: PMC9541358 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is the major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides that exhibits anticancer potential in various cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The anticancer types, mechanisms, and effects of CK in the past decade have been summarized in this review. Briefly, CK exerts anticancer effects via multiple molecular mechanisms, including the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration, the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and anti‐angiogenesis. Some signaling pathways play a significant role in related processes, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JNK/MAPK pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the effects of CK combined with nanocarriers for anticancer efficiency are discussed in this review. Furthermore, we aimed to review the research progress of CK against cancer in the past decade, which might provide theoretical support and effective reference for further research on the medicinal value of small molecules, such as CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Kun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Qin Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Joint Surgery, General Hospital of Tibetan Military Command Lhasa, Lhasa, China
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12
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刘 桃, 谢 亮, 刘 瀚, 刘 斌. [The Effects of Ginsenoside Compound K on PDGF-BB-Induced PASMCs Proliferation and Phenotypic Conversion of Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:643-648. [PMID: 34323044 PMCID: PMC10409398 DOI: 10.12182/20210760101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation and phenotypic conversion in vitro and investigate its related mechanisms. METHODS PASMCs cultured in vitro were examined in the study. They were induced with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and then treated with CK. The cells were randomly assigned to the control group (receiving no treatment), the model group (PDGF-BB, 20 ng/mL), and the intervention group (20 ng/mL PDGF-BB+5 μmol/L CK). The cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 assay (on the basis of the above group assignment, concentrations of CK was set at 1, 3, and 5 μmol/L in the intervention group, and the drug group was added, receiving 1, 3, and 5 μmol/L CK, respectively). Cell cycle and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry. The levels of mRNA and proteins of α-smooth muscle actin ( α-SMA) and smooth muscle 22α ( SM22 α), markers of phenotypic conversion, were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. The levels of protein expression related to Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were examined by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with the model group, CK significantly inhibited PDGF-BB-induced proliferation of PASMCs in a dose-dependent way. The results of 5 μmol/L CK intervention were not significantly different from that of the control group ( P>0.05). Hence, 5 μmol/L CK was chosen for subsequent experiments. Separate treatment of PASMCs with CK at doses of 1, 3, and 5 μmol/L did not reveal any cytotoxicity to PASMCs ( P>0.05). CK also arrested the cell cycle of PASMCs at the G 0/G 1 phase, promoted the apoptosis of PASMCs, and reversed the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA and SM22 α ( P<0.01). In addition, CK down-regulated the expressions of cyclin D1 and β-catenin, while it up-regulated the protein expressions of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (pGSK-3β)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) ( P<0.01). CONCLUSION CK was capable of inhibiting the abnormal proliferation of PASMCs and reversing the phenotypic conversion, and its acting mechanism may be related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting the therapeutic potential of CK in controlling pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- 桃 刘
- 西南医科大学附属医院 儿科 (泸州 646000)Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 四川省出生缺陷临床医学研究中心 (泸州 646000)Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 亮 谢
- 西南医科大学附属医院 儿科 (泸州 646000)Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 瀚旻 刘
- 西南医科大学附属医院 儿科 (泸州 646000)Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 斌 刘
- 西南医科大学附属医院 儿科 (泸州 646000)Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 四川省出生缺陷临床医学研究中心 (泸州 646000)Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou 646000, China
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13
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Han HG, Lee HJ, Sim DY, Im E, Park JE, Park WY, Kim SY, Khil JH, Shim BS, Kim SH. Suppression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1/serum and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4547-4554. [PMID: 34132431 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the pivotal roles of serum and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase (SGK1) and NF-kB related signalings known as prognostic biomarkers in cervical cancers were explored in the antitumor effect of a ginseng saponin metabolite compound K (CK) in HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells. CK exerted significant cytotoxicity, induced sub-G1 accumulation, and attenuated the expression of proPoly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (pro-PARP) and Pro-cysteine aspartyl-specific protease (pro-caspase3) in HeLa cells more than in SiHa cells. CK inhibited phosphorylation of SGK1 and its upstream genes, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) in HeLa cells. In addition, CK suppressed the phosphorylation of SGK1, NF-κB, and inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) and also NF-κB target genes such as X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in HeLa cells. Notably, Immunoprecipitation revealed that SGK1 binds to PI3K or PDK1 and also CK disturbed the binding between SGK1 and PI3K or PDK1 in HeLa cells. Furthermore, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 decreased expression of PI3K, p-PDK1, p-SGK1, and pro-caspase3 and SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394 also reduced expression of NF-κB and pro-caspase3 just like CK in HeLa cells. Overall, these findings suggest that CK induces apoptosis via suppression of PI3K/PDK1/SGK1 and NF-κB signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Gyu Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok Yong Sim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woon Yi Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Young Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Khil
- Institute of Sports Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Bum Sang Shim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ginsenoside CK Inhibits Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation through the HIF-1α/NF-κB Feedback Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061195. [PMID: 34073155 PMCID: PMC8227303 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a kind of malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is crucial for HCC progression and prognosis. Characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia, and excessive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway have been identified as the key inducers of EMT in HCC. In our study, we verified the crosstalk between HIF-1α signaling and NF-κB pathway and their effects on EMT in HCC cells. The results show that CoCl2-induced hypoxia could promote IκB phosphorylation to activate NF-κB signaling and vice versa. Moreover, we found that ginsenoside CK, a metabolite of protopanaxadiol saponins, could inhibit the proliferation and colony formation of different HCC cell lines. Furthermore, ginsenoside CK could impair the metastatic potential of HCC cell lines under hypoxic conditions. Mechanistically, ginsenoside CK suppressed HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling and expression level of EMT-related proteins and cytokines in hypoxia-induced or TNFα-stimulated HCC cell lines. An in vivo study revealed that the oral delivery of ginsenoside CK could inhibit the growth of xenograft tumors and block HIF-1α and NF-κB signaling as well as EMT marker expression. Our study suggests that ginsenoside CK is a potential therapy for HCC patients that functions by targeting the HIF-1α/NF-κB crosstalk.
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15
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Chen X, Liu W, Liu B. Ginsenoside Rh7 Suppresses Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of NSCLC Cells Through Targeting ILF3-AS1 Mediated miR-212/SMAD1 Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:656132. [PMID: 33996578 PMCID: PMC8116958 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.656132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is reported that ginsenosides have a significant anti-tumor effect on a variety of tumors. However, the role and mechanism of Rh7 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unclear. In this study, we aimed to study the anti-tumor effect of Rh7 on the proliferation and progression of NSCLC. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ILF3-AS1 was regulated by ginsenoside Rh7 in NSCLC. Down-regulation of ILF3-AS1 could significantly inhibit the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of NSCLC. In addition, ILF3-AS1 negatively controlled miR-212, which in turn targeted SMAD1 expression, thereby regulating NSCLC cell viability and apoptosis. Our results indicate that ILF3-AS1 can be used as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer. It is discovered for the first time that ginsenoside Rh7 inhibits the expression of ILF3-AS1 and exerts antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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16
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Chen S, Ye H, Gong F, Mao S, Li C, Xu B, Ren Y, Yu R. Ginsenoside compound K exerts antitumour effects in renal cell carcinoma via regulation of ROS and lncRNA THOR. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:38. [PMID: 33649829 PMCID: PMC7905530 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common type of kidney cancer that lacks effective therapeutic options. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), an active metabolite of ginsenosides, has been reported to induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells. However, the effects of CK in RCC remain to be elucidated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antitumor effects of CK on RCC cells. The effects of CK on the proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis of RCC cell lines (Caki-1 and 768-O) were investigated using MTT, wound healing, Transwell and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Changes in the expression levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Transfections with testis associated oncogenic (THOR) small interfering RNA and pcDNA were performed to knock down and overexpress lncRNA THOR, respectively. It was found that CK could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells. CK also induced cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in RCC cells. Furthermore, the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of the lncRNA THOR played important roles in the antitumour effects of CK in RCC cells. The present data revealed that CK was a potent antitumour agent against RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiu Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Haihong Ye
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Fanger Gong
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Suming Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315210, P.R. China
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17
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Hong H, Baatar D, Hwang SG. Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8858006. [PMID: 33623532 PMCID: PMC7875636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8858006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence rate has been increasing drastically in recent years. One of the many cancer treatment methods is chemotherapy. Traditional medicine, in the form of complementary and alternative therapy, is actively used to treat cancer, and many herbs and active ingredients of such therapies are being intensely studied to integrate them into modern medicine. Ginseng is traditionally used as a nourishing tonic and for treating various diseases in Asian countries. The therapeutic potential of ginseng in modern medicine has been studied extensively; the main bioactive component of ginseng is ginsenosides, which have gathered attention, particularly for their prospects in the treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer. Ginsenosides displayed their anticancer and antimetastatic properties not only via restricting cancer cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration but also by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in several cancers, such as breast, brain, liver, gastric, and lung cancer. Additionally, ginsenosides can work synergistically with already existing cancer therapies. Thus, ginsenosides may be used alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents in new therapeutic strategies for cancer. To date however, there is little systematic summary available for the anticancer effects and therapeutic potential of ginsenosides. Therefore, we have reviewed and discussed all available literature in order to facilitate further research of ginsenosides in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeok Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Delgerzul Baatar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Peace Avenue 13330, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seong Gu Hwang
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong City 17579, Republic of Korea
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18
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Tian F, Wang X, Ni H, Feng X, Yuan X, Huang Q. The ginsenoside metabolite compound K stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 145:88-96. [PMID: 33357784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 has been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Its major metabolite, compound K (CK), can stimulate the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), a gastrointestinal hormone that plays a vital role in regulating glucose metabolism. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of GLP1 secretion by compound K has not been fully explored. This study was designed to investigate whether CK ameliorates incretin impairment by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation in NCI-H716 cells. Using NCI-H716 cells as a model cell line for GLP1 secretion, we analyzed the effect of CK on the expression of RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway components. Our results suggest that the effect of CK on GLP1 secretion depends on the anti-inflammatory effect of CK. We also demonstrated that CK can affect the RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway, which is downstream of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), by maintaining the capacity of intestinal differentiation. In addition, this effect was mediated by regulating F/G-actin dynamics. These results provide not only the mechanistic insight for the effect of CK on intestinal L cells but also the molecular basis for the further development of CK as a potential therapeutic agent to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Haixiang Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
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Chen J, Wang F, Lu Y, Yang S, Chen X, Huang Y, Lin X. CLC-3 and SOX2 regulate the cell cycle in DU145 cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:372. [PMID: 33154770 PMCID: PMC7608052 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a transcription factor that serves a role in numerous different types of malignant cancer. Altered expression of chloride channel proteins has been described in a variety of malignancies. However, the association between SOX2 and chloride channel proteins is not yet fully understood. The present study investigated the association between SOX2 and chloride voltage-gated channel 3 (CLC-3) in prostate cancer. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the inactivation of CLC-3 or SOX2 arrested cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, CLC-3 was observed to bind to SOX2, and vice versa, by co-immunoprecipitation. SOX2 appears to initiate and maintain prostate cancer tumorigenesis, in part, by modulating the cell cycle. These findings indicate the potential of SOX2 and CLC-3 as targets for the development of multi-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yuli Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shangqi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Youwei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Environmental Exposure and Health, Environment College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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20
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Qi W, Yan X, Xu X, Song B, Sun L, Zhao D, Sun L. The effects of cytarabine combined with ginsenoside compound K synergistically induce DNA damage in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110812. [PMID: 33059263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AML is a kind of hematological malignant tumor that urgently requires different treatment options in order to increase the cure rate and survival rate. Cytarabine (ara-C) is currently the main drug used to treat AML patients and is usually combined with different chemotherapeutic agents. However, due to resistance to ara-C, a new combination is needed to reduce ara-C resistance and improve treatment outcome. As is known to all, ginseng is a traditional Chinese herb; compound K is the principal metabolic product of ginsenoside which also has anti-cancer activity in some cancer cells, while the mechanism is unclear. In our previous study, we found that compound K inhibited AML cell viability and induced apoptosis, and compound K combined with ara-C synergistically induced AML cell proliferation arrest. Thus, we sought to investigate the reason for this by focusing on the mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. In this paper, our results provide a foundation for the clinical evaluation of concomitant administration of compound K and ara-C in order to reduce the resistance to ara-C and improve AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuci Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bailin Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liping Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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He Z, Chen J, Chen X, Wang H, Tang L, Han C. microRNA-377 acts as a suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through CBX3-dependent P53/P21 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:107-120. [PMID: 33459391 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells play pivotal roles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) recurrence and metastasis. The self-renewal ability of stem cells was associated with specific microRNAs (miRs). Herein, we identified the effects of miR-377 on ESCC stem cell activities. First, the expression of miR-377 in ESCC and adjacent normal tissues was determined. The relationship between miR-377 and chromobox protein homolog 3 (CBX3) was assessed by a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. miR-377 was overexpressed or inhibited in ESCC stem cells to explore its role in ESCC. To further investigate the mechanism of miR-377 in ESCC, cells were introduced with short hairpin RNA against CBX3 or pifithrin-α (inhibitor of P53 pathway). Besides, the expression of P21, P53, CD133, CD13, Nanog, sex determining region Y-Box 2 (Sox2), and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), cell sphere formation, colony formation, and proliferation were evaluated respectively. Finally, limiting dilution assay in vivo and tumor xenograft in nude mice were conducted to confirm the roles of miR-377 in vivo. miR-377 was poorly expressed in ESCC. Overexpression of miR-377 could suppress the stem-like trait of ESCC as well as the tumor growth in vivo. miR-377 targeted CBX3 to activate the P53/P21 pathway. Besides, the expression of stem-like markers including CD133, CD13, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog was decreased, and the abilities of cell sphere formation, colony formation, proliferation, and tumorigenicity were significantly reduced by overexpressing miR-377 or silencing CBX3. The results were reversed after inactivating the P53/P21 pathway. In summary, upregulation of miR-377 inhibits the self-renewal of ESCC stem cells by inhibiting CBX3 expression and promoting activation of the P53/P21 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Huanyuan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Lang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunbin Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
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22
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Sharma A, Lee HJ. Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1028. [PMID: 32664389 PMCID: PMC7407392 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb popular for its medicinal and health properties. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from major ginsenosides. Compound K is more bioavailable and soluble than its parent ginsenosides and hence of immense importance. The review summarizes health-promoting in vitro and in vivo studies of CK between 2015 and 2020, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-aging/skin protective, and others. Clinical trial data are minimal and are primarily based on CK-rich fermented ginseng. Besides, numerous preclinical and clinical studies indicating the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK, its parent compound (Rb1), and processed ginseng extracts are also summarized. With the limited evidence available from animal and clinical studies, it can be stated that CK is safe and well-tolerated. However, lower water solubility, membrane permeability, and efflux significantly diminish the efficacy of CK and restrict its clinical application. We found that the use of nanocarriers and cyclodextrin for CK delivery could overcome these limitations as well as improve the health benefits associated with them. However, these derivatives have not been clinically evaluated, thus requiring a safety assessment for human therapy application. Future studies should be aimed at investigating clinical evidence of CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
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23
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Nguyen HT, Pokhrel AR, Nguyen CT, Pham VTT, Dhakal D, Lim HN, Jung HJ, Kim TS, Yamaguchi T, Sohng JK. Streptomyces sp. VN1, a producer of diverse metabolites including non-natural furan-type anticancer compound. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1756. [PMID: 32019976 PMCID: PMC7000394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces sp. VN1 was isolated from the coastal region of Phu Yen Province (central Viet Nam). Morphological, physiological, and whole genome phylogenetic analyses suggested that strain Streptomyces sp. VN1 belonged to genus Streptomyces. Whole genome sequencing analysis showed its genome was 8,341,703 base pairs in length with GC content of 72.5%. Diverse metabolites, including cinnamamide, spirotetronate antibiotic lobophorin A, diketopiperazines cyclo-L-proline-L-tyrosine, and a unique furan-type compound were isolated from Streptomyces sp. VN1. Structures of these compounds were studied by HR-Q-TOF ESI/MS/MS and 2D NMR analyses. Bioassay-guided purification yielded a furan-type compound which exhibited in vitro anticancer activity against AGS, HCT116, A375M, U87MG, and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 40.5, 123.7, 84.67, 50, and 58.64 µM, respectively. In silico genome analysis of the isolated Streptomyces sp. VN1 contained 34 gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of known and/or novel secondary metabolites, including different types of terpene, T1PKS, T2PKS, T3PKS, NRPS, and hybrid PKS-NRPS. Genome mining with HR-Q-TOF ESI/MS/MS analysis of the crude extract confirmed the biosynthesis of lobophorin analogs. This study indicates that Streptomyces sp. VN1 is a promising strain for biosynthesis of novel natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi Nguyen
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Anaya Raj Pokhrel
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Thuy Thi Pham
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Haet Nim Lim
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Tokutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Yang L, Zou H, Gao Y, Luo J, Xie X, Meng W, Zhou H, Tan Z. Insights into gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenoside metabolites and their bioactivities. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:125-138. [PMID: 31984805 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1714645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota and host co-evolve into a complex 'super-organism,' and this relationship plays a vital role in many physiological processes, such as drug metabolism. Ginseng is an important medicinal resource and the main ingredients are ginsenosides, which are less polar, difficult to absorb, and have low bioavailability. However, studies have shown that the biological activity of ginsenosides such as compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (20(S)-PPT), and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD) is closely related to the gastrointestinal microbiota. In this paper, the metabolic pathway of gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenosides and the main pharmacological effects of these metabolites are discussed. Furthermore, our study provides a new insight into the discovery of novel drugs. Specifically, in new drug screening process, candidates with low biological activity and bioavailability should not be excluded. Because their metabolites may exhibit good pharmacological effects due to the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota. In addition, in further research studies to develop probiotics, a combination of agents could exert greater efficacy than single agents. Moreover, differences in lifestyle and diet lead to differences in the gastrointestinal microbiota in the human body. Therefore, administration of the same drug dose to different individuals could elicit different therapeutic effects, owing to the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Thus, treatment accuracy could be achieved by detecting the gastrointestinal microbiota before drug treatment.HighlightsGastrointestinal microbiota plays a decisive role in bioactivities of ginsenosides.The metabolic pathway and main pharmacological effects of ginsenoside metabolites are discussed.It provides new insights into novel drug discovery and further research to find probiotic, combinations to exert greater efficacy.Differences in lifestyle and diet, varies the gastrointestinal microbiota in the human body. However, the same dose of a drug producing different therapeutic effects may involve gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hecun Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yongchao Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Junjia Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiaonv Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wenhui Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhirong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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25
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Regorafenib and ginsenoside combination therapy: inhibition of HepG2 cell growth through modulating survivin and caspase-3 gene expression. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1491-1498. [PMID: 31965535 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of regorafenib in combination with ginsenoside on the growth of HepG2 liver cancer cells. METHODS HepG2 liver cancer cells were divided into blank control group, regorafenib single-drug group, ginsenoside single-drug group, and regorafenib/ginsenoside combination group. Cells in the regorafenib single-drug group were treated with regorafenib at 0.25 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, and 1 mg/L, respectively, while cells in the ginsenoside single-drug group were treated with ginsenoside at 5.0 mg/L, 10.0 mg/L, and 20.0 mg/L, respectively. HepG2 cell proliferation, expression of survivin mRNA, and the apoptotic effector caspase-3 in HepG2 liver cancer cells were assessed. RESULTS An inhibitory effect on the growth of HepG2 liver cancer cells was observed for both the single-drug therapies and the combination therapy. The synergistic inhibitory effect presented by the combination therapy was dependent on the gradient concentration and treatment time. RT-qPCR results showed that both regorafenib and ginsenoside significantly reduced the expression of survivin mRNA in HepG2 liver cancer cells and the expression level of survivin mRNA in the regorafenib/ginsenoside combination group was much lower than those in the regorafenib single-drug group and ginsenoside single-drug group. The two drugs demonstrated synergistic inhibitory effect when used in combination. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study offered a theoretical insight into clinical use of regorafenib and ginsenoside for treatment of liver cancer.
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26
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Chen K, Jiao J, Xue J, Chen T, Hou Y, Jiang Y, Qian L, Wang Y, Ma Z, Liang Z, Sun B, Ren Q. Ginsenoside CK induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation and invasion of human osteosarcoma cells through the PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K1 pathway. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:886-896. [PMID: 32020217 PMCID: PMC7041301 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most malignant bone tumors, and its major threats are aggressive invasion and early tumor metastasis, which result in a poor prognosis and high mortality. Accumulating evidence indicates that ginsenoside compound K (CK) has a significant antitumor effect, particularly on the inhibition of proliferation and invasion of numerous human tumors. In the present study, it was revealed that CK inhibited the viability and proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, it was demonstrated that CK induced apoptosis and inhibited the migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via apoptotic staining, Annexin V/PI staining, and Transwell invasion assays. Furthermore, at the molecular level, the present results confirmed that apoptosis and invasion-related proteins were regulated by CK, which was possibly related to the blockade of the PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway. In summary, the present findings indicated that CK inhibited viability and proliferation, induced apoptosis, and inhibited the migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells through the PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Jianbao Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Jinwei Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Taoping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yuantao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Zhixing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Ren
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
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27
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Liu Q, Liu L, Liu H, Jiang J, Guo S, Wang C, Jia Y, Tian Y. Compound K attenuated hepatectomy-induced post-operative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via LXRα activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109400. [PMID: 31514067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) occurs after major surgery in elderly patients and affects the quality of patients' lives. The present study aims to explore the protective effects and possible mechanisms of compound K in old mice with POCD caused by partial hepatectomy. METHODS Sixteen month-old mice were administered different doses of compound K from the 8th day to 14th day after partial hepatectomy. Cognitive function was subsequently measured with a Morris water-maze (MWM) test. Serum inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by magnetic bead panel; levels of cytokines in the hippocampus were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The mRNA levels of target genes were measured using real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with the model group, MWM scores were significantly attenuated at days 10 and 14 post-surgery in mice receiving compound K (10, 30 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Both systemic and local cytokine levels were reduced after treatment of compound K. The alterations in serum lipids were independent of the attenuation of POCD syndrome. An inhibitor of liver X receptor-α (LXRα), GGPP, reversed the effects of compound K. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence for an alleviation of POCD by compound K via local inflammation inhibition in hippocampus tissue; furthermore, the data suggests the mechanism involves the LXRα pathway. The present study supports further evaluation of compound K as a potential effective modulator for POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Shanbin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yi Jia
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Metwaly AM, Lianlian Z, Luqi H, Deqiang D. Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:E1856. [PMID: 31091790 PMCID: PMC6572638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in types and amounts of secondary metabolites. The chief secondary metabolites in ginseng are ginsenosides (dammarane-type triterpene saponins), which transform into less polar ginsenosides in black ginseng by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happen to other secondary metabolites such as the increase in the contents of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides in addition to the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies. This review article is an attempt to illustrate different methods of preparation of black ginseng, major chemical changes of saponins and other constituents after steaming as well as the reported biological activities of black ginseng, its major saponins and other metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Metwaly
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Zhu Lianlian
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Huang Luqi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Mennei South street, Dong-Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Dou Deqiang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
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29
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Enzymatically Synthesized Ginsenoside Exhibits Antiproliferative Activity in Various Cancer Cell Lines. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A glycoside derivative of compound K (CK) was synthesized by using a glycosyltransferase, and its biological activity was tested against various cancer-cell lines. A regiospecific, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (LgtB) converted 100% of 0.5 mmol CK into a galactosylated product in 3 h. The structure of the synthesized derivative was revealed with high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, and it was recognized as 20-O-β-D-lactopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (CKGal). Out of the four cancer-cell lines tested (gastric carcinoma (AGS), skin melanoma (B16F10), cervical carcinoma (HeLa), and brain carcinoma (U87MG)), CKGal showed the best cytotoxic ability against B16F10 and AGS when compared to other ginsenosides like compound K (20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), Rh2 (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), and F12 (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-12-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol). Thus, the synthesized derivative (CKGal) is a pharmacologically active ginsenoside.
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30
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Zhao N, Cheng M, Huang S, Liu D, Zhao Q, Bai Y, Zhang X. Various Multicharged Anions of Ginsenosides in Negative Electrospray Ionization with QTOF High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:403-418. [PMID: 30644055 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When characterizing components from ginseng, we found a vast number of multicharged anions presented in the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) chromatograms. The source of these anions is unclear yet, while ginsenosides, the major components of ginseng, are the main suspected type of molecules because of their sugar moiety. Our investigation using 14 pure ginsenosides affirmed that the multicharged anions were formed by ginsenosides rather than other types of ingredients in ginseng. Various anions could be observed for each ginsenoside. These anions contain ions ([M-2H]2-, [M+Adduct]2-), as well as those formed by polymerization of at least two ginsenosides, such as [nM-2H]2-, [nM-H+Adduct]2-, and [nM-3H]3-. The presence of so different types of ions from a ginsenoside explains the reason for the large number of anions in the LC-MS analysis of ginseng. We further found that formation of [nM-2H]2- ions was influenced by the number of sugar chains: ginsenosides containing two sugar chains produced all [nM-2H]2- ion types, whereas ginsenosides containing one sugar chain did not produce [2M-2H]2-. Thus, [2M-2H]2- and [3M-2H]2- can be utilized to rapidly identify monodesmosidic and/or bidesmosidic ginsenosides as joint diagnostic anions. The position of the glycosyl radical might be the key factor affecting the formation of multicharged multimer ions from monodesmosidic ginsenosides. Consequently, three groups of ginsenoside isomers were differentiated by characteristic [nM-2H]2- anions. Using concentration-dependent characteristics and collision-induced dissociation (CID), we confirmed that [nM-2H]2- ions are non-covalently bound multimers whose aggregation has marked distinction between monodesmosidic and bidesmosidic ginsenosides, accounting for the differentiated formation of [nM-2H]2- between them. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
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Ginsenoside Rg3 Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells and Suppresses Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8407683. [PMID: 30915362 PMCID: PMC6409072 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8407683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly invasive and metastatic head and neck cancer. Distant metastasis becomes the predominant mode of treatment failure in NPC patients. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), an active pharmaceutical component extracted from traditional Chinese medicine ginseng, shows antitumor effects in various cancers. In this study, we aimed to determine whether Rg3 inhibits the migration and invasion activity of NPC cells and to explore the possible mechanisms. Our results revealed that Rg3 hampers cell migration and invasion in both HNE1 and CNE2 cell lines. A reduced level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 was induced by Rg3 treatment. In addition, Rg3 significantly altered the expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers with increased E-cadherin but decreased Vimentin and N-cadherin expression. Transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) induced morphological transition and marker proteins change of EMT were reversed by Rg3. What is more, Rg3 suppressed the expression of EMT-related transcription factors, especially the Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1). In summary, our data suggested that Rg3 could inhibit migration and invasion of NPC cells. This effect of Rg3 might be mediated through regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions and suppressing EMT. Thus, Rg3 may be a potentially effective agent for the treatment of NPC.
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Yang Q, Lin J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Kan M, Xiu Z, Chen X, Lan X, Li X, Shi X, Li N, Qu X. Ginsenoside Compound K Regulates Amyloid β via the Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in Mice with Scopolamine Hydrobromide-Induced Memory Impairments. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:62-71. [PMID: 30535776 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) in a model of scopolamine hydrobromide-induced, memory-impaired mice. The role of CK in the regulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and its capacity to activate the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway were also studied due to their translational relevance to Alzheimer's disease. The Morris water maze was used to assess spatial memory functions. Levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde in brain tissues were tested. Cell morphology was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to determine expression levels of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway-related factors and Aβ. Ginsenoside CK was found to enhance memory function, normalize neuronal morphology, decrease neuronal apoptosis, increase superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels, reduce malondialdehyde levels, inhibit Aβ expression, and activate the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in scopolamine-exposed animals. Based on these results, we conclude that CK may improve memory function in scopolamine-injured mice by regulating Aβ aggregation and promoting the transduction of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, thereby reducing oxidative damage to neurons and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. This study suggests that CK may serve as a future preventative agent or treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Jianan Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yingna Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Mo Kan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiru Xiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xijun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xingcheng Lan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaozheng Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiaobo Qu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
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Ginsenosides, catechins, quercetin and gut microbiota: Current evidence of challenging interactions. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:42-49. [PMID: 30336256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the role of gut microbiota in favoring the absorption of herbal products and the transformation of their active principles into metabolites endowed with biological activity. This review focuses on the evidence supporting the changes occurring, after metabolic reactions by specific bacteria that colonize the human gut, to ginseng-derived ginsenosides, green tea-derived catechins, and quercetin, this latter being a flavonoid aglycon bound to sugars and abundant in some vegetables and roots. Furthermore, the results of several studies demonstrating the potential beneficial effects of the active metabolites generated by these biotransformations on ginsenosides, catechins and quercetin will be reported.
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Chu LL, Dhakal D, Shin HJ, Jung HJ, Yamaguchi T, Sohng JK. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Enhanced Production of Naringenin 7-Sulfate and Its Biological Activities. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1671. [PMID: 30100899 PMCID: PMC6072979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the predominant groups of plant polyphenols, and these compounds have significant effects on human health and nutrition. Sulfated flavonoids have more favorable attributes compared to their parent compounds such as increased solubility, stability, and bioavailability. In this research, we developed a microbial system to produce sulfated naringenin using Escherichia coli expressing a sulfotransferase (ST) from Arabidopsis thaliana (At2g03770). This wild-type strain was used as a model system for testing clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) interference (CRISPRi) metabolic engineering strategies. Using synthetic sgRNA to mediate transcriptional repression of cysH, a gene encoding 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) ST, which is involved in sulfur metabolism, resulted in an increase in intracellular PAPS accumulation by over 3.28-fold without impairing cell growth. Moreover, naringenin 7-sulfate production by engineering E. coli with its cysH gene repressed in the open reading frame through CRISPRi was enhanced by 2.83-fold in compared with the wild-type control. To improve the efficiency of biotransformation, the concentration of SO42- , glucose, and substrate were optimized. The bioproductivity of naringenin 7-sulfate was 135.49 μM [∼143.1 mg (47.7 mg L-1)] in a 3-L fermenter at 36 h. These results demonstrated that the CRISPRi system was successfully applied for the first time in E. coli to develop an efficient microbial strain for production of a sulfated flavonoid. In addition, antibacterial and anticancer activities of naringenin 7-sulfate were investigated and found to be higher than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan L Chu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Hee J Shin
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Hye J Jung
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea.,Department of BT Convergence Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Tokutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of BT Convergence Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jae K Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea.,Department of BT Convergence Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea
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