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Zhao B, Yin J, Ding L, Luo J, Luo J, Mu J, Pan S, Du J, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Liu L. SPAG6 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis via TGF-β/Smad signal pathway in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol 2024; 119:119-129. [PMID: 38147275 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) prognosis remains unsatisfactory, and searching for new therapeutic targets is crucial for improving patient prognosis. Sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6), a member of the cancer-testis antigen family, plays an important role in tumors, especially hematologic tumors; however, it is unknown whether SPAG6 plays a role in adult B-ALL. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that SPAG6 expression was up-regulated in the bone marrow of adult B-ALL patients compared to healthy donors, and expression was significantly reduced in patients who achieved complete remission (CR) after treatment. In addition, patients with high SPAG6 expression were older (≥ 35 years; P = 0.015), had elevated white blood cell counts (WBC > 30 × 109/L; P = 0.021), and a low rate of CR (P = 0.036). We explored the SPAG6 effect on cell function by lentiviral transfection of adult B-ALL cell lines BALL-1 and NALM-6, and discovered that knocking down SPAG6 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. We identified that SPAG6 knockdown might regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis via the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jiaxiu Yin
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jiao Mu
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Shirui Pan
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yirui Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Linyi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.
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Bao Z, Zhu R, Fan H, Ye Y, Li T, Chai D. Aberrant expression of SPAG6 and NM23 predicts poor prognosis of human osteosarcoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:1012548. [PMID: 36199573 PMCID: PMC9527292 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1012548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of sperm-associated antigen 6 and NM23 proteins in human osteosarcoma.Methods: The specimens of conventional osteosarcoma with follow-up from 42 Chinese patients were analyzed in this study, and 12 cases of osteochondroma were considered controls. The expression of SPAG6 and NM23 was inspected using immunohistochemical staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting methods.Results: The positive expression rate of SPAG6 protein (71.43%) in 42 cases of osteosarcoma tissue was significantly higher than that (33.33%) in 12 cases of osteochondroma tissues (p < 0.05), while the positive rate of NM23 protein (35.71%) in osteosarcoma tissue was lower than that (58.33%) in osteochondroma tissue (p < 0.05). The mRNA and protein levels of SPAG6 were significantly higher than those of the adjacent normal tissues, while the expression of NM23 was lower in osteosarcoma tissues than that in the controls (p < 0.05 for all). There was a positive relationship between the expression of SPAG6 and pathological grade, metastasis, and Enneking stage (p < 0.05 for all). The overall survival rate of osteosarcoma patients with SPAG6 positive expression was significantly lower than that with SPAG6 negative expression. The relationship between the expression of NM23 and pathological grade, metastasis, and Enneking stage was negative (p < 0.05 for all). The overall survival rate of the osteosarcoma patients with NM23 positive expression was higher than that of the patients with NM23 negative expression (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Overexpression of SPAG6 and low expression of NM23 are negatively related to pathological grade, metastasis, and Enneking stage and prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. This suggested that SPAG6 and NM23 should be considered candidate prognostic biomarkers for patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengqi Bao, ; Tian Li, ; Damin Chai,
| | - Ruizhi Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Huagang Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuchen Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengqi Bao, ; Tian Li, ; Damin Chai,
| | - Damin Chai
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengqi Bao, ; Tian Li, ; Damin Chai,
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Gu Y, Chu MQ, Xu ZJ, Yuan Q, Zhang TJ, Lin J, Zhou JD. Comprehensive analysis of SPAG1 expression as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in acute myeloid leukemia by integrative bioinformatics and clinical validation. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:38. [PMID: 35227274 PMCID: PMC8886923 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported that sperm-associated antigen (SPAG) proteins play crucial roles in solid tumorigenesis, and may serve as potentially helpful biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, very few studies systematically investigated the expression of SPAG family members and their clinical significance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods The expression of SPAGs and their prognostic significance in AML were determined by a systematic analysis on data gathered from public databases, and the results were validated in clinical samples. Results Using public data, we identified only increased SPAG1 expression negatively associated with survival in AML by Cox regression (P < 0.001) and Kaplan–Meier analysis (P < 0.001). The prognostic value of SPAG1 expression was further confirmed in other independent cohorts. Clinically, higher SPAG1 expression was significantly correlated with white blood cell counts (P = 0.014) and French–American–British (FAB) subtypes (P = 0.024). Moreover, higher SPAG1 expression was more common in + 8 patients (P = 0.034), rarely found with t(8;21) (P = 0.014), and correlated with FLT3 (P < 0.001) and DNMT3A mutations (P = 0.001). Despite these associations, multivariate analysis confirmed the independent prognostic value of SPAG1 expression in AML (P < 0.001). Notably, AML patients with higher SPAG1 expression may benefit from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), whereas patients with lower SPAG1 expression appeared less likely to benefit. Finally, we further validated that SPAG1 expression was significantly increased in newly diagnosed AML patients compared with normal controls (P < 0.001) and with AML patients who achieved complete remission (P < 0.001). Additionally, SPAG1 expression could act as a potentially helpful biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of AML (P < 0.001 and = 0.034, respectively). Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that SPAG1 overexpression may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker and may guide the choice between HSCT and chemotherapy in patients with AML. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01193-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qiang Chu
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jun Xu
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Juan Zhang
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiang Lin
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Dong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, 8 Dianli Rd., Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Luo J, Mu J, Liu L. [Effects of SPAG6 silencing and decitabine treatment on apoptosis and phosphatase and tensin homolog methylation in SKM-1 cells]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:1005-1010. [PMID: 35045671 PMCID: PMC8770872 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of SPAG6 silencing and decitabine on apoptosis and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) methylation in SKM-1 cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: SKM-1 cells were transfected with a lentiviral vector to silence the expression of SPAG6. Cell survival rate was detected by CCK8 after treatment with decitabine, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Protein expression and methylation of PTEN were detected using Western blot and merozoite surface protein (MSP) . An non-obese diabetic/severe combined inmunodeficiency disease (NOD/SCID) mice xenograft tumor model was established, and the apoptosis and PTEN expression of tumor tissue were observed through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) , respectively. Results: After lentivirus transfection, SPAG6 in the interference group was silenced successfully. CCK8 results indicated that the cell survival rate of SKM-1 cells treated with decitabine decreased. Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of cells treated with decitabine [ (17.35±3.37) %] was higher than that of the untreated group (5.09%±2.06%) and the apoptosis rate of the SPAG6 silencing combined with the decitabine treatment group was the highest [ (36.34±4.00) %]. After treatment with decitabine, the expression of DNMT1 decreased, while the expression of PTEN increased, and the promoter methylation degree of PTEN also decreased. Moreover, the increased protein level caused by PTEN demethylation was the most obvious in the SPAG6 in the interference shRNA group treated with decitabine. In NOD/SCID mice, the tumor volume of the decitabine group was significantly smaller than that of the placebo group, and the tumor volume of the SPAG6 silencing combined with the decitabine treatment group was the smallest. Additionally, the apoptosis rate was the highest (the positive ratio was 3.57±0.48) . Conclusion: SPAG6 silencing may enhance the apoptosis level and the effect of PTEN demethylation in SKM-1 cells and enhance the antitumor effect of decitabine in the NOD/SCID xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Experimental Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - J Mu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Experimental Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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5
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Zhao F, Wang J, Yao L, Qin YT, Tuerxun N, Wang H, Jiang M, Hao JP. Synergistic inhibitory effect of Smo inhibitor jervine and its combination with decitabine can target Hedgehog signaling pathway to inhibit myelodysplastic syndrome cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:518-528. [PMID: 34314648 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1950897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) have been reported to target the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). However, the synergistic inhibitory effect of Smo inhibitor jervine and its combination with decitabine in MUTZ-1 cell lines remains lacking. METHODS We used a CCK-8 assay to detect the in-vitro proliferation rate of MUTZ-1 cell lines. Besides, the Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry was utilized to detect the apoptosis rate and cell cycle changes. The expression levels of mRNA were quantified by using qRT-PCR, and the western blot was employed to detect the expression of proteins. RESULTS We found that the single-agent jervine or decitabine can significantly inhibit the proliferation rate of MUTZ-1 cell lines, and this inhibitory effect is time-dependent and concentration-dependent. The combined intervention of the jervine and decitabine can more significantly inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell apoptosis, and block the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The combined intervention of the two drugs significantly reduced Smo and G1i-1 mRNA expression in MUTZ-1 cells. Furthermore, after combining both of the drug treatments, the proteins levels of Smo, G1i-1, PI3K, p-AKT, Bcl2, and Cyclin Dl were significantly downregulated, and Caspase-3 is upregulated, indicating that jervine with its combination of decitabine might be effective for controlling the proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. CONCLUSION The Smo inhibitor jervine and its combination with decitabine have a synergistic effect on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of MUTZ-1 cells, and its mechanism may be achieved by interfering with the Shh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Qin
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Niluopaer Tuerxun
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Hao
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
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Falkenberg LG, Beckman SA, Ravisankar P, Dohn TE, Waxman JS. Ccdc103 promotes myeloid cell proliferation and migration independent of motile cilia. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048439. [PMID: 34028558 PMCID: PMC8214733 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is predominantly attributed to impairment of motile cilia. However, PCD patients also have perplexing functional defects in myeloid cells, which lack motile cilia. Here, we show that coiled-coil domain-containing protein 103 (CCDC103), one of the genes that, when mutated, is known to cause PCD, is required for the proliferation and directed migration of myeloid cells. CCDC103 is expressed in human myeloid cells, where it colocalizes with cytoplasmic microtubules. Zebrafish ccdc103/schmalhans (smh) mutants have macrophages and neutrophils with reduced proliferation, abnormally rounded cell morphology and an inability to migrate efficiently to the site of sterile wounds, all of which are consistent with a loss of cytoplasmic microtubule stability. Furthermore, we demonstrate that direct interactions between CCDC103 and sperm associated antigen 6 (SPAG6), which also promotes microtubule stability, are abrogated by CCDC103 mutations from PCD patients, and that spag6 zebrafish mutants recapitulate the myeloid defects observed in smh mutants. In summary, we have illuminated a mechanism, independent of motile cilia, to explain functional defects in myeloid cells from PCD patients. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Falkenberg
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH 45267, USA
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sarah A. Beckman
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tracy E. Dohn
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH 45267, USA
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joshua S. Waxman
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Zhang R, Zhu H, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Tian Z. SPAG6 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in Burkitt lymphoma. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2021-2030. [PMID: 33000212 PMCID: PMC7551011 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to elucidate the role of sperm‑associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) in the occurrence and development of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. A correlation was observed between the expression of SPAG6 and the prognosis of patients with lymphoma using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database analysis. It was demonstrated that the levels of SPAG6 in BL cells were higher compared with that in IM‑9 cells by reverse transcription‑PCR and western blot assays. Moreover, silencing of SPAG6 significantly decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of Daudi and Raji cells, whereas SPAG6 overexpression exerted the opposite effects on CA46 and NAMALWA cells. When investigating the possible mechanism, it was first observed that the level of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein was significantly increased, while that of phosphorylated (p‑)AKT protein was markedly reduced in the SPAG6‑knockdown group compared with the blank control group in Daudi and Raji cells by western blot analysis. It was further ascertained whether the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/PTEN/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway mediates the effects of SPAG6 on cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the results demonstrated that silencing of SPAG6 suppressed the viability of Daudi and Raji cells, whereas PTEN knockdown using siRNA or SF1670 (a specific PTEN inhibitor) reversed the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and the promoting effect on cell apoptosis induced by SPAG6 depletion in vitro as well as in vivo. These data revealed that SPAG6 may promote the proliferation and inhibit the apoptosis of BL cells via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. The results of the present study suggest that SPAG6 may play a key role in the progression of BL and may be of value as a predictive prognostic biomarker in patients with BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Zhaofang Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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8
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Zhang M, Luo J, Luo X, Liu L. SPAG6 silencing induces autophagic cell death in SKM-1 cells via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:551-560. [PMID: 32537026 PMCID: PMC7291649 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the cancer-testis antigen family, sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Previous studies have demonstrated that SPAG6 is upregulated in bone marrow from patients with MDS and MDS-transformed acute myeloid leukemia and that knockdown of SPAG6 expression levels suppressed proliferation and promote apoptosis and differentiation in SKM-1 cells. However, the association between SPAG6 and autophagy in SKM-1 cells remains unclear. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate this association and its underlying mechanism. The present study used a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus to silence SPAG6 expression levels in SKM-1 cells and demonstrated that SPAG6 knockdown increased autophagy and apoptosis. Furthermore, pharmacologically inhibiting autophagy with chloroquine and 3-methyladenine decreased SPAG6 knockdown-mediated apoptosis, indicating that SPAG6 knockdown-mediated autophagy promoted apoptosis in SKM-1 cells. Additionally, compared with the expression levels in negative control-shRNA lentivirus-transfected SKM-1 cells, the protein expression levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and phosphorylated unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (p-ULK1) were upregulated, while phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) protein expression was downregulated in SPAG6-shRNA lentivirus-transfected cells. Moreover, inhibiting AMPK expression levels with Compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, attenuated SPAG6 knockdown-induced autophagy and apoptosis, suggesting that AMPK-mediated autophagy enhanced the pro-apoptotic effect of SPAG6 knockdown in SKM-1 cells. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that SPAG6 silencing triggered autophagy via regulation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway, which further contributed to the apoptosis of SKM-1 cells induced by SPAG6 knockdown. Thus, the current results indicate that SPAG6 may be a potential therapeutic target against MDS, and that autophagy may represent a potential mechanism for the treatment of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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The Emerging Role of Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 Gene in the Microtubule Function of Cells and Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:101-107. [PMID: 31660426 PMCID: PMC6807308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) gene has multiple biological functions. It maintains the normal function of a variety of cells including ciliary/flagellar biogenesis and polarization, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. Moreover, SPAG6 is found to be critically involved in auditory transduction and the fibroblast life cycle. Furthermore, SPAG6 plays an essential role in immuno-regulation. Notably, SPAG6 has been demonstrated to participate in the occurrence and progression of a variety of human cancers. New evidence shows that SPAG6 gene regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the physiological function and mechanism of SPAG6 in human normal cells and cancer cells. We also highlight that SPAG6 gene may be an effective biomarker for the diagnosis of human cancer. Taken together, targeting SPAG6 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of human diseases including cancer.
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Alciaturi J, Anesetti G, Irigoin F, Skowronek F, Sapiro R. Distribution of sperm antigen 6 (SPAG6) and 16 (SPAG16) in mouse ciliated and non-ciliated tissues. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:189-202. [PMID: 30911868 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells serve many functions, exhibiting remarkable conservation of both structure and molecular composition in widely divergent eukaryotic organisms. SPAG6 and SPAG16 are the homologous in the mice to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PF16 and PF20. Both proteins are associated with the axonemal central apparatus and are essential for ciliary and flagellar motility in mammals. Recent data derived from high-throughput studies revealed expression of these genes in tissues that do not contain motile cilia. However, the distribution of SPAG6 and SPAG16 in ciliated and non-ciliated tissues is not completely understood. In this work, we performed a quantitative analysis of the expression of Spag6 and Spag16 genes in parallel with the immune-localization of the proteins in several tissues of adult mice. Expression of mRNA was higher in the testis and tissues bearing motile cilia than in the other analyzed tissues. Both proteins were present in ciliated and non-ciliated tissues. In the testis, SPAG6 was detected in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and in the sperm flagella whereas SPAG16 was found in spermatocytes and in the sperm flagella. In addition, both proteins were detected in the cytoplasm of cells from the brain, spinal cord, and ovary. A small isoform of SPAG16 was localized in the nucleus of germ cells and some neurons. In a parallel set of experiments, we overexpressed EGFP-SPAG6 in cultured cells and observed that the protein co-localized with a subset of acetylated cytoplasmic microtubules. A role of these proteins stabilizing the cytoplasmic microtubules of eukaryotic cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Alciaturi
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Anesetti
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Irigoin
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernanda Skowronek
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rossana Sapiro
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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van Weelden G, Bobiński M, Okła K, van Weelden WJ, Romano A, Pijnenborg JMA. Fucoidan Structure and Activity in Relation to Anti-Cancer Mechanisms. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E32. [PMID: 30621045 PMCID: PMC6356449 DOI: 10.3390/md17010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a natural derived compound found in different species of brown algae and in some animals, that has gained attention for its anticancer properties. However, the exact mechanism of action is currently unknown. Therefore, this review will address fucoidans structure, the bioavailability, and all known different pathways affected by fucoidan, in order to formulate fucoidans structure and activity in relation to its anti-cancer mechanisms. The general bioactivity of fucoidan is difficult to establish due to factors like species-related structural diversity, growth conditions, and the extraction method. The main pathways influenced by fucoidan are the PI3K/AKT, the MAPK pathway, and the caspase pathway. PTEN seems to be important in the fucoidan-mediated effect on the AKT pathway. Furthermore, the interaction with VEGF, BMP, TGF-β, and estrogen receptors are discussed. Also, fucoidan as an adjunct seems to have beneficial effects, for both the enhanced effectiveness of chemotherapy and reduced toxicity in healthy cells. In conclusion, the multipotent character of fucoidan is promising in future anti-cancer treatment. However, there is a need for more specified studies of the structure⁻activity relationship of fucoidan from the most promising seaweed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert van Weelden
- Faculty of Science, (Medical) Biology, Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- The First Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Bobiński
- The First Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Okła
- The First Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Willem Jan van Weelden
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johanna M A Pijnenborg
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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