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Arnhold J. Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:81. [PMID: 38201509 PMCID: PMC10778456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes are related to all stages of tumorigenesis. As inflammation is closely associated with the activation and release of different cytotoxic agents, the interplay between cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles is highlighted in this review to address the question of how tumor cells overcome the enhanced values of cytotoxic agents in tumors. In tumor cells, the enhanced formation of mitochondrial-derived reactive species and elevated values of iron ions and free heme are antagonized by an overexpression of enzymes and proteins, contributing to the antioxidative defense and maintenance of redox homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, tumor cells can even survive additional stress caused by radio- and chemotherapy. Through the secretion of active agents from tumor cells, immune cells are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and an enhanced formation of extracellular matrix components is induced. Different oxidant- and protease-based cytotoxic agents are involved in tumor-mediated immunosuppression, tumor growth, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Considering the special metabolic conditions in tumors, the main focus here was directed on the disturbed balance between the cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms in late-stage tumors. This knowledge is mandatory for the implementation of novel anti-cancerous therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Lee C, Kim MS, Hwang JH, Park SH, Park KS, Yoon SY. Venous ectasia preceding intra-tumoral hemorrhage in a case of gliosarcoma with transverse sinus involvement. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad429. [PMID: 37525746 PMCID: PMC10387368 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although intratumoral hemorrhage is common in patients with malignant brain tumors, reports on its clinical course are scarce. This report presents a rare case of a patient with intratumoral hemorrhage with gliosarcoma invading the venus sinus. This invasion and a small draining vein were observed at diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging performed 1 week later showed new-onset venous ectasia, which caused intratumoral hemorrhage. This case provides insight into the mechanisms underlying intratumoral hemorrhage and highlights the emergence of new intratumoral vasculature as a potential warning sign for hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaejin Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee-Seon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ki-Su Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Youl Yoon
- Correspondence address. Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 807 Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41404, Korea. Tel: +82-10-9545-4515, Fax: +82-53-200-7239, E-mail:
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3
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Pires V, Bramatti I, Aschner M, Branco V, Carvalho C. Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitors as Potential Antitumors: Mercury Compounds Efficacy in Glioma Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:889971. [PMID: 35813817 PMCID: PMC9260667 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.889971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of glioma. GBM, like many other tumors, expresses high levels of redox proteins, such as thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), allowing tumor cells to cope with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resist chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, tackling the activity of these enzymes is a strategy to reduce cell viability and proliferation and most importantly achieve tumor cell death. Mercury (Hg) compounds are among the most effective inhibitors of TrxR and Trx due to their high affinity for binding thiols and selenols. Moreover, organomercurials such as thimerosal, have a history of clinical use in humans. Thimerosal effectively crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thus reaching effective concentrations for the treatment of GBM. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of thimerosal (TmHg) and its metabolite ethylmercury (EtHg) over the mouse glioma cell line (GL261), namely, the inhibition of the thioredoxin system and the occurrence of oxidative cellular stress. The results showed that both TmHg and EtHg increased oxidative events and triggered cell death primarily by apoptosis, leading to a significant reduction in GL261 cell viability. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of TmHg and ETHg in GL261 was significantly higher when compared to temozolomide (TMZ). These results indicate that EtHg and TmHg have the potential to be used in GBM therapy since they strongly reduce the redox capability of tumor cells at exceedingly low exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pires
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabella Bramatti
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Vasco Branco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Cristina Carvalho,
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Jovanović M, Dragoj M, Zhukovsky D, Dar'in D, Krasavin M, Pešić M, Podolski-Renić A. Novel TrxR1 Inhibitors Show Potential for Glioma Treatment by Suppressing the Invasion and Sensitizing Glioma Cells to Chemotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:586146. [PMID: 33134322 PMCID: PMC7573255 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.586146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, available glioblastoma (GBM) treatment remains ineffective, with relapse after initial response and low survival rate of GBM patients. The reasons behind limited capacities for GBM treatment are high tumor heterogeneity, invasiveness, and occurrence of drug resistance. Therefore, developing novel therapeutic strategies is of utmost importance. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a novel, promising target due to its overexpression in many cancer types and important role in cancer progression. Previous research on Ugi-type Michael acceptors–inhibitors of TrxR showed desirable anticancer properties, with significant selectivity toward cancer cells. Herein, two TrxR inhibitors, 5 and 6, underwent in-depth study on multidrug-resistant (MDR) glioma cell lines. Besides the antioxidative effects, 5 and 6 induced cell death, decreased cell proliferation, and suppressed invasion and migration of glioma cells. Both compounds showed a synergistic effect in combination with temozolomide (TMZ), a first-line chemotherapeutic for GBM treatment. Moreover, 5 and 6 affected activity of P-glycoprotein extrusion pump that could be found in cancer cells and in the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thus showing potential for suppressing MDR phenotype in cancer cells and evading BBB. In conclusion, investigated TrxR inhibitors are effective anticancer compounds, acting through inhibition of the thioredoxin system and perturbation of antioxidative defense systems of glioma cells. They are suitable for combining with other chemotherapeutics, able to surpass the BBB and overcome MDR. Thus, our findings suggest further exploration of Ugi-type Michael acceptors–TrxR inhibitors’ potential as an adjuvant therapy for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Jovanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Dragoj
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniil Zhukovsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Yao A, Storr SJ, Al-Hadyan K, Rahman R, Smith S, Grundy R, Paine S, Martin SG. Thioredoxin System Protein Expression Is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcome in Adult and Paediatric Gliomas and Medulloblastomas. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2889-2901. [PMID: 32418115 PMCID: PMC7320063 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system is an important enzyme family that regulates cellular redox homeostasis. Protein expression of Trx system family members has been assessed in various cancers and linked to various clinicopathological variables, disease progression, treatment response and survival outcomes but information is lacking in brain tumours. Expression of the system was therefore examined, by immunohistochemistry in different brain tumour types, adult and paediatric cases, to determine if expression was of importance to clinical outcome. Trx system proteins were expressed, to variable levels, across all brain tumour types with significant variations in expression between different tumour types/grades/regions. High Trx reductase (TrxR) expression was linked to worse prognosis across all cohorts. High cytoplasmic TrxR expression was significantly associated with adverse overall survival (OS) in adult glioblastoma (P = 0.027) and paediatric low-grade glioma (LGG) patients (P = 0.012). High expression of nuclear TrxR, cytoplasmic and nuclear Trx and Trx-interacting protein (TxNIP) was associated with improved OS in paediatric LGGs (P = 0.031, P < 0.001, P = 0.044 and P = 0.018, respectively). For patients with high-grade gliomas, both high cytoplasmic TrxR and Trx expression were associated with poor OS (P = 0.002 and P = 0.007, respectively). In medulloblastoma, high expression of cytoplasmic TrxR and Trx and nuclear Trx was associated with worse prognosis (P = 0.013, P = 0.033 and P = 0.007, respectively); with cytoplasmic TrxR and nuclear Trx remaining so in multivariate analysis (P = 0.009 and P = 0.013, respectively). The consistent finding that high levels of cytoplasmic TrxR are associated with a worse prognosis across all cohorts suggests that TrxR is an important therapeutic target in brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Yao
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sarah J Storr
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Khaled Al-Hadyan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Radiation Biology Section, Biomedical Physics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Simon Paine
- Department of Neuropathology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. .,Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Serrano JJ, Delgado B, Medina MÁ. Control of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis through modulation of cell redox state. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188352. [PMID: 32035101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions pervade all biology. The control of cellular redox state is essential for bioenergetics and for the proper functioning of many biological functions. This review traces a timeline of findings regarding the connections between redox and cancer. There is ample evidence of the involvement of cellular redox state on the different hallmarks of cancer. Evidence of the control of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis through modulation of cell redox state is reviewed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Serrano
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Delgado
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain; IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), E-29071 Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Vilela MD, Pedrosa HA, Dias Filho MA. A Hemorrhagic Clival Chordoma with a Long Progression-Free Survival. World Neurosurg 2017; 105:1042.e1-1042.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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