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Zhang W, Zhuang S, Guan H, Li F, Zou H, Li D. New insights into the anti-apoptotic mechanism of natural polyphenols in complex with Bax protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3081-3093. [PMID: 37184126 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive apoptosis can kill normal cells and lead to liver damage, heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants that can interact with proteins to inhibit toxins and disease-related apoptosis. Bax is the major pro-apoptotic protein that disrupts the outer mitochondrial membrane to induce apoptosis, but limited studies have focused on the interaction between polyphenols and Bax and the associated anti-apoptotic mechanisms, especially at the atomic level. In this article, we collected 69 common polyphenols for active ingredient screening targeting Bax. Polyphenols with better and worse molecular docking scores were selected, and their anti-apoptosis effects were compared using the H2O2-induced HepG2 cell model. The interactions between the selected polyphenols and Bax protein were analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-apoptosis effect. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with the best affinity for Bax (-6.76 and -6.52 kcal/mol) reduced the expression of cytochrome c and caspase 3, decreasing the apoptosis rate from 52 to 11% and 12%. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that Bim unfolded the α1-α2 loop of Bax, and disrupted the non-bond interactions between the loop (Pro-43, Glu-44 and Leu-45) and surface (Ile-133, Arg-134 and Met-137) residues, with binding free energy changed from -15.0 to 0 kJ/mol. The hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions formed between polyphenols and Bax prevented the unfolding of the loop. Taken together, our results proved that polyphenols can inhibit apoptosis by maintaining the unactivated conformation of Bax to reduce outer mitochondrial membrane damage.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | | | - Hui Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Qingdao Institute for Food and Drug Control, Qingdao, China
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2
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Ntamo Y, Jack B, Ziqubu K, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Nkambule BB, Nyambuya TM, Mabhida SE, Hanser S, Orlando P, Tiano L, Dludla PV. Epigallocatechin gallate as a nutraceutical to potentially target the metabolic syndrome: novel insights into therapeutic effects beyond its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:87-109. [PMID: 35916835 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the most abundant and powerful flavonoids contained in green tea. Because of the global increase in green tea consumption, there has been a general interest in understanding its health benefits, including its bioactive compounds like EGCG. Indeed, preclinical evidence already indicates that EGCG demonstrated a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could be essential in protecting against metabolic syndrome. The current review explores clinical evidence reporting on the beneficial effects of EGCG supplementation in obese subjects or patients with diverse metabolic complications that include type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The discussion incorporates the impact of different formulations of EGCG, as well as the effective doses and treatment duration. Importantly, besides highlighting the potential use of EGCG as a nutraceutical, the current review also discusses crucial evidence related to its pharmaceutical development as an agent to hinder metabolic diseases, including its bioavailability and metabolism profile, as well as its well-known biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonela Ntamo
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Babalwa Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | | | - Bongani B Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Sihle E Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sidney Hanser
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
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3
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Liu P, Huang J, Mei W, Zeng X, Wang C, Wen C, Xu J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-reoxygenation damage via raising autophagy related 4C expression. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9496-9506. [PMID: 34699312 PMCID: PMC8810140 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious issue during the therapy of myocardial infarction. Herein, we explored the beneficial influence of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-stimulated cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells damage, along with possible internal molecular mechanism related autophagy related 4C (ATG4C). H9c2 cells were subjected to H/R stimulation and/or EGCG treatment. ATG4C mRNA expression was measured via q-PCR assay. ATG4C overexpression plasmid (OE-ATG4C) was transfected to arise ATG4C level. Cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ATP level were tested via CCK-8 assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, DCFH-DA staining and ATP Assay Kit, respectively. Western blotting was performed to test Cleaved-caspase 3, Cleaved-caspase 9, cytochrome C, and LC3B protein levels. H/R stimulation resulted in H9c2 cell viability loss, promoted cell apoptosis, and ROS overproduction, as well as lowered ATP level in cells. EGCG treatment alleviated H/R-resulted H9c2 cell viability loss, cell apoptosis, ROS overproduction, and reduction of ATP level. Moreover, H/R stimulation reduced the ATG4C expression in H9c2 cells, while EGCG raised the ATG4C expression. Overexpression of ATG4C strengthened the beneficial influence of EGCG on H/R-stimulated H9c2 cell viability, apoptosis and ROS production. Besides, ATG4C overexpression weakened the H/R-stimulated H9c2 cell autophagy via reducing LC3B II/I expression. EGCG exerted beneficial influence on H/R-stimulated cardiomyocytes, which protected cardiomyocytes from H/R-stimulated viability loss, apoptosis, and ROS overproduction via enhancing ATG4C expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanzhen Mei
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingfang Zeng
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuan Wen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Pharmacology of Catechins in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Heart. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091390. [PMID: 34573022 PMCID: PMC8465198 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechins represent a group of polyphenols that possesses various beneficial effects in the cardiovascular system, including protective effects in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, a major pathophysiology associated with ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, as well as with cardioplegic arrest during heart surgery. In particular, catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been reported to prevent cardiac myocytes from I/R-induced cell damage and I/R-associated molecular changes, finally, resulting in improved cell viability, reduced infarct size, and improved recovery of cardiac function after ischemic insult, which has been widely documented in experimental animal studies and cardiac-derived cell lines. Cardioprotective effects of catechins in I/R injury were mediated via multiple molecular mechanisms, including inhibition of apoptosis; activation of cardioprotective pathways, such as PI3K/Akt (RISK) pathway; and inhibition of stress-associated pathways, including JNK/p38-MAPK; preserving mitochondrial function; and/or modulating autophagy. Moreover, regulatory roles of several microRNAs, including miR-145, miR-384-5p, miR-30a, miR-92a, as well as lncRNA MIAT, were documented in effects of catechins in cardiac I/R. On the other hand, the majority of results come from cell-based experiments and healthy small animals, while studies in large animals and studies including comorbidities or co-medications are rare. Human studies are lacking completely. The dosages of compounds also vary in a broad scale, thus, pharmacological aspects of catechins usage in cardiac I/R are inconclusive so far. Therefore, the aim of this focused review is to summarize the most recent knowledge on the effects of catechins in cardiac I/R injury and bring deep insight into the molecular mechanisms involved and dosage-dependency of these effects, as well as to outline potential gaps for translation of catechin-based treatments into clinical practice.
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5
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Singh CK, Chhabra G, Patel A, Chang H, Ahmad N. Dietary Phytochemicals in Zinc Homeostasis: A Strategy for Prostate Cancer Management. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061867. [PMID: 34070833 PMCID: PMC8226978 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested an important role of the trace element zinc (Zn) in prostate biology and functions. Zn has been shown to exist in very high concentrations in the healthy prostate and is important for several prostatic functions. In prostate cancer (PCa), Zn levels are significantly decreased and inversely correlated with disease progression. Ideally, restoration of adequate Zn levels in premalignant/malignant prostate cells could abort prostate malignancy. However, studies have shown that Zn supplementation is not an efficient way to significantly increase Zn concentrations in PCa. Based on a limited number of investigations, the reason for the lower levels of Zn in PCa is believed to be the dysregulation of Zn transporters (especially ZIP and ZnT family of proteins), metallothioneins (for storing and releasing Zn), and their regulators (e.g., Zn finger transcription factor RREB1). Interestingly, the level of Zn in cells has been shown to be modulated by naturally occurring dietary phytochemicals. In this review, we discussed the effect of selected phytochemicals (quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin) on Zn functioning and proposes that Zn in combination with specific dietary phytochemicals may lead to enhanced Zn bioaccumulation in the prostate, and therefore, may inhibit PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K. Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.K.S.); (G.C.); (A.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.K.S.); (G.C.); (A.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Arth Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.K.S.); (G.C.); (A.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.K.S.); (G.C.); (A.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.K.S.); (G.C.); (A.P.); (H.C.)
- William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(608)-263-5359
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6
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Yamagata K. Polyphenols Regulate Endothelial Functions and Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2443-2458. [PMID: 31333108 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that intake of polyphenols through the consumption of vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) by potentially influencing endothelial cell function. OBJECTIVE In this review, the effects and molecular mechanisms of plant polyphenols, particularly resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and quercetin, on endothelial functions, and their putative protective effects against CVD are described. METHODS Epidemiologic studies examined the effect of the CVD risk of vegetables and the fruit. Furthermore, studies within vitro models investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of the action of the flavonoid class of polyphenols. These findings help elucidate the effect of polyphenols on endothelial function and CVD risk reduction. RESULTS Epidemiologic and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the consumption of vegetables and fruits decreases the incidence of CVDs. Furthermore, it has also been indicated that dietary polyphenols are inversely related to the risk of CVD. Resveratrol, EGCG, and quercetin prevent oxidative stress by regulating the expression of oxidase and the antioxidant enzyme genes, contributing to the prevention of stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSION High intake of dietary polyphenols may help prevent CVD. Polyphenols inhibit endothelial dysfunction and induce vascular endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation viz. redox regulation and nitric oxide production. The polyphenol-induced healthy endothelial cell function may be related to CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Laboratory of Molecular Health Science of Food, Department of Food Science & Technology, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan
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Lin CM, Fang WJ, Wang BW, Pan CM, Chua SK, Hou SW, Shyu KG. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate Promotes MicroRNA 145 Expression against Myocardial Hypoxic Injury through Dab2/Wnt3a/β-catenin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:341-356. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA 145 (miR-145) is a critical modulator of cardiovascular diseases. The downregulation of myocardial miR-145 is followed by an increase in disabled-2 (Dab2) expression in cardiomyocytes. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid that has been evaluated extensively due to its diverse pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of EGCG under hypoxia-induced stress in vitro and in vivo. The hypoxic insult led to the suppression of miR-145 expression in cultured rat cardiomyocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed. In rat myocardial infarction study, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescent analyses were adopted. The western blot and real-time PCR data revealed that hypoxic stress with 2.5% O2 suppressed the expression of miR-145 and Wnt3a/[Formula: see text]-catenin in cultured rat cardiomyocytes but augmented Dab2. Treatment with EGCG attenuated Dab2 expression, but increased Wnt3a and [Formula: see text]-catenin in hypoxic cultured cardiomyocytes. Following in vivo myocardial infarction (MI) study, the data revealed the myocardial infarct area reduced by 48.5%, 44.6%, and 48.5% in EGCG (50[Formula: see text]mg/kg) or miR-145 dominant or Dab2 siRNA groups after myocardial infarction for 28 days, respectively. This study demonstrated that EGCG increased miR-145, Wnt3a, and [Formula: see text]-catenin expression but attenuated Dab2 expression. Moreover, EGCG ameliorated myocardial ischemia in vivo. The novel suppressive effect was mediated through the miR-145 and Dab2/Wnt3a/[Formula: see text]-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Mei Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Fang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Pan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Kiat Chua
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Gi Shyu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Choi H, Choi NY, Park HH, Lee KY, Lee YJ, Koh SH. Sublethal Doses of Zinc Protect Rat Neural Stem Cells Against Hypoxia Through Activation of the PI3K Pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:769-780. [PMID: 30896367 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction is one of the major causes of severe morbidity and mortality, and thus, research has focused on developing treatment options for this condition. Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in the central nervous system and has several neuroprotective effects in the brain. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of Zn on neural stem cells (NSCs) exposed to hypoxia. After treatment with several concentrations of Zn, the viability of NSCs under hypoxic conditions was measured by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Trypan blue staining, and a lactate dehydrogenase assay. To evaluate the effect of Zn on the proliferation of NSCs, bromodeoxyuridine/5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and colony formation assays were performed. Apoptosis was also examined in NSCs exposed to hypoxia with and without Zn treatment. In addition, a western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of Zn on intracellular signaling proteins. NSC viability and proliferation were decreased under hypoxic conditions, but treatment with sublethal doses of Zn restored viability and proliferation. Sublethal doses of Zn reduced apoptosis caused by hypoxia, increased the expression levels of proteins related to the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway, and decreased the expression levels of proteins associated with neuronal cell death. These findings confirm that in vivo, sublethal doses of Zn protect NSCs against hypoxia through the activation of the PI3K pathway. Thus, Zn could be employed as a therapeutic option to protect NSCs in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Choi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na-Young Choi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- 2 Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Korea
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Cao SY, Zhao CN, Gan RY, Xu XY, Wei XL, Corke H, Atanasov AG, Li HB. Effects and Mechanisms of Tea and Its Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Updated Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E166. [PMID: 31174371 PMCID: PMC6617169 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are critical global public health issues with high morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies have revealed that regular tea drinking is inversely associated with the risk of CVDs. Additionally, substantial in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have shown that tea and its bioactive compounds are effective in protecting against CVDs. The relevant mechanisms include reducing blood lipid, alleviating ischemia/reperfusion injury, inhibiting oxidative stress, enhancing endothelial function, attenuating inflammation, and protecting cardiomyocyte function. Moreover, some clinical trials also proved the protective role of tea against CVDs. In order to provide a better understanding of the relationship between tea and CVDs, this review summarizes the effects of tea and its bioactive compounds against CVDs and discusses potential mechanisms of action based on evidence from epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Cai-Ning Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xin-Lin Wei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Huang H, Jin CY, Bi XK, Zhao YB, Xu SJ, Wang MH, Yu L, Sun YX, Hu D. Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes Reendothelialization in Carotid Artery of Diabetic Rabbits by Reactivating Akt/eNOS Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1305. [PMID: 30487749 PMCID: PMC6246634 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin in green tea and has proven benefits on endothelial cells in diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether EGCG could improve function of late endothelial progenitor cells (L-EPCs) in diabetes. Methods: Thirty-six rabbits were randomized into six groups. Thirty diabetic rabbits were induced by a single dose of alloxan (100 mg/kg injection intraperitoneally). All of them were given intragastrically EGCG (50 mg/kg/day) or saline for 7 days after carotid injury. In autotransfusion experiment, L-EPCs were cultured with pre-treated EGCG (40 μM for 72 h) and then were injected into the site of injured vascular. Proliferation and migration of EGCG pre-treated L-EPCs in high glucose condition were assessed by EDU incorporation assay and modified Boyden chamber assay, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of Akt-eNOS pathway were detected by real-time PCR and western blot. Results: Reendothelialization rate in injured carotid artery of diabetic rabbits was augmented in the EGCG group (50 mg/kg/d for 7 days) compared with the non-EGCG group (74.2 ± 4.6% vs. 25.6 ± 5.9%, P < 0.001). EGCG pre-treated L-EPCs autologous transfusion also accelerated the diabetic rabbits’ carotid reendothelialization compared with the diabetic sham-operated group (65.6 ± 8.5% vs. 32.9 ± 5.0%, P = 0.011). In vitro studies showed, 40 μM EGCG treatment for 72 h recovered L-EPCs’ proliferation and migration, as well as restored the phosphorylation level of Akt and eNOS blocked by high glucose condition. Conclusion: EGCG accelerated reendothelialization in diabetic rabbits after carotid injury in part by reactivating the Akt/eNOS pathway, which might contribute to recovering proliferation and migration of L-EPCs impaired by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Ying Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Kun Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Hui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Xun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Cherniack EP, Chekuri S, Lee HF. Potential Non-neoplastic Applications for Polyphenols in Stem Cell Utilization. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:347-353. [PMID: 30062965 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180731092453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While polyphenols may have important effects on pluripotential stem cells that make them noteworthy as potential antineoplastic agents, their action on stem cells may portend other health benefits, such as treatments for cardiovascular and neurocognitive disorders. Resveratrol, the beststudied polyphenol, has been found to enable stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, neurons, osteocytes, and pancreatic beta cells, as well as facilitating augmentation of stem cell populations and protecting them from toxic injury. Curcumin protects mesenchymal stem cells from toxicity, and prevents them from facilitating chondrocytic hypertrophy. Quercetin enabled osteocytic and pancreatic beta cell differentiation, and protected neuronal stem cells from injury. Epigallocatechin gallate prevented damage to osteocyte precursors and averted differentiation into undesirable adipocytes. Genistein facilitated osteogenesis while preventing adipogenesis. Several other polyphenols, daidzein, caffeic and chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, and piceatannol, protect stems cells from reactive oxygen species and foster stem cells differentiation away from adipocytic and toward osteocytic lineages. Further research should better elucidate the pharmacokinetic profiles of each polyphenol, explore novel delivery systems, and expand investigation beyond rodent models to additional species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paul Cherniack
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Geriatrics and Extended Care Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sahithi Chekuri
- Geriatrics and Extended Care Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Heather F Lee
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Eng QY, Thanikachalam PV, Ramamurthy S. Molecular understanding of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:296-310. [PMID: 28864169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The compound epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic compound present in green tea [Camellia sinensis (Theaceae], has shown numerous cardiovascular health promoting activity through modulating various pathways. However, molecular understanding of the cardiovascular protective role of EGCG has not been reported. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to compile the preclinical and clinical studies that had been done on EGCG to investigate its protective effect on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in order to provide a systematic guidance for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research papers related to EGCG were obtained from the major scientific databases, for example, Science direct, PubMed, NCBI, Springer and Google scholar, from 1995 to 2017. RESULTS EGCG was found to exhibit a wide range of therapeutic properties including anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cardiac hypertrophy, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. These therapeutic effects are mainly associated with the inhibition of LDL cholesterol (anti-atherosclerosis), inhibition of NF-κB (anti-cardiac hypertrophy), inhibition of MPO activity (anti-myocardial infarction), reduction in plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin level (anti-diabetes), reduction of inflammatory markers (anti-inflammatory) and the inhibition of ROS generation (antioxidant). CONCLUSION EGCG shows different biological activities and in this review, a compilation of how this bioactive molecule plays its role in treating cardiovascular and metabolic diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yi Eng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia.
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Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Epigallocatechin Gallate for Enhanced Physical Stability and Controlled Release. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10040088. [PMID: 29120370 PMCID: PMC5748645 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been recognized as the most prominent green tea extract due to its healthy influences. The high instability and low bioavailability, however, strongly limit its utilization in food and drug industries. This work, for the first time, develops amorphous solid dispersion of EGCG to enhance its bioavailability and physical stability. Four commonly used polymeric excipients are found to be compatible with EGCG in water-dioxane mixtures via a stepwise mixing method aided by vigorous mechanical interference. The dispersions are successfully generated by lyophilization. The physical stability of the dispersions is significantly improved compared to pure amorphous EGCG in stress condition (elevated temperature and relative humidity) and simulated gastrointestinal tract environment. From the drug release tests, one of the dispersions, EGCG-Soluplus® 50:50 (w/w) shows a dissolution profile that only 50% EGCG is released in the first 20 min, and the remains are slowly released in 24 h. This sustained release profile may open up new possibilities to increase EGCG bioavailability via extending its elimination time in plasma.
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Epigallocatechin gallate protects against homocysteine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 439:131-140. [PMID: 28871467 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive ingredient of green tea, plays a protective role in the cardiovascular system. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role of EGCG in Hcy-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and its underlying mechanism. We also explored the roles of rennin-angiotensin system (RAS), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in this process. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were treated with different drugs for different periods. The proliferation rate of HASMCs was detected using the CCK-8 and BrdU labeling assays. The Western blot assay was used to determine the expression levels of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1R), ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK. Compared with the control group, the HASMCs treated with Hcy at different doses (100, 200, 500, and 1000 µM) showed significantly increased proliferation. Hcy increased the expression of AT-1R, whereas EGCG decreased the protein expression of AT-1R. Furthermore, we found that Hcy-induced expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-p38MAPK was dependent on AT-1R. Compared with Hcy (500 µM)-treated cells, EGCG (20 µM)-treated cells showed decreased proliferation as well as expression of AT-1R, p-ERK1/2, and p-p38MAPK. In addition, HASMC proliferation was suppressed by the addition of an AT-1R blocker (olmesartan), an ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), and a p38MAPK inhibitor (SB202190). EGCG can inhibit AT-1R and affect ERK1/2 and p38MAPK signaling pathways, resulting in the decrease of VSMC proliferation induced by Hcy.
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Han Y, Wang Q, Fan X, Chu J, Peng J, Zhu Y, Li Y, Li X, Shen L, Asenso J, Li S. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates overload‑induced cardiac ECM remodeling via restoring T cell homeostasis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3542-3550. [PMID: 28713936 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has regulatory effects on cellular immunity. The present study explored whether EGCG inhibits the overload‑induced cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling through targeting the balance of T cell subpopulations. Sprague‑Dawley rats were subjected to either transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham operation. TAC rats were treated with EGCG or valsartan (Val) for 6 weeks. The administration of EGCG or Val ameliorated the overproduction of cardiac collagen, inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, decreased the expression of tissue inhibitor of MMP‑2, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. EGCG regulated the population of effector T cells and naïve T cells, restored the balance of T helper (Th) cell 17/regulatory T cells, via modulating the downstream regulator signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and STAT5. Furthermore, the ratio of interferon‑γ/interleukin (IL)‑10 which indicates the balance of Th1/Th2, was restored by the treatments at varying degrees. EGCG and Val administration rescued IL‑7 production, and decreased the level of IL‑15 in TAC rats. EGCG has positive therapeutic potential in inhibiting cardiac ECM remodeling. Regulation of the balance of T lymphocyte subsets may be one of the underlying mechanisms responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Han
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xizhen Fan
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Junfu Peng
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Zhu
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shen
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - James Asenso
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Shanfeng Li
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Tak E, Park GC, Kim SH, Jun DY, Lee J, Hwang S, Song GW, Lee SG. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects against hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:1248-1262. [PMID: 27807255 PMCID: PMC5536772 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516662735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the protective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol source in green tea, against hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion injury in mice. Methods The partial hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion injury model was created by employing the hanging-weight method in C57BL/6 male mice. EGCG (50 mg/kg) was administered via an intraperitoneal injection 45 min before performing the reperfusion. A number of markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and liver injury were measured after the ischaemia–reperfusion injury had been induced. Results The treatment groups were: sham-operated (Sham, n = 10), hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IR, n = 10), and EGCG with ischaemia–reperfusion injury (EGCG-treated IR, n = 10). Hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion injury increased the levels of biochemical and histological markers of liver injury, increased the levels of malondialdehyde, reduced the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, increased the levels of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation markers, decreased B-cell lymphoma 2 levels, and increased the levels of Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9. Pretreatment with EGCG ameliorated all of these changes. Conclusion The antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of EGCG protected against hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Tak
- 1 Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Chun Park
- 2 Department of Surgery, Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hwan Kim
- 2 Department of Surgery, Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Jun
- 1 Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- 1 Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- 2 Department of Surgery, Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- 2 Department of Surgery, Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- 2 Department of Surgery, Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chowdhury A, Sarkar J, Chakraborti T, Pramanik PK, Chakraborti S. Protective role of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in health and disease: A perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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