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Yang J, Zou J, Mai H, Hong T, Liu H, Feng D. Curcumin protects against high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic simple fatty liver by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression via down-regulation of SREBP-2/HNF1α pathway in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2023:109403. [PMID: 37307885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mediates cholesterol absorption and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic simple fatty liver (NASFL). Our previous study showed that curcumin reduced NPC1L1 expression and cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. This study aimed to investigate whether curcumin could inhibit intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression through suppressing sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) / hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) pathway, then exert anti-NASFL effects. Six-week hamsters were fed high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.1% curcumin for 12 weeks. Curcumin supplementation lowered blood total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (20.2%, 48.7% and 36.5%), and reduced liver TC and TG contents (26.1% and 26.5%). Oil Red O staining demonstrated that curcumin significantly alleviated HFD-induced liver fat accumulation and hepatic steatosis, which was accompanied by reduced intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1, SREBP-2 and HNF1α expression (p < 0.05) and increased fecal neutral sterol excretion (114.5%). Furthermore, curcumin decreased cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells and HepG2 cells (49.2 % and 52.7 %). The inhibitory effects of curcumin on NPC1L1 expression and cholesterol absorption could be prevented by blockade of the SREBP-2 and HNF1α pathway. These findings indicated that curcumin protected against HFD-induced NASFL by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression via down-regulation of SREBP-2/HNF1α pathway, thus reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption and hepatic biliary cholesterol reabsorption, consequently alleviating liver cholesterol accumulation and steatosis. Our study provides evidence for curcumin as a potential nutritional therapy for NASFL by regulating NPC1L1 and enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Haiyan Mai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Yu WQ, Wang XL, Ji HH, Miao M, Zhang BH, Li H, Zhang ZY, Ji CF, Guo SD. CM3-SII polysaccharide obtained from Cordyceps militaris ameliorates hyperlipidemia in heterozygous LDLR-deficient hamsters by modulating gut microbiota and NPC1L1 and PPARα levels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124293. [PMID: 37011745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that polysaccharides derived from edible fungi have lipid-lowering effects in mice. However, the lipid metabolism mechanisms in mice and humans are different. We have previously elucidated the structural characteristics of the alkali-extracted polysaccharide CM3-SII obtained from Cordyceps militaris. This study aimed to investigate whether CM3-SII could ameliorate hyperlipidemia in a heterozygous low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient hamster model of hyperlipidemia. Our data demonstrated that CM3-SII significantly decreased total plasma cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in heterozygous LDLR-deficient hamsters. Unlike ezetimibe, CM3-SII could enhance the concentration of plasma apolipoprotein A1 and the expression of liver X receptor α/ATP-binding cassette transporter G8 mRNA pathway and suppress the expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1, which help to reduce cholesterol levels further. Moreover, the results of molecular docking analysis demonstrated that CM3-SII could directly bind to Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 with high affinity. The triglyceride-lowering mechanisms of CM3-SII were related to its downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Importantly, CM3-SII increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and Faecalibaculum and the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes. Thus, CM3-SII attenuated hyperlipidemia by modulating the expression of multiple molecules involved in lipid metabolism and the gut microbiota.
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Kim DY, Chung KS, Park JY, Gee HY. Preventive effect of empagliflozin and ezetimibe on hepatic steatosis in adults and murine models. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114445. [PMID: 36842353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though many oral glucose-lowering or lipid-lowering agents have already been reported to improve hepatic steatosis to some degree, which drug had a more beneficial effect on hepatic steatosis among those drugs has not been precisely explored. We analysed the effect of empagliflozi, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and ezetimibe on developing hepatic steatosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using 4005,779 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or dyslipidemia provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) between January 2015 and December 2015, we analyzed the odds ratio (OR) of fatty liver development (fatty liver index [FLI] >60). Additionally, we examined the metabolic effects of ezetimibe and empagliflozin in mice fed with a choline-deficient high-fat diet, mimicking the features of human NAFLD. The experiment for agents was performed for the non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse models independently. In the NHIS data, ORs for the development of fatty liver were significantly lower in all treatment groups than in the reference group, which did not receive ezetimibe or empagliflozin. (Ezetimibe therapy; OR=0.962, empagliflozin therapy; OR=0.527, ezetimibe plus empagliflozin; OR=0.509 compared to reference therapy). Unlike non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model, ezetimibe, empagliflozin, and combination therapy also reduced liver steatosis in the non-alcoholic fatty liver mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Compared with other agents, empagliflozin and/or ezetimibe treatment reduced the risk of developing hepatic steatosis. Our data suggest that empagliflozin or ezetimibe can be primarily considered in type 2 DM or dyslipidemia patients to prevent hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sik Chung
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Tzanaki I, Agouridis AP, Kostapanos MS. Is there a role of lipid-lowering therapies in the management of fatty liver disease? World J Hepatol 2022; 14:119-139. [PMID: 35126843 PMCID: PMC8790403 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. It is highly prevalent in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with this condition. Alongside insulin resistance it plays an important pathogenetic role in NAFLD/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development and progression. It has been shown that cholesterol-lowering reduces cardiovascular risk more in NAFLD vs non-NAFLD high-risk individuals. This evidence highlights the importance of effective lipid modulation in NAFLD. In this narrative review the effects of the most commonly used lipid-lowering therapies on liver outcomes alongside their therapeutic implications in NAFLD/NASH are critically discussed. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that statins reduce hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD/NASH. Most data are derived from observational and small prospective clinical studies using changes in liver enzyme activities, steatosis/fibrosis scores, and imaging evidence of steatosis as surrogates. Also, relevant histologic benefits were noted in small biopsy studies. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin showed greater benefits, whereas data for other statins are scarce and sometimes conflicting. Similar studies to those of statins showed efficacy of ezetimibe against hepatic steatosis. However, no significant anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions of ezetimibe have been shown. Preclinical studies showed that fibrates through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α activation may have a role in NAFLD prevention and management. Nevertheless, no relevant benefits have been noted in human studies. Species-related differences in PPARα expression and its activation responsiveness may help explain this discrepancy. Omega-3 fatty acids reduced hepatic steatosis in numerous heterogeneous studies, but their benefits on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis have not been established. Promising preliminary data for the highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid require further confirmation. Observational studies suggest that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin9 inhibitors may also have a role in the management of NAFLD, though this needs to be established by future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismini Tzanaki
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Aris P Agouridis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Michael S Kostapanos
- General Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge CB20QQ, United Kingdom
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Yu WQ, Yin F, Shen N, Lin P, Xia B, Li YJ, Guo SD. Polysaccharide CM1 from Cordyceps militaris hinders adipocyte differentiation and alleviates hyperlipidemia in LDLR (+/-) hamsters. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:178. [PMID: 34895241 PMCID: PMC8667404 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris is cultured widely as an edible mushroom and accumulating evidence in mice have demonstrated that the polysaccharides of Cordyceps species have lipid-lowering effects. However, lipid metabolism in mice is significantly different from that in humans, making a full understanding of the mechanisms at play critical. Methods After 5 months, the hamsters were weighed and sampled under anesthesia after overnight fasting. The lipid-lowering effect and mechanisms of the polysaccharide CM1 was investigated by cellular and molecular technologies. Furthermore, the effect of the polysaccharide CM1 (100 μg/mL) on inhibiting adipocyte differentiation was investigated in vitro. Results CM1, a polysaccharide from C. militaris, significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride and epididymal fat index in LDLR(+/−) hamsters, which have a human-like lipid profile. After 5 months’ administration, CM1 decreased the plasma level of apolipoprotein B48, modulated the expression of key genes and proteins in liver, small intestine, and epididymal fat. CM1 also inhibited preadipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells by downregulating the key genes involved in lipid droplet formation. Conclusions The polysaccharide CM1 lowers lipid and adipocyte differentiation by several pathways, and it has potential applications for hyperlipidemia prevention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01606-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Yu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Baotongxi street 7166#, Weifang, Shandong province, China
| | - Fan Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Baotongxi street 7166#, Weifang, Shandong province, China
| | - Nuo Shen
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Baotongxi street 7166#, Weifang, Shandong province, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Baotongxi street 7166#, Weifang, Shandong province, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Baotongxi street 7166#, Weifang, Shandong province, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Baotongxi street 7166#, Weifang, Shandong province, China.
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Baotongxi street 7166#, Weifang, Shandong province, China.
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Tanaka Y, Kamisako T. Regulation of the expression of cholesterol transporters by lipid-lowering drugs ezetimibe and pemafibrate in rat liver and intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166215. [PMID: 34265370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ezetimibe and pemafibrate are lipid-lowering drugs and promote reverse cholesterol transport. However, it is unknown whether cholesterol is mainly excreted by hepatobiliary excretion or by non-biliary transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). We evaluated the effects of ezetimibe and pemafibrate on hepatic and intestinal cholesterol transporter regulation in Sham-operated rats, and examined the effects of these drugs on TICE in bile duct-ligated rats. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated as follows for two weeks: 1) Sham, Sham operation; 2) BDL, bile duct ligation; 3) E-Sham, Sham + ezetimibe; 4) E-BDL, BDL + ezetimibe; 5) P-Sham, Sham + pemafibrate; and 6) P-BDL, BDL + pemafibrate. Blood, liver, jejunum, and feces were collected 72 h post-surgery. Hepatic cholesterol levels were decreased in P-Sham and E-Sham, and were lower in E-BDL and P-BDL than in BDL. Fecal cholesterol levels increased in E-Sham and P-Sham compared with Sham, and were higher in E-BDL and P-BDL than in BDL. In liver, Abcg5 mRNA showed induction in E-Sham, Abcg5 and Abca1 mRNA were induced in P-Sham, Abcg5 mRNA was reduced in E-BDL, and Abca1 mRNA was increased in P-BDL. In jejunum, Abcg5 mRNA was induced in E-Sham. Abcg8 mRNA was induced in E-Sham and P-Sham. NPC1L1 mRNA showed reduced expression in P-Sham and P-BDL. SR-B1 mRNA was reduced in P-Sham, and the expression decreased in P-BDL. LDL receptor mRNA was induced in BDL and P-BDL. Ezetimibe and pemafibrate may promote TICE by increasing Abcg5/g8, while pemafibrate may inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption by decreasing SR-B1 and NPC1L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Kamisako
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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Kim JJ, Wilbon SS, Fornoni A. Podocyte Lipotoxicity in CKD. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:755-762. [PMID: 35373048 PMCID: PMC8791311 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006152020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CKD represents the ninth most common cause of death in the United States but, despite this large health burden, treatment options for affected patients remain limited. To remedy this, several relevant pathways have been identified that may lead to novel therapeutic options. Among them, altered renal lipid metabolism, first described in 1982, has been recognized as a common pathway in clinical and experimental CKD of both metabolic and nonmetabolic origin. This observation has led many researchers to investigate the cause of this renal parenchyma lipid accumulation and its downstream effect on renal structure and function. Among key cellular components of the kidney parenchyma, podocytes are terminally differentiated cells that cannot be easily replaced when lost. Clinical and experimental evidence supports a role of reduced podocyte number in the progression of CKD. Given the importance of the podocytes in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier and the accumulation of TG and cholesterol-rich lipid droplets in the podocyte and glomerulus in kidney diseases that cause CKD, understanding the upstream cause and downstream consequences of lipid accumulation in podocytes may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we hope to consolidate our understanding of the causes and consequences of dysregulated renal lipid metabolism in CKD development and progression, with a major focus on podocytes.
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Kant R, Lu CK, Nguyen HM, Hsiao HH, Chen CJ, Hsiao HP, Lin KJ, Fang CC, Yen CH. 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose ameliorates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and maintains the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110348. [PMID: 32554245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most frequently occurring liver disorder in the world. However, a specific drug for the treatment of patients with NAFLD is not available. Therefore, the discovery of novel compounds for the treatment of NAFLD and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of therapeutic drugs that can be used to treat this disease are urgently needed. 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG) is known to exert anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects. However, little is known about the therapeutic potential of PGG in NAFLD. In this study, we investigated the effects of PGG on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model of NAFLD. PGG was co-administered along with an HFD to C57BL/6 mice. After eight weeks of treatment, serum biochemistry, liver steatosis, and lipid metabolism-related genes were examined. The results showed that PGG treatment significantly reduced HFD-induced gain in body weight, liver steatosis, and leukocyte infiltration in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PGG treatment markedly reduced serum triglyceride and glucose levels in HFD mice. Moreover, alterations in the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including Hmgcr, Acc1, Abca1, Mttp, and Cd36, observed in the livers of HFD-treated mice were significantly reversed by PGG treatment. PGG significantly reduced HFD-induced protein expression of CD36, which is associated with fatty acid uptake, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and increased hepatic steatosis, in the liver of HFD mice. These results suggest that PGG inhibits HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and reverses HFD-induced alterations of gene expression in lipid metabolism. PGG has been shown to be well tolerated; therefore, it has potential uses in NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, College of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hien Minh Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Ju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Pin Hsiao
- Section of Pediatric Genetics and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Jay Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chieh Fang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Yoon IC, Eun JR. Pharmacologic therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis focusing on pathophysiology. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2019; 36:67-77. [PMID: 31620616 PMCID: PMC6784634 DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of chronic liver diseases has been shifting. Although hepatitis B and C viral infections are still the main causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the introduction of effective antiviral drugs may control or cure them in the near future. In contrast, the burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing for decades, and 25 to 30% of the general population in Korea is estimated to have NAFLD. Over 10% of NAFLD patients may have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of NAFLD. NASH can progress to cirrhosis and HCC. NASH is currently the second leading cause to be placed on the liver transplantation list in the United States. NAFLD is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. The pathophysiology is complex and associated with lipotoxicity, inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and insulin resistance. The only proven effective treatment is weight reduction by diet and exercise. However, this may not be effective for advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Therefore, effective drugs are urgently needed for treating these conditions. Unfortunately, no drugs have been approved for the treatment of NASH. Many pharmaceutical companies are trying to develop new drugs for the treatment of NASH. Some of them are in phase 2 or 3 clinical trials. Here, pharmacologic therapies in clinical trials, as well as the basic principles of drug therapy, will be reviewed, focusing on pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Cheol Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Ryeol Eun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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Henkel J, Alfine E, Saín J, Jöhrens K, Weber D, Castro JP, König J, Stuhlmann C, Vahrenbrink M, Jonas W, Kleinridders A, Püschel GP. Soybean Oil-Derived Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Liver Damage in NAFLD Induced by Dietary Cholesterol. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091326. [PMID: 30231595 PMCID: PMC6164134 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of atherosclerosis has probably been overestimated, increasing evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol might favor the transition from blunt steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), especially in combination with high fat diets. It is poorly understood how cholesterol alone or in combination with other dietary lipid components contributes to the development of lipotoxicity. The current study demonstrated that liver damage caused by dietary cholesterol in mice was strongly enhanced by a high fat diet containing soybean oil-derived ω6-poly-unsaturated fatty acids (ω6-PUFA), but not by a lard-based high fat diet containing mainly saturated fatty acids. In contrast to the lard-based diet the soybean oil-based diet augmented cholesterol accumulation in hepatocytes, presumably by impairing cholesterol-eliminating pathways. The soybean oil-based diet enhanced cholesterol-induced mitochondrial damage and amplified the ensuing oxidative stress, probably by peroxidation of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. This resulted in hepatocyte death, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and caused a transition from steatosis to NASH, doubling the NASH activity score. Thus, the recommendation to reduce cholesterol intake, in particular in diets rich in ω6-PUFA, although not necessary to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, might be sensible for patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Henkel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Eugenia Alfine
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Junior Research Group Central Regulation of Metabolism; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Juliana Saín
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of the Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe S3000, Argentina.
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden; D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - José P Castro
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jeannette König
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Christin Stuhlmann
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Madita Vahrenbrink
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Wenke Jonas
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - André Kleinridders
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Junior Research Group Central Regulation of Metabolism; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard P Püschel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Chitobiose alleviates oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation by decreasing fatty acid uptake and triglyceride synthesis in HepG2 cells. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Nakahara T, Hyogo H, Ono A, Nagaoki Y, Kawaoka T, Miki D, Tsuge M, Hiraga N, Hayes CN, Hiramatsu A, Imamura M, Kawakami Y, Aikata H, Ochi H, Abe-Chayama H, Furusho H, Shintani T, Kurihara H, Miyauchi M, Takata T, Arihiro K, Chayama K. Involvement of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:269-280. [PMID: 28741270 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-017-1368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The risk factors in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not been fully clarified. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) has been considered to be a confounding risk factor for systemic diseases. We aimed to evaluate the effect of P.g infection on risk of progression to NASH. METHODS (1) Serum IgG antibody titers against P.g fimbriae (fimA) in 200 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients were measured by ELISA and compared with histological findings. (2) C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (CD) or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without P.g-odontogenic infection and analyzed histologically. Mouse livers were analyzed using CE-TOFMS and LC-TOFMS. RESULTS (1) A significant correlation between fibrosis progression and antibody titers against P.g possessing fimA type 4 was identified (P = 0.0081). Multivariate analysis identified older age and type 4 P.g-positivity as risk factors for advanced fibrosis. (2) Fibrosis and steatosis were more severe in HFD P.g(+) mice compared with HFD P.g(-) mice. In metabolome analysis, fatty acid metabolism was significantly disrupted with HFD in P.g-infected mouse livers. Monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios were significantly higher in the HFD P.g(+) group than in the HFD P.g(-) group (P < 0.05). Moreover, expression levels of SCD1 and ELOVL6 were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that P.g infection is an important risk factor for pathological progression in NAFLD. Increase in the monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio may be an important change that facilitates progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hyogo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, JA Hiroshima General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Nagaoki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Clair Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiiku Kawakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hisako Furusho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shintani
- Center of Oral Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Al Zarzour RH, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ, Kaur G, Saeed MAA, Al-Mansoub MA, Saghir SAM, Usman NS, Al-Dulaimi DW, Yam MF. Phyllanthus Niruri Standardized Extract Alleviates the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Decreases Atherosclerotic Risk in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:E766. [PMID: 28718838 PMCID: PMC5537880 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major global health issues, strongly correlated with insulin resistance, obesity and oxidative stress. The current study aimed to evaluate anti-NAFLD effects of three different extracts of Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri). NAFLD was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats using a special high-fat diet (HFD). A 50% methanolic extract (50% ME) exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against NAFLD progression. It significantly reduced hepatomegaly (16%) and visceral fat weight (22%), decreased NAFLD score, prevented fibrosis, and reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) (48%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (65%), free fatty acids (FFAs) (25%), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (45%), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (38%), insulin concentration (67%), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (73%), serum atherogenic ratios TC/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (29%), LDL/HDL (66%) and (TC-HDL)/HDL (64%), hepatic content of cholesterol (43%), triglyceride (29%) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (40%) compared to a non-treated HFD group. In vitro, 50% ME of P. niruri inhibited α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase enzymes and cholesterol micellization. It also had higher total phenolic and total flavonoid contents compared to other extracts. Ellagic acid and phyllanthin were identified as major compounds. These results suggest that P. niruri could be further developed as a novel natural hepatoprotective agent against NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghdaa Hamdan Al Zarzour
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Mariam Ahmad
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed Ali Ahmed Saeed
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Majed Ahmed Al-Mansoub
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Sultan Ayesh Mohammed Saghir
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Nasiba Salisu Usman
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Dhamraa W Al-Dulaimi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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14
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Ham JR, Lee HI, Choi RY, Sim MO, Choi MS, Kwon EY, Yun KW, Kim MJ, Lee MK. Anti-obesity and anti-hepatosteatosis effects of dietary scopoletin in high-fat diet fed mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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15
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Cao M, Li X, Zhang B, Han S, Yang Y, Zhou B, Zhang Y. The effect of polyene phosphatidyl choline intervention on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and related mechanism. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2325-2330. [PMID: 27347340 PMCID: PMC4891445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has similar clinical pathological changes to alcoholic hepatitis. It shows increased incidence and young trend year by year. Polyene phosphatidyl choline (PPC) is widely used in clinic for liver disease treatment. The effect and mechanism of PPC on NASH have not been fully elucidated. Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly equally divided into control, NASH group, and PPC group. NASH model was established by high fat diet. PPC was intraperitoneal injected to NASH rat from the second week at 80 mg/kg·d for three weeks. Body weight, liver weight index, ALT, AST, TG, and TC were tested. TNF-α and IL-1β levels were detected by ELISA. NF-κB mRNA and protein expression in liver tissue were determined by real time PCR and Western blot. SOD activity and ROS content were measured by colorimetry. NASH rat presented significantly elevated body weight and liver weight index, increased ROS content, declined SOD activity, enhanced liver function and inflammatory factors expression, and upregulated NF-κB mRNA and protein levels compared with control (P < 0.05). PPC intervention obviously reduced body weight and liver weight index, declined ROS content, amplified SOD activity, decreased liver function, weakened inflammatory factor TNF-α and IL-1β expression, and downregulated NF-κB mRNA and protein levels compared with NASH group (P < 0.05). PPC can play a treatment effect on NASH through regulating oxidative balance, inhibiting inflammatory factors and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Cao
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bingyong Zhang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Shuangyin Han
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yuxiu Yang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bingxi Zhou
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yanri Zhang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou 450003, China
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16
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Kinlaw WB, Baures PW, Lupien LE, Davis WL, Kuemmerle NB. Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer: Make Them on Site or Have Them Delivered. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2128-41. [PMID: 26844415 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brisk fatty acid (FA) production by cancer cells is accommodated by the Warburg effect. Most breast and other cancer cell types are addicted to fatty acids (FA), which they require for membrane phospholipid synthesis, signaling purposes, and energy production. Expression of the enzymes required for FA synthesis is closely linked to each of the major classes of signaling molecules that stimulate BC cell proliferation. This review focuses on the regulation of FA synthesis in BC cells, and the impact of FA, or the lack thereof, on the tumor cell phenotype. Given growing awareness of the impact of dietary fat and obesity on BC biology, we will also examine the less-frequently considered notion that, in addition to de novo FA synthesis, the lipolytic uptake of preformed FA may also be an important mechanism of lipid acquisition. Indeed, it appears that cancer cells may exist at different points along a "lipogenic-lipolytic axis," and FA uptake could thwart attempts to exploit the strict requirement for FA focused solely on inhibition of de novo FA synthesis. Strategies for clinically targeting FA metabolism will be discussed, and the current status of the medicinal chemistry in this area will be assessed. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2128-2141, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Kinlaw
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Paul W Baures
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State University, Keene, New Hampshire
| | - Leslie E Lupien
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Wilson L Davis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, White River Junction VAMC, White River Junction, Vermont
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17
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Ouyang Q, Huang Z, Lin H, Ni J, Lu H, Chen X, Wang Z, Lin L. Apolipoprotein E deficiency and high-fat diet cooperate to trigger lipidosis and inflammation in the lung via the toll-like receptor 4 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2589-97. [PMID: 25975841 PMCID: PMC4464450 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE(-/-)) combined with a high-fat Western-type diet (WD) is known to activate the toll-like receptor (TLR4) pathway and promote atherosclerosis. However, to date, the pathogenic effects of these conditions on the lung have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of ApoE(-/-) and a WD on lung injury and investigated the underlying mechanisms. ApoE(-/-) and wild-type mice were fed a WD or normal chow diet for 4, 12 and 24 weeks. Lung inflammation, lung cholesterol content and cytokines profiles in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. TLR4 and its main downstream molecules were analyzed with western blot analysis. In addition, the role of the TLR4 pathway was further validated using TLR4-targeted gene silencing. The results showed that ApoE(-/-) mice developed lung lipidosis following 12 weeks of receiving a WD, as evidenced by an increased lung cholesterol content. Moreover, dependent on the time period of receiving the diet, those mice exhibited pulmonary inflammation, which was manifested by initial leukocyte recruitment (at 4 weeks), by increased alveolar septal thickness and mean linear intercept as well as elevated production of inflammation mediators (at 12 weeks), and by granuloma formation (at 24 weeks). The expression levels of TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor kappa B were markedly upregulated in ApoE(-/-) WD mice at week 12. However, these effects were ameliorated by shRNA-mediated knockdown of TLR4. By contrast, ApoE(-/-) ND or wild-type WD mice exhibited low-grade or no inflammation and mild lipidosis. The levels of TLR4 and MyD88 in those mice showed only minor changes. In conclusion, ApoE deficiency acts synergistically with a WD to trigger lung lipidosis and inflammation at least in part via TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Ouyang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Huili Lin
- Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jingqin Ni
- Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Huixia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Rheumatism Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Rheumatism Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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