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Zakaria NF, Hamid M, Khayat ME. Amino Acid-Induced Impairment of Insulin Signaling and Involvement of G-Protein Coupling Receptor. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072229. [PMID: 34209599 PMCID: PMC8308393 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatini Zakaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Muhajir Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Ezuan Khayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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Babinsky VN, Hannan FM, Ramracheya RD, Zhang Q, Nesbit MA, Hugill A, Bentley L, Hough TA, Joynson E, Stewart M, Aggarwal A, Prinz-Wohlgenannt M, Gorvin CM, Kallay E, Wells S, Cox RD, Richards D, Rorsman P, Thakker RV. Mutant Mice With Calcium-Sensing Receptor Activation Have Hyperglycemia That Is Rectified by Calcilytic Therapy. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2486-2502. [PMID: 28575322 PMCID: PMC5551547 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a family C G-protein-coupled receptor that plays a pivotal role in extracellular calcium homeostasis. The CaSR is also highly expressed in pancreatic islet α- and β-cells that secrete glucagon and insulin, respectively. To determine whether the CaSR may influence systemic glucose homeostasis, we characterized a mouse model with a germline gain-of-function CaSR mutation, Leu723Gln, referred to as Nuclear flecks (Nuf). Heterozygous- (CasrNuf/+) and homozygous-affected (CasrNuf/Nuf) mice were shown to have hypocalcemia in association with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Oral administration of a CaSR antagonist compound, known as a calcilytic, rectified the glucose intolerance and hypoinsulinemia of CasrNuf/+ mice and ameliorated glucose intolerance in CasrNuf/Nuf mice. Ex vivo studies showed CasrNuf/+ and CasrNuf/Nuf mice to have reduced pancreatic islet mass and β-cell proliferation. Electrophysiological analysis of isolated CasrNuf/Nuf islets showed CaSR activation to increase the basal electrical activity of β-cells independently of effects on the activity of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel. CasrNuf/Nuf mice also had impaired glucose-mediated suppression of glucagon secretion, which was associated with increased numbers of α-cells and a higher α-cell proliferation rate. Moreover, CasrNuf/Nuf islet electrophysiology demonstrated an impairment of α-cell membrane depolarization in association with attenuated α-cell basal KATP channel activity. These studies indicate that the CaSR activation impairs glucose tolerance by a combination of α- and β-cell defects and also influences pancreatic islet mass. Moreover, our findings highlight a potential application of targeted CaSR compounds for modulating glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie N. Babinsky
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Fadil M. Hannan
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Reshma D. Ramracheya
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Zhang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - M. Andrew Nesbit
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Hugill
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Liz Bentley
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tertius A. Hough
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Joynson
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Stewart
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Aggarwal
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | | | - Caroline M. Gorvin
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Sara Wells
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Richards
- GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Unit, Cambridge CB2 0GG, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh V. Thakker
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
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