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Bian J, Liu Y, Zhao X, Meng C, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Wang G. Research progress in the mechanism and treatment of osteosarcoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2412-2420. [PMID: 37649421 PMCID: PMC10586865 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor that more commonly occurs in children and adolescents. The most commonly used treatment for OS is surgery combined with chemotherapy, but the treatment outcomes are typically unsatisfactory. High rates of metastasis and post-treatment recurrence rates are major challenges in the treatment of OS. This underlines the need for studying the in-depth characterization of the pathogenetic mechanisms of OS and development of more effective therapeutic modalities. Previous studies have demonstrated the important role of the bone microenvironment and the regulation of signaling pathways in the occurrence and development of OS. In this review, we discussed the available evidence pertaining to the mechanisms of OS development and identified therapeutic targets for OS. We also summarized the available treatment modalities for OS and identified future priorities for therapeutics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Bian
- Department of Joint and Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital Of Jining, Jining, Shandong 272049, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Department of Joint and Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Chunyang Meng
- Department of Spine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhang
- Department of Joint and Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Yangmiao Duan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Joint and Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
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2
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Qu X, Cao YX, Xing YX, Liu Q, Li HJ, Yang WH, Wang BQ, Han SY, Wang YS. Deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2 (DLEU2): a possible biomarker that holds promise for future diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2772-2782. [PMID: 37095423 PMCID: PMC10462543 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2 (DLEU2)-long non-coding RNA in tumors has become a major point of interest in recent research related to the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors. Recent studies have shown that the long non-coding RNA DLEU2 (lncRNA-DLEU2) can cause abnormal gene or protein expression by acting on downstream targets in cancers. At present, most lncRNA-DLEU2 play the role of oncogenes in different tumors, which are mostly associated with tumor characteristics, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. The data thus far show that because lncRNA-DLEU2 plays an important role in most tumors, targeting abnormal lncRNA-DLEU2 may be an effective treatment strategy for early diagnosis and improving the prognosis of patients. In this review, we integrated lncRNA-DLEU2 expression in tumors, its biological functions, molecular mechanisms, and the utility of DLEU2 as an effective diagnostic and prognostic marker of tumors. This study aimed to provide a potential direction for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors using lncRNA-DLEU2 as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qu
- Shandong First Medical University, No. 6699, Qingdao Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Xia Cao
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Xing
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Huan-Jie Li
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Ban-Qin Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Shu-Yi Han
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
| | - Yun-Shan Wang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
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Oliveira RC, Gama J, Casanova J. B-cell lymphoma 2 family members and sarcomas: a promising target in a heterogeneous disease. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:583-599. [PMID: 37720343 PMCID: PMC10501895 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins has been the backbone for hematological malignancies with overall survival improvements. The Bcl-2 family is a major player in apoptosis regulation and, has captured the researcher's interest in the treatment of solid tumors. Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of diseases, comprising several entities, with high morbidity and mortality and with few specific therapies available. The treatment for sarcomas is based on platinum regimens, with variable results and poor outcomes, especially in advanced lesions. The high number of different sarcoma entities makes treatment standardization as well as the performance of clinical trials difficult. The use of Bcl-2 family members modifiers has revealed promising results in in vitro and in vivo models and may be a valid option, especially when used in combination with chemotherapy. In this article, a revision of these results and possibilities for the use of Bcl-2 family members inhibitors in sarcomas was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Caetano Oliveira
- Centro de Anatomia Patológica Germano de Sousa, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation on Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Gama
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Casanova
- Centre of Investigation on Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Orthopedic Oncology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
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PENG H, WANG J, LI S. MiR-15a-5p accelerated vascular smooth muscle cells viabilities and migratory abilities via targeting Bcl-2. Physiol Res 2022; 71:667-675. [PMID: 36047726 PMCID: PMC9841801 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) caused by the tear in the aortic wall threatens aorta, causing severe chest pain, syncope and even death. Fortunately, development of genetic technology provides promising approaches for AD treatment. To analyze impacts of miR-15a-5p on modulating cell viability and migratory ability of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Ang II (0, 0.05 and 0.1 microM) treatment were applied for inducing inflammatory reactions of VSMCs. RNA expressions of miR-15a-5p with Bcl-2 was examined using RT-qPCR. CCK-8 and transwell evaluated cell viability and migratory ability, respectively. The binding about miR-15a-5p with Bcl-2 were detected by luciferase reporter assay. Western blot detected protein expressions of Bcl-2, MCP-1 and MMP-9. Ang II treatment not only accelerated VSMCs viability and migratory abilities, but also upregulated MCP-1 and MMP-9 protein expressions. MiR-15a-5p was detected to be promoted by Ang II. However, miR-15a-5p inhibitor decreased VSMC cell viability and migratory ability and suppressed protein expressions of MCP-1 and MMP-9. Bcl-2 was targeted and downregulated by miR-15a-5p. Nevertheless, high VSMC cell viability and migration caused by miR-15a-5p overexpression were hindered with overexpressed Bcl-2. MiR-15a-5p mimics also elevated MCP-1 and MMP-9 protein expressions, which were inhibited by Bcl-2 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui PENG
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Jianhua WANG
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Shaohui LI
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai, China
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5
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The Biological Function of MicroRNAs in Bone Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042348. [PMID: 35216464 PMCID: PMC8876091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. A single miRNA is able to target hundreds of specific messenger RNA (mRNAs) by binding to the 3′-untranslated regions. miRNAs regulate different biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Altered miRNA expression is certainly related to the development of the most common human diseases, including tumors. Osteosarcoma (OS), Ewing’s Sarcoma (ES), and Chondrosarcoma (CS) are the most common primary bone tumors which affect mainly children and adolescents. A significant dysregulation of miRNA expression, in particular of mir-34, mir-21, mir-106, mir-143, and miR-100, has been revealed in OS, ES and CS. In this context, miRNAs can act as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, contributing to the initiation and progression of bone tumors. The in-depth study of these small molecules can thus help to better understand their biological functions in bone tumors. Therefore, this review aims to examine the potential role of miRNAs in bone tumors, especially OS, ES and CS, and to suggest their possible use as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone tumors and as biomarkers for early diagnosis.
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Wu B, Dou G, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang X, Jiang S, Zhong S, Ren J, Zhang Z, Li J, Sheng C, Zhao G, Zhao L. Identification of key pathways and genes in vestibular schwannoma using bioinformatics analysis. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:217. [PMID: 35126720 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to identify novel promising marks and targets of diagnosis, therapy and prognosis for patients with vestibular schwannoma at the molecular level. The gene expression profiles of GSE54934, GSE39645 and GSE56597 datasets were obtained respectively from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing between gene expression profiles of the vestibular schwannoma tissues and normal tissues. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. The function and pathway enrichment analysis were performed for DEGs with DAVID. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were conducted to confirm the expression of BCL2, AGT, IL6 and ITGA2 in human Schwann cells and vestibular schwannoma cells. A total of 4,025, 1,1291 and 1,513 DEGs were identified from GSE54934, GSE56597 and GSE39645 datasets, respectively. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the mutual upregulated genes were mainly enriched in cell division, mitotic nuclear division, and transition of mitotic cell cycle, whilst mutual downregulated genes were enriched in chemical synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter transport, and synaptic vesicle membrane. Subsequently, 20 genes, including BCL2, AGT, IL6 and ITGA2 were selected as hub genes with high degrees after PPI network analysis. The significant differential expression of those genes were detected among vestibular schwannoma tissues compared with normal nerve tissues. In conclusion, BCL2, AGT, IL6 and ITGA2 are significantly higher expressed in vestibular schwannoma tissues compared with human Schwann tissues. The DEGs identified in the present study provide novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular schwannoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Gaojing Dou
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, China Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Junan Ren
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chunjia Sheng
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Liu D, Hu Z, Jiang J, Zhang J, Hu C, Huang J, Wei Q. Five hypoxia and immunity related genes as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1617. [PMID: 35102149 PMCID: PMC8804019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma accounts for a frequently occurring cancer of the primary skeletal system. In osteosarcoma cells, a hypoxic microenvironment is commonly observed that drives tumor growth, progression, and heterogeneity. Hypoxia and tumor-infiltrating immune cells might be closely related to the prognosis of osteosarcoma. In this study, we aimed to determine the biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to hypoxia and immunity through bioinformatics methods to improve the clinical prognosis of patients. We downloaded the gene expression data of osteosarcoma samples and normal samples in the UCSC Xena database and GTEx database, respectively, and downloaded the validation dataset (GSE21257) in the GEO database. Subsequently, we performed GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on the data of the extracted osteosarcoma hypoxia-related genes. Through univariate COX regression analysis, lasso regression analysis, multivariate COX regression analysis, etc., we established a predictive model for the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Five genes, including ST3GAL4, TRIM8, STC2, TRPS1, and FAM207A, were found by screening. In particular, we analyzed the immune cell composition of each gene based on the five genes through the CIBERSORT algorithm and verified each gene at the cell and tissue level. Our findings are valuable for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Chu M, Fan Y, Wu L, Ma X, Sao J, Yao Y, Zhuang W, Zhang C. Knockdown of lncRNA BDNF-AS inhibited the progression of multiple myeloma by targeting the miR-125a/b-5p-BCL2 axis. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 34980181 PMCID: PMC8722203 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) BDNF-AS in the progression of multiple myeloma (MM). Methods The expression of BDNF-AS, miR-125a-5p, and miR-125b-5p in MM serum and cell lines were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). The binding relationships between miR-125a/b-5p and BDNF-AS or Bcl-2 were predicted by Starbase and verified by luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Cell proliferation was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining assay. Cell migration was evaluated by wound healing assay. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis. The role of BDNF-AS was also investigated in a xenograft tumor model in vivo. Results BDNF-AS was significantly upregulated, while miR-125a-5p and miR-125b-5p were downregulated in MM serum and corresponding cancer cell lines. Knockdown of BDNF-AS effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of MM.1S and U266 cells, and co-transfection of miR-125a-5p or miR-125b-5p inhibitor and sh-BDNF-AS enhanced cell proliferation and migration compared with that in sh-BDNF-AS group. Knockdown of miR-125a-5p or miR-125b-5p significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of MM.1S and U266 cells, and co-transfection of sh-Bcl-2 and miR-125a/b-5p inhibitor inhibited cell proliferation compared with that in miR-125a/b-5p inhibitor group. Moreover, knockdown of BDNF-AS increased the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP), while knockdown of miR-125a-5p or miR-125b-5p reduced the expression levels of these apoptosis-related proteins compared with knockdown of BDNF-AS. Furthermore, knockdown of BDNF-AS effectively suppressed MM tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Our findings revealed that knockdown of BDNF-AS inhibited the progression of MM by targeting the miR-125a/b-5p-Bcl-2 axis, indicating that BDNF-AS might serve as a novel drug target for MM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-021-00258-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yingchao Fan
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jinfeng Sao
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yonghua Yao
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wenfang Zhuang
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Cui Zhang
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai For Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Fu Y, Bao Q, Liu Z, He G, Wen J, Liu Q, Xu Y, Jin Z, Zhang W. Development and Validation of a Hypoxia-Associated Prognostic Signature Related to Osteosarcoma Metastasis and Immune Infiltration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:633607. [PMID: 33816483 PMCID: PMC8012854 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence has shown that hypoxia microenvironment relates to tumor initiation and progression. However, no studies focus on the application of hypoxia-associated genes in predicting osteosarcoma patients’ prognosis. This research aims to identify the hypoxia-associated genes related to osteosarcoma metastasis and construct a gene signature to predict osteosarcoma prognosis. Methods The differentially expressed messenger RNAs (DEmRNAs) related to osteosarcoma metastasis were identified from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (Target) database. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses were performed to develop the hypoxia-associated prognostic signature. The Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival analyses of patients with high and low hypoxia risk scores were conducted. The nomogram was constructed and the gene signature was validated in the external Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was conducted to investigate the relationships between immune infiltration and gene signature. Results Two genes, including decorin (DCN) and prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1 (P4HA1), were involved in the hypoxia-associated gene signature. In training and testing datasets, patients with high-risk scores showed lower survival rates and the gene signature was identified as the independent prognostic factor. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the robustness of signature. Functional analyses of DEmRNAs among high- and low-risk groups revealed that immune-associated functions and pathways were significantly enriched. Furthermore, ssGSEA showed that five immune cells (DCs, macrophages, neutrophils, pDCs, and TIL) and three immune features (CCR, APC co inhibition, and Check-point) were down-regulated in the high-risk group. Conclusion The current study established and validated a novel hypoxia-associated gene signature in osteosarcoma. It could act as a prognostic biomarker and serve as therapeutic guidance in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyuan Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuochao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu He
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxiang Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijian Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Lv Q, Wang G, Zhang Y, Shen A, Tang J, Sun Y, Ma C, Wang P. CircAGAP1 promotes tumor progression by sponging miR-15-5p in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:76. [PMID: 33618745 PMCID: PMC7901094 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs), as novel noncoding RNAs, play critical roles in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. However, the functions and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are largely unknown. Methods The expression and functions of circAGAP1 were identified in clinical samples, ccRCC cells and in vivo animal models. The molecular mechanism of circAGAP1 was investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. Results circAGAP1 (circ0058792) expression was significantly upregulated in ccRCC tissues compared to adjacent nontumor tissues. Moreover, the expression of circAGAP1 was closely related to the tumor size, nuclear grade and clinical stage of ccRCC in patients. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that cytoplasmic circAGAP1 targeted miR-15-5p in an RNA-induced silencing complex. Additionally, miR-15-5p expression was downregulated in ccRCC. Luciferase reporter assays showed that E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) was a target of miR-15-5p, and upregulated E2F3 expression was positively correlated with circAGAP1 in ccRCC. Furthermore, the tumor-promoting functions of circAGAP1 could be alleviated by miR-15-5p mimics in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Our results clarify that circAGAP1 exerts its oncogenic functions as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-15-5p, which promotes E2F3 expression. Targeting circAGAP1 might be a new attractive therapeutic strategy in ccRCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01864-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lv
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, China
| | - Gangmin Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Urumuqi Road No. 12, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated with Shandong University, Jingwuweiqi Road No. 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Aijun Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Tang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Urology, No.971 Hospital of the PLA Navy, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Wujin Road No. 85, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Peijun Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Xincun Road No. 389, Shanghai, China.
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11
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He X, Yu B, Kuang G, Wu Y, Zhang M, Cao P, Ou C. Long noncoding RNA DLEU2 affects the proliferative and invasive ability of colorectal cancer cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:428-437. [PMID: 33391439 PMCID: PMC7738996 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis. One example is lncRNA Deleted in Lymphocytic Leukemia 2 (DLEU2). However, how DLEU2 contributes to CRC is still poorly understood. This study sought to investigate the effects of DLEU2 on CRC pathogenesis, and the underlying mechanism involved. Using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay, we demonstrated that the expression levels of DLEU2 in 45 pairs of CRC tissues were higher than those in the corresponding normal colon mucosal tissues. In addition, CRC patients with high DLEU2 expression levels exhibited poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), as determined by analyses and measurements from the GEO and GEPIA databases. When DLEU2 was silenced using short interfering RNA (siRNA) in CRC cell line, the results demonstrated that DLEU2 silencing suppressed CRC cell tumorigenesis in vitro, which was associated with decreased expression of cyclin dependent kinase 6(CDK6), ZEB1, and ZEB2 as well as enhancing the expression of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A). Taken together, the results of this study suggested that DLEU2 may play critical roles in the progression of CRC and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Bingbing Yu
- Department of Pathology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou 253056, Shandong, China
| | - Gaoyan Kuang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Yongrong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Meili Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou 253056, Shandong, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
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12
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Xu W, Wang B, Cai Y, Guo C, Liu K, Yuan C. DLEU2: A Meaningful Long Noncoding RNA in Oncogenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 27:2337-2343. [PMID: 33106136 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201026150857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) with little or no coding ability has shown a variety of biological functions in cancer, including epigenetic regulation, DNA damage, regulation of microRNAs, and participation in signal transduction pathways. LncRNA can be used as an oncogene and tumor suppressor gene through transcriptional regulation in cancer. For example, the over-expressed lncRNA DLEU2 promotes the occurrence of laryngeal cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc., and inhibits the progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Deleted in Lymphocytic Leukemia 2 (DLEU2), as one of the long non-coding RNAs, was first found in chronic lymphoblastic leukemia and drawn into the progress of innumerable cancers. The molecular mechanism of DLEU2 in multiple tumors will be revealed. METHODS In this review, current studies on the biological functions and mechanisms of DLEU2 in tumors are summarized and analyzed; related researches are systematically retrieved and collected through PubMed. RESULTS DLEU2, a novel cancer-related lncRNA, has been demonstrated to be abnormally expressed in various malignant tumors, including leukemia, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, malignant pleural mesothelioma, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, pharynx and throat cancer, renal clear cell carcinoma, breast cancer, osteosarcoma. Besides, lncRNA DLEU2 has been shown to be involved in the process of proliferation, migration, invasion and inhibition of apoptosis of cancer cells. CONCLUSION Due to the biological functions and mechanisms involved in DLEU2, it may represent an available biomarker or potential therapeutic target in a variety of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yuxuan Cai
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Chong Guo
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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13
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Liu S, Meng X. LINC00662 Long Non-Coding RNA Knockdown Attenuates the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Osteosarcoma Cells by Regulating the microRNA-15a-5p/Notch2 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7517-7530. [PMID: 32848412 PMCID: PMC7429411 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s256464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Osteosarcoma (OS) is a frequently occurring malignancy in children and adolescents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00662 (LINC00662) in OS and the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods The expression of LINC00662, microRNA-15a-5p (miR-15a-5p), and Notch2 in OS was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells were analyzed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), wound-healing, and transwell assay. The interactions among LINC00662, miR-15a-5p, and Notch2 were determined by dual-luciferase reporter assays. A tumor xenograft model was established in mice for evaluating tumor growth in vivo. Results The expression of LINC00662 and Notch2 was found to be upregulated in OS, but the expression of miR-15a-5p was downregulated. The results demonstrated that LINC00662 knockdown attenuated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells and suppressed tumor growth in mice. The study further demonstrated that LINC00662 directly interacted with miR-15a-5p, and that Notch2 was a target of miR-15a-5p. The inhibition of miR-15a-5p or Notch2 overexpression markedly reversed the suppressive effect of sh-LINC00662 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells. Conclusion The study demonstrated that LINC00662 could be a potential biomarker for OS therapy, and LINC00662 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells by regulating the miR-15a-5p/Notch2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuheng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghai Meng
- Trauma Center, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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14
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Chen G, Gu H, Fang T, Zhou K, Xu J, Yin X. Hypoxia-induced let-7f-5p/TARBP2 feedback loop regulates osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:6891-6903. [PMID: 32305960 PMCID: PMC7202494 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in children and adolescents and is characterized by high metastatic and recurrence rates. In the past, it has been shown that microRNAs may play critical roles in hypoxia-related OS proliferation and invasion. However, the mechanisms by which OS cells acquire this malignant phenotype have remained largely unknown. In the present study, we report that let-7f-5p and TARBP2 were expressed in lower amounts in human OS cell lines when compared with the hFOB normal human osteoblastic cell line; however, both types of cells were repressed by hypoxia. let-7f-5p and TARBP2 significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of OS cells. Furthermore, TARBP2 as a downstream and functional target of let-7f-5p regulated the expression of let-7f-5p, and there was a regulatory feedback loop between let-7f-5p and TARBP2. This loop reduced the expression of let-7f-5p and TARBP2 in OS cells to a very low level, which was induced by hypoxia. Furthermore, the hypoxia-induced let-7f-5p/TARBP2 feedback loop contributed to activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Taken together, our data clearly showed that the feedback loop between let-7f-5p and TARBP2 induced by the hypoxia-promoted OS cell malignant phenotype increased with activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangnan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Fang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, P.R. China
| | - Kaifeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
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15
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Viera GM, Salomao KB, de Sousa GR, Baroni M, Delsin LEA, Pezuk JA, Brassesco MS. miRNA signatures in childhood sarcomas and their clinical implications. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 21:1583-1623. [PMID: 30949930 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progresses in multimodal treatments have significantly improved the outcomes for childhood cancer. Nonetheless, for about one-third of patients with Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, or osteosarcoma steady remission has remained intangible. Thus, new biomarkers to improve early diagnosis and the development of precision-targeted medicine remain imperative. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in the basic understanding of miRNAs function and in interpreting the contribution of their dysregulation to cancer development and progression. On this basis, this review focuses on what has been learned about the pivotal roles of miRNAs in the regulation of key genes implicated in childhood sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Viera
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - K B Salomao
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - G R de Sousa
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - M Baroni
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - L E A Delsin
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - J A Pezuk
- Anhanguera University of Sao Paulo, UNIAN/SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - M S Brassesco
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil.
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16
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Gionfra F, De Vito P, Pallottini V, Lin HY, Davis PJ, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. The Role of Thyroid Hormones in Hepatocyte Proliferation and Liver Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:532. [PMID: 31543862 PMCID: PMC6730500 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine) control a wide variety of effects related to development, differentiation, growth and metabolism, through their interaction with nuclear receptors. But thyroid hormones also produce non-genomic effects that typically start at the plasma membrane and are mediated mainly by integrin αvβ3, although other receptors such as TRα and TRβ are also able to elicit non-genomic responses. In the liver, the effects of thyroid hormones appear to be particularly important. The liver is able to regenerate, but it is subject to pathologies that may lead to cancer, such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, cancer cells undergo a reprogramming of their metabolism, resulting in drastic changes such as aerobic glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation. As a consequence, the pyruvate kinase isoform M2, the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is dysregulated, and this is considered an important factor in tumorigenesis. Redox equilibrium is also important, in fact cancer cells give rise to the production of more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than normal cells. This increase may favor the survival and propagation of cancer cells. We evaluate the possible mechanisms involving the plasma membrane receptor integrin αvβ3 that may lead to cancer progression. Studying diseases that affect the liver and their experimental models may help to unravel the cellular pathways mediated by integrin αvβ3 that can lead to liver cancer. Inhibitors of integrin αvβ3 might represent a future therapeutic tool against liver cancer. We also include information on the possible role of exosomes in liver cancer, as well as on recent strategies such as organoids and spheroids, which may provide a new tool for research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sandra Incerpi
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17
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Mousa SA, Glinsky GV, Lin HY, Ashur-Fabian O, Hercbergs A, Keating KA, Davis PJ. Contributions of Thyroid Hormone to Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030089. [PMID: 30135398 PMCID: PMC6165185 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acting at a cell surface receptor on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3, thyroid hormone analogues regulate downstream the expression of a large panel of genes relevant to cancer cell proliferation, to cancer cell survival pathways, and to tumor-linked angiogenesis. Because αvβ3 is involved in the cancer cell metastatic process, we examine here the possibility that thyroid hormone as l-thyroxine (T4) and the thyroid hormone antagonist, tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), may respectively promote and inhibit metastasis. Actions of T4 and tetrac that are relevant to cancer metastasis include the multitude of synergistic effects on molecular levels such as expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes, angiogenesis support genes, receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR/ERBB2) genes, specific microRNAs, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process; and on the cellular level are exemplified by effects on macrophages. We conclude that the thyroid hormone-αvβ3 interaction is mechanistically linked to cancer metastasis and that modified tetrac molecules have antimetastatic activity with feasible therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Gennadi V Glinsky
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031 Taiwan.
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Kelly A Keating
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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