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Mirsharif ES, Rostamian A, Salehi M, Askari N, Ghazanfari T. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) +49A>G (rs231775) gene polymorphism is not associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality in an Iranian population. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23308. [PMID: 38116190 PMCID: PMC10726245 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) regulates T cell immune responses as an immune activation inhibitor. Literature reviews suggest that COVID-19 is associated with dysregulation of the inflammatory immune response. The purpose of the present hospital-based case-control study was to evaluate the genetic association of the CTLA4 +49A > G (rs231775) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) with COVID-19 severity and mortality among the Iranian people. Method Genomic DNA of peripheral blood nuclear cells was extracted from the 794 COVID-19 patients and 167 control individuals. The polymorphic site of rs231775 was genotyped using the PCR-RFLP technique. Also, to identify whether this genetic variation was related to CTLA-4 mRNA expression, total RNA was extracted from 178 COVID-19 patients and 70 controls. The mRNA levels of CTLA-4 were determined using real-time PCR. Result There were no statistically significant differences found in the genotype and allele frequencies among the different genetic models with regards to the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Furthermore, there was no significant association between rs231775 genotypes and CTLA-4 mRNA expression in patients. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection is not associated with rs231775 in the Iranian people. More investigations are crucial to show how this genetic variation affects other ethnic groups. Given the importance of CTLA-4 in regulating immune responses, further studies are recommended to examine other CTLA-4 SNPs and the function of this gene in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdolrahman Rostamian
- Rheumatology Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Salehi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Medicines, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayere Askari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahid Bahonar, University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Tan X, Liu C, Sun L. Association between CTLA4 + 49A/G polymorphism and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 43:302-315. [PMID: 37679967 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2255626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compile the data examining the association between the CTLA4 + 49 A/G polymorphism and the risk for HCC. Multiple databases were systematically searched for eligible studies and the pooled odds ratios (ORs) were generated using five genetic models. Pooled data from 11 studies with 3,055 HCC patients and 3,450 controls found no statistically significant association between the polymorphism and HCC risk, both overall and in subgroup analyses. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis shows that the CTLA4 + 49 A/G polymorphism is not significantly associated with the risk of developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Tan
- Department of Intervention Chemotherapy, Zibo First Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Intervention Chemotherapy, Zibo First Hospital, Zibo, China
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Darmadi D, Lindarto D, Siregar J, Widyawati T, Rusda M, Amin MM, Yusuf F, Eyanoer PC, Lubis M, Rey I. Factors affecting HBV DNA suppression in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. F1000Res 2023; 11:1521. [PMID: 37767077 PMCID: PMC10521109 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.128116.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to determine the factors affecting HBV DNA suppression in chronic hepatitis B patients with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Methods: A case-control was carried out from October 2021 to August 2022 on 182 chronic hepatitis B patients who had TDF therapy regularly for 24 weeks at H. Adam Malik and USU Hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. The history of the samples was obtained, followed by physical examination, and blood collection. CTLA-4 polymorphism examination was carried out using real-time PCR, while the serum CTLA-4 levels were assessed with ELISA. Results: The CTLA-4 -1661G>A polymorphism, genotype GG+AG, increased 1.52 times risk of not achieving HBV DNA suppression to TDF compared to genotype AA (p=0.041). High CTLA-4 levels increased 2.28 times risk, high HBV DNA levels increased 2.09 times risk, low ALT levels increased 1.95 times risk of not achieving HBV DNA suppression (p= 0.009, 0.026, 0.036, respectively). There was no relationship between gender, age, ethnicity, obesity, baseline AST, HBeAg, genotype, liver fibrosis and HBV DNA suppression after 24 weeks of treatment (p>0.05). Conclusions: The levels of CTLA-4, HBV DNA, ALT, and CTLA-4 -1661G>A polymorphism have a potential relationship with the suppression of HBV DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients with TDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darmadi Darmadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Dharma Lindarto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Jelita Siregar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Tri Widyawati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Master Program in Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Rusda
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Mustafa Mahmud Amin
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Fauzi Yusuf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Putri Chairani Eyanoer
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Masrul Lubis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Imelda Rey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
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Bouqdayr M, Abbad A, Baba H, Saih A, Wakrim L, Kettani A. Computational analysis of structural and functional evaluation of the deleterious missense variants in the human CTLA4 gene. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14179-14196. [PMID: 36764830 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2178509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an immune checkpoint receptor that negatively regulates the T-cell function expressed after T-cell activation to break the immune response. The current study predicted the genomic analysis to explore the functional variations of missense SNPs in the human CTLA4 gene using PolyPhen2, SIFT, PANTHER, PROVEAN, Fathmm, Mutation Assessor, PhD-SNP, SNPs&GO, SNAP2, and MutPred2. Phylogenetic conservation protein was predicted by ConSurf. Protein structural analysis was carried out by I-Mutant3, MUpro, iStable2, PremPS, and ERIS servers. Molecular dynamics trajectory analysis (RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, H-bonds, and PCA) was performed to analyze the dynamic behavior of native and mutant CTLA-4 at the atomic level. Our in-silico analysis suggested that C58S, G118R, P137Q, P137R, P137L, P138T, and G146L variants were predicted to be the most deleterious missense variants and highly conserved residues. Moreover, the molecular dynamics analysis proposed a decrease in the protein stability and compactness with the P137R and P138T highlighting the impact of these variants on the function of the CTLA-4 protein.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bouqdayr
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Virology Unit, Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anass Abbad
- Medical Virology and BSL-3 Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hanâ Baba
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Virology Unit, Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Asmae Saih
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Virology Unit, Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Wakrim
- Virology Unit, Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anass Kettani
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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Li S, Li N, Yang S, Deng H, Li Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Lv J, Dong L, Yu G, Hou X, Wang G. The study of immune checkpoint inhibitors in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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El Awady AA, Elshazli RM, El Awady AA, Elgaml A, Khalifa AK, Settin A. Association of CTLA4 c.49A > G (rs231775; p.Thr17Ala) gene variant with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Cho H, Kang H, Kim JY, Kim HY, Kim CW. FoxP3, PD-1 and CTLA-4 are decreased significantly after a tenofovir therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: FoxP3, PD-1 and CTLA-4 are upregulated in chronic viral infections, such as chronic HCV, chronic HBV and HIV infection. Materials & methods: During 1 year of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B, we investigated the expression of FoxP3, PD-1 and CTLA-4. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from the 30 study subjects at T0 (0 months), T3, T6 and T12 months after the commencement of TDF treatment. Results & conclusion: Expression of FoxP3, PD-1 and CTLA-4 was significantly decreased in T cells of patients with chronic hepatitis B under TDF treatment at T12, when compared with that at T0. A direct correlation was observed between FoxP3 and CTLA-4 expression in patients with chronic hepatitis B and the frequency of FoxP3 was positively associated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosun Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojeung Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang W Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang L, Li N, Fan X, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang K, Han Q, Lv Y, Liu Z. Circulating CTLA-4 levels and CTLA4 polymorphisms associate with disease condition and progression and hepatocellular carcinoma patients' survival in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106377. [PMID: 32163858 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CTLA-4 is involved in the immune dysfunction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study analyzed the association of circulating CTLA-4 levels and CTLA4 polymorphisms with disease condition and progression in chronic HBV infection. METHODS Serum CTLA-4 levels and CTLA4 rs231775 and rs5742909 polymorphisms were determined in patients with various HBV-related diseases [53 asymptomatic HBV carrier status (ASC), 147 chronic hepatitis, 130 cirrhosis and 102 HCC] and nearly a 10-year follow-up. RESULTS Serum CTLA-4 levels were stepwisely increased from ASC, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis to HCC and independently associated with HCC (OR 2.628, P < 0.001). HCC patients had lower frequencies of rs231775 genotype GA, genotype AA and allele A than ASC, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis patients. Rs231775 genotype GG was independently associated with HCC (OR 2.324, P = 0.010) and higher CTLA-4 levels in patients with HBV infection. In the follow-up, higher baseline CTLA-4 levels and CTLA4 rs231775 genotype GG significantly associated with disease progression from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis (OR 2.561, P = 0.011 and OR 2.799, P = 0.015, respectively) or from cirrhosis to HCC (OR 2.673, P = 0.008 and OR 2.097, P = 0.023, respectively) and with a shorter overall survival in HCC patients (HR 0.317, P = 0.018 and HR 0.682, P = 0.026, respectively). Rs5742909 had no significant association with CTLA-4 levels and disease progression. CONCLUSION CTLA-4 levels and CTLA4 rs231775 polymorphism associate with the disease condition and progression and HCC development in chronic HBV infection and their determination may be used for monitoring disease progression and predicting patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; The Eighth Hospital of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiude Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Su TH, Yang HC, Tseng TC, Liou JM, Liu CH, Chen CL, Chen PJ, Chen DS, Liu CJ, Kao JH. Distinct Relapse Rates and Risk Predictors After Discontinuing Tenofovir and Entecavir Therapy. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1193-1201. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hung Su
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chung Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Jin-shan Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ming Liou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hua Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ling Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tanasilovic S, Popadic S, Medenica L, Popadic D. Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus determined by CD86 and CTLA4 polymorphisms. Clin Dermatol 2016; 35:236-241. [PMID: 28274366 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are rare autoimmune blistering diseases with presumed T-cell-dependent pathology. Activation of naïve T cells is dependent on antigen recognition, subsequent signaling through the T-cell receptor complex (signal 1), and various other interactions of T cells with antigen presenting cells that may be collectively designated as signal 2, which is unconditionally required for T-cell activation both in response to infection and to autoantigens. Among the best described interactions contributing to signal 2 are those mediated by B7 family molecules, such as CD80 and CD86 with their ligands; CD28, providing activation signals; and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), conferring inhibition. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes encoding those molecules may alter the signaling process. It is not known whether functional genetic polymorphisms within genes encoding the aforementioned proteins may increase risk for developing PV and PF and, if so, whether they might serve as biomarkers for susceptibility to these diseases. To address those questions, we examined functional single nucleotide polymorphisms within CD86 (rs1129055) and CTLA4 (rs733618 and rs5742909) genes in 61 pemphigus patients and 486 healthy controls. We found statistically significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between PV patients and controls for rs1129055, as well as for rs5742909 among PV and PF patients. Namely, the rs1129055 A allele was significantly more common in PV patients compared with controls (35.4% versus 25.7%, respectively; P = .040), whereas the rs5742909 T allele was significantly more common in PF compared with PV patients (19.2% versus 5.2%, respectively; P = .035). The frequency of the rs5742909 T allele did not, however, differ significantly in PF or in PV compared with controls (10.5%; P = .187 and P = .100, respectively). We report a novel association of SNPs within CD86 and CTLA4 genes with pemphigus. The CD86 rs1129055 A allele appears to confer susceptibility to PV but not to PF. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Tanasilovic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Popadic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Medenica
- Department of Dermatovenereology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusan Popadic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Cheng LS, Liu Y, Jiang W. Restoring homeostasis of CD4 + T cells in hepatitis-B-virus-related liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10721-10731. [PMID: 26478664 PMCID: PMC4600574 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i38.10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated liver injury is widely seen during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Unsuccessful immune clearance of HBV results in chronic hepatitis and increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV-related liver fibrosis (HBVLF), occurring as a result of HBV-induced chronic hepatitis, is a reversible, intermediate stage of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and liver cirrhosis. Therefore, defining the pathogenesis of HBVLF is of practical significance for achieving better clinical outcomes. Recently, the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells was considered to be pivotal in the process of HBVLF. To better uncover the underlying mechanisms, in this review, we systematically retrospect the impacts of different CD4+ T-cell subsets on CHB and HBVLF. We emphasize CD4+ T-cell homeostasis and the important balance between regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. We discuss some cytokines associated with Treg and Th17 cells such as interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, IL-21, IL-23, IL-10, IL-35 and IL-33, as well as surface molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 and cannabinoid receptor 2 that have potential therapeutic implications for the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells in CHB and HBVLF.
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