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Bi J, Zhang H. Nomogram predicts risk and prognostic factors for lung metastasis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:3547-3564. [PMID: 38192974 PMCID: PMC10774033 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Lung metastasis (LM) is a frequent occurrence in patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and is often associated with a poor prognosis. However, there is currently a lack of specific research focusing on the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of LM in ATC patients using nomograms. Consequently, the establishment of effective predictive models holds significant importance in providing guidance for clinical practice. Methods We screened patients from Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database between 2000 and 2018. To identify independent risk factors for LM in patients with ATC, we conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. We also conducted univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to identify independent prognostic factors for ATC patients with LM. Based on these analyses, we developed two novel nomograms. The performance of the nomograms was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results A cohort of 540 ATC patients was enrolled in the study, among whom 181 patients (33.5%) were identified with LM at the time of initial diagnosis. The independent risk factors for LM in patients with ATC included tumor size, extent of surgery, lateral cervical lymph node metastasis, and radiotherapy. Furthermore, tumor size, extent of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were identified as independent factors influencing the prognosis of ATC patients with LM. The accuracy of the two nomograms in predicting the occurrence and prognosis of LM in ATC patients was confirmed through the analysis of ROC curves, calibration, DCA curves, and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curves on both the training and validation sets. Conclusions The two nomograms are highly accurate in predicting LM in patients with ATC and in forecasting patient outcomes for patients with lung metastases. Consequently, they offer valuable support for personalized clinical decision-making in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhe Bi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Zhao Y, Shen M, Wu L, Yang H, Yao Y, Yang Q, Du J, Liu L, Li Y, Bai Y. Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment: accomplices of tumor progression? Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:587. [PMID: 37666813 PMCID: PMC10477351 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is made up of cells and extracellular matrix (non-cellular component), and cellular components include cancer cells and non-malignant cells such as immune cells and stromal cells. These three types of cells establish complex signals in the body and further influence tumor genesis, development, metastasis and participate in resistance to anti-tumor therapy. It has attracted scholars to study immune cells in TME due to the significant efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) in solid tumors and hematologic tumors. After more than 10 years of efforts, the role of immune cells in TME and the strategy of treating tumors based on immune cells have developed rapidly. Moreover, ICI have been recommended by guidelines as first- or second-line treatment strategies in a variety of tumors. At the same time, stromal cells is another major class of cellular components in TME, which also play a very important role in tumor metabolism, growth, metastasis, immune evasion and treatment resistance. Stromal cells can be recruited from neighboring non-cancerous host stromal cells and can also be formed by transdifferentiation from stromal cells to stromal cells or from tumor cells to stromal cells. Moreover, they participate in tumor genesis, development and drug resistance by secreting various factors and exosomes, participating in tumor angiogenesis and tumor metabolism, regulating the immune response in TME and extracellular matrix. However, with the deepening understanding of stromal cells, people found that stromal cells not only have the effect of promoting tumor but also can inhibit tumor in some cases. In this review, we will introduce the origin of stromal cells in TME as well as the role and specific mechanism of stromal cells in tumorigenesis and tumor development and strategies for treatment of tumors based on stromal cells. We will focus on tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tumor-associated adipocytes (CAAs), tumor endothelial cells (TECs) and pericytes (PCs) in stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meili Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liangqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Engineering Plastics Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haiqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Engineering Plastics Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yixuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Special Engineering Plastics Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qingbiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Engineering Plastics Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianshi Du
- Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Engineering Plastics Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yuansong Bai
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Lin XY, Huang YW, Fan YW, Chen YT, Pathak N, Hsu YC, Yang JM. Identification of pan-kinase-family inhibitors using graph convolutional networks to reveal family-sensitive pre-moieties. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:247. [PMID: 35733108 PMCID: PMC9214975 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human protein kinases, the key players in phosphoryl signal transduction, have been actively investigated as drug targets for complex diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease, with more than 60 successful drugs developed in the past 30 years. However, many of these single-kinase inhibitors show low efficacy and drug resistance has become an issue. Owing to the occurrence of highly conserved catalytic sites and shared signaling pathways within a kinase family, multi-target kinase inhibitors have attracted attention. Results To design and identify such pan-kinase family inhibitors (PKFIs), we proposed PKFI sets for eight families using 200,000 experimental bioactivity data points and applied a graph convolutional network (GCN) to build classification models. Furthermore, we identified and extracted family-sensitive (only present in a family) pre-moieties (parts of complete moieties) by utilizing a visualized explanation (i.e., where the model focuses on each input) method for deep learning, gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Conclusions This study is the first to propose the PKFI sets, and our results point out and validate the power of GCN models in understanding the pre-moieties of PKFIs within and across different kinase families. Moreover, we highlight the discoverability of family-sensitive pre-moieties in PKFI identification and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - You-Wei Fan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ti Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Nikhil Pathak
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Moon Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Qian C, Jiang L, Xu S, Wang J, Tan Z, Xin Y, Ge M. Advances in targeted therapy for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021; 50:685-693. [PMID: 35347921 PMCID: PMC8931613 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a highly malignant and aggressive thyroid malignancy with rapid onset and poor prognosis. There is no effective treatment for ATC yet. Molecular targeted therapy provides a new idea for ATC treatment. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib has potential in treating ATC patients with favorable efficacy in clinical trials. The effectiveness of the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 () gene inhibitor dabrafenib in combination with trametinib for the treatment of positive ATC patients has been demonstrated in clinical trials. The has proposed dabrafenib in combination with trametinib as the preferred modality for the treatment of patients with positive ATC. The immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab can be applied to treat thyroid cancer with high tumor mutational load and may be considered as the preferred modality for the treatment of ATC patients with high programmed death ligand-1 expression. The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway inhibitors, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ agonists, endothelial growth factor receptors-targeting monoclonal antibody cetuximab and novel vascular blocker fosbretabulin are still in the clinical research stage, which are expected to provide new directions for the development of novel targeted drugs. This article reviews the current research progress on targeted drugs for the treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Qian
- 1. Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
- 2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Center of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liehao Jiang
- 2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Center of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- 3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shiying Xu
- 2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Center of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- 4. The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- 2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Center of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- 3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- 2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Center of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- 3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ying Xin
- 2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Center of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- 3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Minghua Ge
- 1. Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
- 2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Center of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- 3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Xu Z, Liu X, Zhuang D. Artesunate inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of thyroid cancer by regulating the PI3K/AKT/FKHR pathway. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 100:85-92. [PMID: 34797728 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the effects of artesunate on thyroid cancer and partially identified its related molecular mechanism. We determined the effect of artesunate on the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells using the MTT assay, cell colony formation experiments, and western blotting, and used flow cytometry to detect the apoptosis of cancer cells. Using a wound-healing assay, Transwell chamber experiments, and western blotting, we determined the effect of artesunate on cancer cell migration. By co-cultivating artesunate with the PI3K agonist, 740Y-P, we also partially identified the molecular mechanism. Artesunate significantly inhibited the growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion of thyroid cancer cells, and promoted the apoptosis of cancer cells. Using co-cultivation with a PI3K agonist, we found that the inhibitory effect of artesunate on cancer cells was mainly due to suppressing the PI3K/AKT/FKHR signaling pathway. By inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/FKHR signaling pathway, artesunate induced apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells and inhibited their proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- Tongxiang First People's Hospital, Jiaxing, China;
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- Tongxiang First People's Hospital, Jiaxing, China;
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Li B, Dong X, Zhu J, Zhu T, Tao X, Peng D, Li Q. Crosstalk between H1975 tumor cells and platelets to induce the proliferation, migration and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:676. [PMID: 34345301 PMCID: PMC8323013 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated platelets (PLTs) participate in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, and tumors can activate PLTs. Whether co-culture of lung carcinoma with PLTs improves the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) requires further investigation. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of H1975 cell crosstalk with PLTs on the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs. Following generation of cell-derived supernatants and construction of the co-culture system, Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and a meter for epithelial measurement were performed to detect the proliferative ability of HUVECs. Furthermore, the wound healing and Transwell migration assays were performed to detect the migratory ability of HUVECs. A tube formation assay was performed to assess angiogenesis, ELISA was applied to detect the content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and western blotting was carried out to measure the expression levels of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in HUVECs. Compared with single-cultured HUVECs (control), co-culture with H1975 cells and PLTs (Exp_HP) improved cell proliferation, increased the proportion of cells in the S-phase, destroyed the cell ultrastructure and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance in HUVECs. In addition, a higher relative migration rate, greater number of migrated cells, stronger tube-forming ability and increased expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 were detected in the Exp_HP group compared with the control group. The properties of HUVECs in Exp_H (co-cultured with H1975 cells) were similar to those in Exp_HP, but significantly weaker. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that tumor cells interacting with PLTs may play an important role in tumor angiogenesis by affecting or mediating changes in the properties of vascular endothelial cells (VECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tao
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), The Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230038, P.R. China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), The Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230038, P.R. China
| | - Qinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), The Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230038, P.R. China
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Liu C, Han Q, Liu H, Zhu C, Gui W, Yang X, Li W. Precise engineering of Gemcitabine prodrug cocktails into single polymeric nanoparticles delivery for metastatic thyroid cancer cells. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1063-1072. [PMID: 32672077 PMCID: PMC7470162 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1790693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
GLOBOCAN estimates 36 types of cancers in 185 countries based on the incidence, mortality, and prevalence in the year 2019. Nowadays, chemotherapy is the most widely used cancer treatment among immune, radio, hormone, and gene therapies. Here, we describe a very simple yet cost-effective approach that synergistically combines drug reconstitution, supramolecular nano-assembly, and tumor-specific targeting to address the multiple challenges posed by the delivery of the chemotherapeutic Gemcitabine (GEM) drug. The GEM prodrugs were gifted to impulsively self-assemble into excellent steady nanoparticles size on covalent conjugation of linoleic acid hydrophobic through amide group with ∼100 nm. Newly synthesized GEM-NPs morphology was confirmed by various electron microscopic techniques. After successful synthesis, we have evaluated the anticancer property of GEM and GEM-NPs against B-CPAP (papillary thyroid carcinoma) and FTC-133 (human follicular thyroid carcinoma) cancer cell lines. Further studies such as AO-EB (acridine orange-ethidium bromide), nuclear staining and flow cytometry analyses on cell death mechanism signified that the cytotoxicity was associated with apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells. GEM-NPs show excellent biocompatibility compared to GEM. The present study explained that GEM-NPs as a safe and hopeful strategy for chemotherapeutics of thyroid cancer therapy and deserve for further clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggong Liu
- Department of General Practice, Zhumadian City Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Qiongmei Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Yankuang New Journey General Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Excellent Ward, Zhumadian City Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Cuirong Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zhumadian Women and Children's Health Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Wei Gui
- Department of Pharmacology Department, Zhumadian First People's Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Practice, Zhumadian City Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Wansen Li
- Department of General Practice, Zhumadian City Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
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Kim JH, Ahn DH, Moon JS, Han HJ, Bae K, Yoon KA. Longitudinal assessment of B-RAF V595E levels in the peripheral cell-free tumor DNA of a 10-year-old spayed female Korean Jindo dog with unresectable metastatic urethral transitional cell carcinoma for monitoring the treatment response to a RAF inhibitor (sorafenib). Vet Q 2021; 41:153-162. [PMID: 33764261 PMCID: PMC8118428 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1905194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the canine urinary tract. In this case study, a dog with metastatic urethral TCC was treated with sorafenib. The tumor expression levels of receptor tyrosine kinase genes, including VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, ALK, EGFR, ErbB2, and B-RAF, were analyzed. VEGFR was overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to the normal tissues. Considering the high frequency of B-RAF mutation in canine urological tumors, the B-RAF gene was examined, and the B-RAF V595E mutation was detected in the tumor tissue. Therefore, the antitumor effect of sorafenib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on unresectable metastatic urethral TCC characterized by B-RAF V595E was evaluated and circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) was assessed for monitoring the treatment response. After the initiation of oral sorafenib therapy (4 mg/kg/day escalated to 10 mg/kg/day), the dysuria was alleviated gradually, and the patient remained stable for 3 months. During that treatment period, the patient showed various levels of changes associated with B-RAF V595E mutation in ctDNA as evident from longitudinal plasma samples after initiation of sorafenib therapy. The findings of this study suggest that ctDNA may serve as a useful non-invasive tool for monitoring the treatment response to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dana Hyunjung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Sung Moon
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Han
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kieun Bae
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Current Issues in Genomics and Therapeutics. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:31. [PMID: 33582932 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a type of thyroid carcinoma with the most aggressive biological behaviour amongst thyroid cancer. Here, we review the current genomic and the impacts of advances in therapies to improve the management of patients with the cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Common mutations being identified in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma are p53 and TERT promoter mutations. Other common mutated genes included BRAF, RAS, EIF1AX, PIK3CA, PTEN and AKT1, SWI/SNF, ALK and CDKN2A. Changes in expression of different microRNAs are also involved in the pathogenesis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Curative resection combined with radiotherapy and combination chemotherapies (such as anthracyclines, platins and taxanes) has been shown to have effects in the treatment of some patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Newer molecular targeted therapies in clinical trials target mostly the cell membrane kinase and downstream proteins. These include targeting the EGFR, FGFR, VEGFR, c-kit, PDGFR and RET on the cell membrane as well as VEGF itself and the downstream targets such as BRAF, MEK and mTOR. Immunotherapy is also being tested in the cancer. Updated knowledge of genomic as well as clinical trials on novel therapies is needed to improve the management of the patients with this aggressive cancer.
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Liu Y, Ma Y, Peng X, Wang L, Li H, Cheng W, Zheng X. Cetuximab-conjugated perfluorohexane/gold nanoparticles for low intensity focused ultrasound diagnosis ablation of thyroid cancer treatment. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 21:856-866. [PMID: 33551680 PMCID: PMC7850351 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1855064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the formulation of nanoassemblies (NAs) comprising C225 conjugates Au-PFH-NAs (C-Au-PFH-NAs) for low-intensity focused ultrasound diagnosis ablation of thyroid cancer. C-Au-PFH-NAs showed excellent stability in water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and 20% rat serum. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images also revealed the effective construction of C-Au-PFH-NAs as common spherical assemblies. The incubation of C625 thyroid carcinoma with C-Au-PFH-NAs triggers apoptosis, as confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. The C-Au-PFH-NAs exhibited antitumour efficacy in human thyroid carcinoma xenografts, where histopathological results further confirmed these outcomes. Furthermore, we were able to use low-intensity focused ultrasound diagnosis imaging (LIFUS) to examine the efficiency of C-Au-PFH-NAs in thyroid carcinoma in vivo. These findings clearly show that the use of LIFUS agents with high-performance imaging in different therapeutic settings will have extensive potential for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Peng
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, P.R. China
- CONTACT Xiulan Zheng No.150, Haping Road, Harbin150081, P.R. China
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Lane S, More LA, Asnani A. Zebrafish Models of Cancer Therapy-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8020008. [PMID: 33499052 PMCID: PMC7911266 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review: Both traditional and novel cancer therapies can cause cardiovascular toxicity in patients. In vivo models integrating both cardiovascular and cancer phenotypes allow for the study of on- and off-target mechanisms of toxicity arising from these agents. The zebrafish is the optimal whole organism model to screen for cardiotoxicity in a high throughput manner, while simultaneously assessing the role of cardiotoxicity pathways on the cancer therapy’s antitumor effect. Here we highlight established zebrafish models of human cardiovascular disease and cancer, the unique advantages of zebrafish to study mechanisms of cancer therapy-associated cardiovascular toxicity, and finally, important limitations to consider when using the zebrafish to study toxicity. Recent findings: Cancer therapy-associated cardiovascular toxicities range from cardiomyopathy with traditional agents to arrhythmias and thrombotic complications associated with newer targeted therapies. The zebrafish can be used to identify novel therapeutic strategies that selectively protect the heart from cancer therapy without affecting antitumor activity. Advances in genome editing technology have enabled the creation of several transgenic zebrafish lines valuable to the study of cardiovascular and cancer pathophysiology. Summary: The high degree of genetic conservation between zebrafish and humans, as well as the ability to recapitulate cardiotoxic phenotypes observed in patients with cancer, make the zebrafish an effective model to study cancer therapy-associated cardiovascular toxicity. Though this model provides several key benefits over existing in vitro and in vivo models, limitations of the zebrafish model include the early developmental stage required for most high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lane
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Luis Alberto More
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Aarti Asnani
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (L.A.M.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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De Leo S, Trevisan M, Fugazzola L. Recent advances in the management of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid Res 2020; 13:17. [PMID: 33292371 PMCID: PMC7684758 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-020-00091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is undoubtedly the thyroid cancer histotype with the poorest prognosis. The conventional treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy. Surgery should be as complete as possible, securing the airway and ensuring access for nutritional support; the current standard of care of radiotherapy is the intensity-modulated radiation therapy; chemotherapy includes the use of doxorubicin or taxanes (paclitaxel or docetaxel) generally with platin (cisplatin or carboplatin). However, frequently, these treatments are not sufficient and a systemic treatment with kinase inhibitors is necessary. These include multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Lenvatinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Vandetanib, Axitinib, Pazopanib, Pyrazolo-pyrimidine compounds), single target tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Dabrafenib plus Trametinib and Vemurafenib against BRAF, Gefitinib against EGFR, PPARγ ligands (e.g. Efatutazone), Everolimus against mTOR, vascular disruptors (e.g. Fosbretabulin), and immunotherapy (e.g. Spartalizumab and Pembrolizumab, which are anti PD-1/PD-L1 molecules). Therapy should be tailored to the patients and to the tumor genetic profile. A BRAF mutation analysis is mandatory, but a wider evaluation of tumor mutational status (e.g. by next-generation sequencing) is desirable. When a BRAFV600E mutation is detected, treatment with Dabrafenib and Trametinib should be preferred: this combination has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic ATC with BRAFV600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options. Alternatively, Lenvatinib, regardless of mutational status, reported good results and was approved in Japan for treating unresectable tumors. Other single target mutation agents with fair results are Everolimus when a mutation involving the PI3K/mTOR pathway is detected, Imatinib in case of PDGF-receptors overexpression, and Spartalizumab in case of PD-L1 positive tumors. Several trials are currently evaluating the possible beneficial role of a combinatorial therapy in ATC. Since in this tumor several genetic alterations are usually found, the aim is to inhibit or disrupt several pathways: these combination strategies use therapy targeting angiogenesis, survival, proliferation, and may act against both MAPK and PI3K pathways. Investigating new treatment options is eagerly awaited since, to date, even the molecules with the best radiological results have not been able to provide a durable disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone De Leo
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia, 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Trevisan
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia, 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Di Desidero T, Orlandi P, Gentile D, Banchi M, Alì G, Kusmic C, Armanetti P, Cayme GJ, Menichetti L, Fontanini G, Francia G, Bocci G. Pharmacological effects of vinorelbine in combination with lenvatinib in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104920. [PMID: 32461187 PMCID: PMC8011355 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare neoplasia with a poor prognosis. Proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed on ATC cell lines (8305C, 8505C) exposed to vinorelbine, lenvatinib, as well as to concomitant combinations. ABCB1, ABCG2 and CSF-1 mRNA expression was evaluated by real time PCR. The relative levels of pospho Akt were investigated as part of a human phospho-kinase array analysis, and CSF-1 and VEGFR-2 protein levels were measured by ELISA. The intracellular concentration of lenvatinib in ATC cells was measured by combined reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An ATC subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in nude mice was treated with vinorelbine, lenvatinib, or vinorelbine plus lenvatinib. After treatment with vinorelbine, lenvatinib, a significant antiproliferative effect in ATC cell lines was observed. The concomitant treatment of vinorelbine and lenvatinib revealed synergism for all the fractions of affected cells. A decrease in ABCB1 expression was reported in both ATC cell lines treated with the lenvatinib plus vinorelbine combination, as was an increase in the intracellular concentration of lenvatinib. The combination caused a decrease in Akt, GSK3α/β, PRAS40 and Src phosphorylation, and in both CSF-1 mRNA and protein levels. In the subcutaneous tumor model, the combination reduced the tumor volume during the treatment period. Our results establish the synergistic ATC antitumor activity of a vinorelbine and lenvatinib combination.
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Key Words
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer
- Lenvatinib
- Lenvatinib - IUPAC name: 4-[3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylcarbamoylamino)phenoxy]-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxamide - PubChem CID: 9823820
- Sorafenib
- Synergism
- Vinorelbine
- Vinorelbine - IUPAC namemethyl (1R, 9R, 10S, 11R, 12R, 19R)-11-acetyloxy-12-ethyl-4-[(12S, 14R,)-16-ethyl-12-methoxycarbonyl-1, 10-diazatetracyclo[12.3.1.0, (3), (11).0, (4), (9),]octadeca-3(11), 4, 6, 8, 15-pentaen-12-yl]-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8, 16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.0, (1), (9).0, (2), (7).0, (16), (19),]nonadeca-2, 4, 6, 13-tetraene-10-carboxylate- PubChem CID 5311497
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Di Desidero
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Orlandi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Gentile
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Banchi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Greta Alì
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Dell'Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Kusmic
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Armanetti
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Ginelle J Cayme
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Dell'Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Francia
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Guido Bocci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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