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Chen Z, Zhang W, Selmi C, Ridgway WM, Leung PS, Zhang F, Gershwin ME. The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrates (MARCKS): A membrane-anchored mediator of the cell function. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102942. [PMID: 34509657 PMCID: PMC9746065 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) and the MARCKS-related protein (MARCKSL1) are ubiquitous, highly conserved membrane-associated proteins involved in the structural modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, chemotaxis, motility, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and exocytosis. MARCKS includes an N-terminal myristoylated domain for membrane binding, a highly conserved MARCKS Homology 2 (MH2) domain, and an effector domain (which is the phosphorylation site). MARCKS can sequester phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-diphosphate (PIP2) at lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of quiescent cells, an action reversed by protein kinase C (PKC), ultimately modulating the immune function. Being expressed mostly in innate immune cells, MARCKS promotes the inflammation-driven migration and adhesion of cells and the secretion of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). From a clinical point of view, MARCKS is overexpressed in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, while the brain level of MARCKS phosphorylation is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, MARCKS is associated with the development and progression of numerous types of cancers. Data in autoimmune diseases are limited to rheumatoid arthritis models in which a connection between MARCKS and the JAK-STAT pathway is mediated by miRNAs. We provide a comprehensive overview of the structure of MARCKS, its molecular characteristics and functions from a biological and pathogenetic standpoint, and will discuss the clinical implications of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Corresponding authors. (W. Zhang), (F. Zhang)
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Humanitas Research Hospital - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China,Corresponding authors. (W. Zhang), (F. Zhang)
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Iyer DN, Faruq O, Zhang L, Rastgoo N, Liu A, Chang H. Pathophysiological roles of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) in hematological malignancies. Biomark Res 2021; 9:34. [PMID: 33958003 PMCID: PMC8101130 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) protein has been at the crossroads of multiple signaling pathways that govern several critical operations in normal and malignant cellular physiology. Functioning as a target of protein kinase C, MARCKS shuttles between the phosphorylated cytosolic form and the unphosphorylated plasma membrane-bound states whilst regulating several molecular partners including, but not limited to calmodulin, actin, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase. As a result of these interactions, MARCKS directly or indirectly modulates a host of cellular functions, primarily including cytoskeletal reorganization, membrane trafficking, cell secretion, inflammatory response, cell migration, and mitosis. Recent evidence indicates that dysregulated expression of MARCKS is associated with the development and progression of hematological cancers. While it is understood that MARCKS impacts the overall carcinogenesis as well as plays a part in determining the disease outcome in blood cancers, we are still at an early stage of interpreting the pathophysiological roles of MARCKS in neoplastic disease. The situation is further complicated by contradictory reports regarding the role of phosphorylated versus an unphosphorylated form of MARCKS as an oncogene versus tumor suppressor in blood cancers. In this review, we will investigate the current body of knowledge and evolving concepts of the physical properties, molecular network, functional attributes, and the likely pathogenic roles of MARCKS in hematological malignancies. Key emphasis will also be laid upon understanding the novel mechanisms by which MARCKS determines the overall disease prognosis by playing a vital role in the induction of therapeutic resistance. Additionally, we will highlight the importance of MARCKS as a valuable therapeutic target in blood cancers and will discuss the potential of existing strategies available to tackle MARCKS-driven blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Narayanan Iyer
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Omar Faruq
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lun Zhang
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nasrin Rastgoo
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aijun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Chang
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Yuan M, Song ZH, Ying MD, Zhu H, He QJ, Yang B, Cao J. N-myristoylation: from cell biology to translational medicine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1005-1015. [PMID: 32203082 PMCID: PMC7468318 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various lipids and lipid metabolites are bound to and modify the proteins in eukaryotic cells, which are known as ‘protein lipidation’. There are four major types of the protein lipidation, i.e. myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. N-myristoylation refers to the attachment of 14-carbon fatty acid myristates to the N-terminal glycine of proteins by N-myristoyltransferases (NMT) and affects their physiology such as plasma targeting, subcellular tracking and localization, thereby influencing the function of proteins. With more novel pathogenic N-myristoylated proteins are identified, the N-myristoylation will attract great attentions in various human diseases including infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, and cancers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of N-myristoylation in physiological processes and discuss the hitherto implication of crosstalk between N-myristoylation and other protein modification. Furthermore, we mention several well-studied NMT inhibitors mainly in infectious diseases and cancers and generalize the relation of NMT and cancer progression by browsing the clinic database. This review also aims to highlight the further investigation into the dynamic crosstalk of N-myristoylation in physiological processes as well as the potential application of protein N-myristoylation in translational medicine.
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Xie Z, Wu H, Dang Y, Chen G. Role of alternative splicing signatures in the prognosis of glioblastoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7623-7636. [PMID: 31674730 PMCID: PMC6912032 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has validated the crucial role of alternative splicing (AS) in tumors. However, comprehensive investigations on the entirety of AS and their clinical value in glioblastoma (GBM) are lacking. METHODS The AS profiles and clinical survival data related to GBM were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify survival-associated AS events. A risk score was calculated, and prognostic signatures were constructed using seven different types of independent prognostic AS events, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to display the survival of GBM patients. The receiver operating characteristic curve was applied to compare the predictive efficacy of each prognostic signature. Enrichment analysis and protein interactive networks were conducted using the gene symbols of the AS events to investigate important processes in GBM. A splicing network between splicing factors and AS events was constructed to display the potential regulatory mechanism in GBM. RESULTS A total of 2355 survival-associated AS events were identified. The splicing prognostic model revealed that patients in the high-risk group have worse survival rates than those in the low-risk group. The predictive efficacy of each prognostic model showed satisfactory performance; among these, the Alternate Terminator (AT) model showed the best performance at an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.906. Enrichment analysis uncovered that autophagy was the most enriched process of prognostic AS gene symbols in GBM. The protein network revealed that UBC, VHL, KCTD7, FBXL19, RNF7, and UBE2N were the core genes in GBM. The splicing network showed complex regulatory correlations, among which ELAVL2 and SYNE1_AT_78181 were the most correlated (r = -.506). CONCLUSIONS Applying the prognostic signatures constructed by independent AS events shows promise for predicting the survival of GBM patients. A splicing regulatory network might be the potential splicing mechanism in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu‐cheng Xie
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanningGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionP. R. China
| | - Hua‐yu Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsSchool of Pre‐clinical MedicineGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionP. R. China
| | - Yi‐wu Dang
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanningGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionP. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanningGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionP. R. China
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