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Tibetan Medicine Shi-Wei-Gan-Ning-San Alleviates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Chronic Liver Injury by Inhibiting TGF-β1 in Wistar Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2011876. [PMID: 36016677 PMCID: PMC9398689 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2011876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Shi-Wei-Gan-Ning-San (SWGNS) is a classic Tibetan prescription, which has obvious clinical effects in the treatment of viral hepatitis, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver injuries. However, animal studies and mechanism studies are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate its hepatoprotective efficacy and pharmacological mechanism in animal experiments. Methods. Chronic liver injury was induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in Wistar rats for 13 weeks. SWGNS was administered orally to rats at doses of 235, 705, and 1410 mg/kg for 13 weeks. Blood samples were collected for biochemical, ELISA, and radioimmunoassay. Livers were harvested for H&E and immunohistochemical staining. The major constituents of SWGNS were analyzed by HPLC. In vitro experiments were used to explore the protective effect of Crocin on BRL-3A in the environment of H2O2. Results. SWGNS reversed weight loss is induced by CCl4. Serum assays showed that SWGNS reduced CCl4-induced alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and γ-glutamyltransferase levels and increased the total protein and albumin levels. Histopathological evaluation showed that SWGNS alleviated hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. Furthermore, SWNGS reduced CCl4-induced elevations of TGF-β1, hyaluronic acid, laminin, and collagen IV in serum and reduced the high expression of α-SMA in tissues. Moreover, Crocin I and II are the main components of SWGNS. Crocin attenuated the damaging effects of H2O2 on BRL-3A. Conclusions. In conclusion, SWGNS alleviated CCl4-induced chronic liver injury by inhibiting the TGF-β1 pathway. This plays an important role in promoting traditional Tibetan medicine in clinical practice.
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Cheng H, Huang H, Guo Z, Chang Y, Li Z. Role of prostaglandin E2 in tissue repair and regeneration. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8836-8854. [PMID: 34522214 PMCID: PMC8419039 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration following injury from disease or medical treatment still represents a challenge in regeneration medicine. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which involves diverse physiological processes via E-type prostanoid (EP) receptor family, favors the regeneration of various organ systems following injury for its capabilities such as activation of endogenous stem cells, immune regulation, and angiogenesis. Understanding how PGE2 modulates tissue regeneration and then exploring how to elevate the regenerative efficiency of PGE2 will provide key insights into the tissue repair and regeneration processes by PGE2. In this review, we summarized the application of PGE2 to guide the regeneration of different tissues, including skin, heart, liver, kidney, intestine, bone, skeletal muscle, and hematopoietic stem cell regeneration. Moreover, we introduced PGE2-based therapeutic strategies to accelerate the recovery of impaired tissue or organs, including 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) inhibitors boosting endogenous PGE2 levels and biomaterial scaffolds to control PGE2 release.
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Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Cagna M, Mannucci B, Milanesi G, Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Vairetti M. Long-term cold storage preservation does not affect fatty livers from rats fed with a methionine and choline deficient diet. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:78. [PMID: 34320998 PMCID: PMC8317281 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waiting lists that continue to grow and the lack of organs available for transplantation necessitate the use of marginal livers, such as fatty livers. Since steatotic livers are more susceptible to damage from ischemia and reperfusion, it was investigated whether fatty livers with different lipidomic profiles show a different outcome when subjected to long-term cold storage preservation. METHODS Eight-week-old male Wistar rats fed for 2 weeks by a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet or control diet were employed in this study. Livers were preserved in a University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 4 °C for 6, 12 or 24 h and, after washout, reperfused for 2 h with a Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37 °C. Hepatic enzyme release, bile production, O2-uptake, and portal venous pressure (PVP) were evaluated. The liver fatty acid profile was evaluated by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS MCD rats showed higher LDH and AST levels with respect to the control group. When comparing MCD livers preserved for 6, 12 or 24 h, no differences in enzyme release were found during both the washout or the reperfusion period. The same trend occurred for O2-uptake, PVP, and bile flow. A general decrease in SFA and MUFA, except for oleic acid, and a decrease in PUFA, except for arachidonic, eicosadienoic, and docosahexanaeoic acids, were found in MCD rats when compared with control rats. Moreover, the ratio between SFA and the various types of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was significantly lower in MCD rats. CONCLUSIONS Although prolonged cold ischemia negatively affects the graft outcome, our data suggest that the quality of lipid constituents could influence liver injury during cold storage: the lack of an increased hepatic injury in MCD may be justified by low SFA, which likely reduces the deleterious tendency toward lipid crystallization occurring under cold ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marta Cagna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Milanesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Aslan M. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Sphingolipid Measurements by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x17999200504094901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Linoleic Acid (LA) (omega-6) and Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) (omega-3) are essential
fatty acids and give rise to Arachidonic Acid (AA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic
Acid (DHA) that are important in metabolic homeostasis. The omega-6:omega-3 ratio can be
a prognostic consideration in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Sphingolipids are bioactive
lipids found in cell membranes that play a role in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Electrospray
Ionization (ESI) coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) is a simple and speedy
method to identify and quantify these lipids in various biological matrices. Tandem mass spectrometric
analyses can be performed on cell lysates, tissue homogenates and serum samples to measure
quantitative changes directly in lipid extracts from these different matrices. The present review summarizes
measurement of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs),
their metabolism to eicosanoids and their role in certain disease states. Altered sphingolipid metabolism
is also associated with a number of human diseases. Therefore, understanding sphingolipid metabolism
is important to comprehend the function of sphingolipids in cellular processes. In this review,
we focus on pathways of Ceramide (CER) and Sphingomyelin (SM) synthesis and discuss altered
levels reported in disease states. Results of reported studies herein clearly show that PUFAs,
SMs and CERs carry out a large number of fundamental functions. They serve as structural elements
in cellular membranes, and they work as signaling molecules. Alterations in their amounts of expression
occurring in diabetes, obesity, inflammation and ER stress-related conditions lead to dysfunctions
contributing to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Todorović Z, Đurašević S, Stojković M, Grigorov I, Pavlović S, Jasnić N, Tosti T, Macut JB, Thiemermann C, Đorđević J. Lipidomics Provides New Insight into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets of the Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2798. [PMID: 33801983 PMCID: PMC7999969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play an essential role in both tissue protection and damage. Tissue ischemia creates anaerobic conditions in which enzyme inactivation occurs, and reperfusion can initiate oxidative stress that leads to harmful changes in membrane lipids, the formation of aldehydes, and chain damage until cell death. The critical event in such a series of harmful events in the cell is the unwanted accumulation of fatty acids that leads to lipotoxicity. Lipid analysis provides additional insight into the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) disorders and reveals new targets for drug action. The profile of changes in the composition of fatty acids in the cell, as well as the time course of these changes, indicate both the mechanism of damage and new therapeutic possibilities. A therapeutic approach to reperfusion lipotoxicity involves attenuation of fatty acids overload, i.e., their transport to adipose tissue and/or inhibition of the adverse effects of fatty acids on cell damage and death. The latter option involves using PPAR agonists and drugs that modulate the transport of fatty acids via carnitine into the interior of the mitochondria or the redirection of long-chain fatty acids to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Todorović
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.B.M.)
- University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Maja Stojković
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Ilijana Grigorov
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Slađan Pavlović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Tomislav Tosti
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelica Bjekić Macut
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.B.M.)
- University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
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Jiang D, Liu C, Chen Y, Xing X, Zheng D, Guo Z, Lin S. Metabolomics Study of Whole-body Vibration on Lipid Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle in Aging Mice. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:464-477. [PMID: 33124015 DOI: 10.1055/a-1268-8458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ageing increases the occurrence and development of many diseases. Exercise is believed to be an effective way to improve ageing and skeletal muscle atrophy. However, many elderly people are unable to engage in active exercise. Whole-body vibration is a passive way of moving that is especially suitable for the elderly and people who find it inconvenient to exercise. Metabolomics is the systematic study of metabolic changes in small molecules. In this study, metabolomics studies were performed to investigate the regulatory effect of whole-body vibration on the skeletal muscles of ageing mice. After 12 weeks, we found that whole-body vibration had the most obvious effect on lipid metabolism pathways (such as linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways) in skeletal muscle of ageing mice. Through further research we found that whole-body vibration decreased the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein in blood; decreased the lipid deposition in skeletal muscle; decreased the protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6; improved the protein levels of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1, phosphate phosphoinositide 3-kinase and p-AKT; improved the protein levels of klotho; and decreased the protein expression of p53. These findings reveal that whole-body vibration might postpone senility by attenuating lipid deposition and reducing chronic inflammation and the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou.,Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou
| | - Xuejiao Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou
| | - Danmeng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou
| | - Zhanpeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou
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Xu W, Ocak U, Gao L, Tu S, Lenahan CJ, Zhang J, Shao A. Selective autophagy as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1369-1392. [PMID: 33067655 PMCID: PMC7904548 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurological diseases primarily include acute injuries, chronic neurodegeneration, and others (e.g., infectious diseases of the central nervous system). Autophagy is a housekeeping process responsible for the bulk degradation of misfolded protein aggregates and damaged organelles through the lysosomal machinery. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy, particularly selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, pexophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy, lipophagy, etc., is closely implicated in neurological diseases. These forms of selective autophagy are controlled by a group of important proteins, including PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, p62, optineurin (OPTN), neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1), and nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1 (NUFIP1). This review highlights the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of different types of selective autophagy, and their implications in various forms of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, 16110, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Ma C, Xu Z, Lv H. Low n-6/ n-3 PUFA ratio improves inflammation and myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:621-629. [PMID: 31580709 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential effect of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on inflammation and myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury (MIRI) in rats, together with the underlying protective mechanisms, and screen out most effective ratio of n-6/n-3 within limits. The rats with pre-infarct treatment were distributed among 5 groups according to the n-6/n-3 ratio (36:1; 1:1, 5:1, 10:1, 50:1); for the post-infarct treatment, the rats were distributed among 6 groups, including the control group (36:1) which was subjected to a sham procedure; the model group (36:1); and 4 test groups (n-6/n-3 ratio: 1:1, 5:1, 10:1, 50:1). All of the rats were fed a purple perilla seed oil and safflower oil-based fatty emulsion. The serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Staining with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, hematoxylin and eosin, or Masson's trichrome was performed for histological examination. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was examined by TUNEL assay. Western blotting was performed to examine the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and signaling pathway proteins. Our data indicate that in both the pre-infarct treatment and post-infarct treatment, low ratios of n-6/n-3 PUFAs significantly inhibited the levels of serum inflammatory factors, the infarct size of MIRI rats, number of cardiomyocytes undergoing apoptosis, and the expression levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax in the MIRI group. Thus a low ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs ameliorates inflammation and myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Ma
- Cardiovascular Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehang Xu
- Cardiovascular Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Lv
- Cardiovascular Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, People's Republic of China
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9
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Lipid Reshaping and Lipophagy Are Induced in a Modeled Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Blood Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153752. [PMID: 31370282 PMCID: PMC6696511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury induced a remodeling of protein and lipid homeostasis, under oxidative stress and inflammatory status. Starvation occurring during I/R is a condition leading to autophagy activation, which allows abnormal material clearance or amino acid, or both, and fatty acid (FA) recycling essential for survival. This study investigated the lipid reshaping, peroxidation, and related-signaling pathways, in rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4) subjected to 3 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and restoration of standard condition (I/R in vitro model). Lipids and proteins were analyzed after 1 or 24 h of oxygen and nutrient restoration. Together with the oxidative stress and inflammatory status, I/R injury induced a reshaping of neutral lipids and biogenesis of lipid droplets (LD) with excessive lipid storage. The increase of LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, an autophagy marker, and LC3 co-localization with LD suggest the activation of lipophagy machinery to counteract the cell engulfment. Lipophagy leads to cholesterol ester (CE) hydrolysis, increasing free cholesterol (FC) secretion, which occurred by specific transporters or unconventional exocytosis pathways, or both. Here, we propose that an unconventional spreading of FC and other lipid metabolites may influence the neurovascular unit (NVU) cells, contributing to Blood brain barrier (BBB) alteration or adaptation, or both, to the cumulative effects of several transient ischemia.
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Viswanathan S, Verma PRP, Ganesan M, Manivannan J. A novel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based bioanalytical method for quantification of ethyl esters of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and its application in pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:250-261. [PMID: 28463780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are clinically useful and the two marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are prevalent in fish and fish oils. Omega-3 fatty acid formulations should undergo a rigorous regulatory step in order to obtain United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approval as prescription drug. In connection with that, despite quantifying EPA and DHA fatty acids, there is a need for quantifying the level of ethyl esters of them in biological samples. In this study, we make use of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS)technique for the method development. Here, we have developed a novel multiple reaction monitoring method along with optimized parameters for quantification of EPA and DHA as ethyl esters. Additionally, we attempted to validate the bio-analytical method by conducting the sensitivity, selectivity, precision accuracy batch, carryover test and matrix stability experiments. Furthermore, we also implemented our validated method for evaluation of pharmacokinetics of omega fatty acid ethyl ester formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekarbabu Viswanathan
- Bio Analytical Department, Micro Therapeutic Research Laboratories Private Limited, Chennai, India.
| | - P R P Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Muniyandithevar Ganesan
- Bio Analytical Department, Micro Therapeutic Research Laboratories Private Limited, Chennai, India
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