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Croce AC, Garbelli A, Moyano A, Soldano S, Tejeda-Guzmán C, Missirlis F, Scolari F. Developmental and Nutritional Dynamics of Malpighian Tubule Autofluorescence in the Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:245. [PMID: 38203417 PMCID: PMC10778832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Malpighian tubules (MTs) are arthropod excretory organs crucial for the osmoregulation, detoxification and excretion of xenobiotics and metabolic wastes, which include tryptophan degradation products along the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Specifically, the toxic intermediate 3-hydroxy kynurenine (3-HK) is metabolized through transamination to xanthurenic acid or in the synthesis of ommochrome pigments. Early investigations in Drosophila larval fat bodies revealed an intracellular autofluorescence (AF) that depended on tryptophan administration. Subsequent observations documented AF changes in the MTs of Drosophila eye-color mutants genetically affecting the conversion of tryptophan to KYN or 3-HK and the intracellular availability of zinc ions. In the present study, the AF properties of the MTs in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, were characterized in different stages of the insect's life cycle, tryptophan-administered larvae and blood-fed adult females. Confocal imaging and microspectroscopy showed AF changes in the distribution of intracellular, brilliant granules and in the emission spectral shape and amplitude between the proximal and distal segments of MTs across the different samples. The findings suggest AF can serve as a promising marker for investigating the functional status of MTs in response to metabolic alterations, contributing to the use of MTs as a potential research model in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Garbelli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Andrea Moyano
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Soldano
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlos Tejeda-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.T.-G.); (F.M.)
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (C.T.-G.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Palladini G, Di Pasqua LG, Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Vairetti M. Recent Updates on the Therapeutic Prospects of Reversion-Inducing Cysteine-Rich Protein with Kazal Motifs (RECK) in Liver Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17407. [PMID: 38139236 PMCID: PMC10743940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), a membrane-anchored glycoprotein, negatively regulates various membrane proteins involved in the tissue governing extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling such as metalloproteases (MMPs) and the sheddases ADAM10 and ADAM17. The significance of the present review is to summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiological role of RECK, a newly discovered signaling pathway associated with different liver injuries. Specifically, this review analyzes published data on the downregulation of RECK expression in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, liver-related cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), as well as in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In addition, this review discusses the regulation of RECK by inducers, such as FXR agonists. The RECK protein has also been suggested as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for liver injury or as a biomarker with predictive value for drug treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Palladini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
- Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
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Moyano A, Croce AC, Scolari F. Pathogen-Mediated Alterations of Insect Chemical Communication: From Pheromones to Behavior. Pathogens 2023; 12:1350. [PMID: 38003813 PMCID: PMC10675518 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens can influence the physiology and behavior of both animal and plant hosts in a manner that promotes their own transmission and dispersal. Recent research focusing on insects has revealed that these manipulations can extend to the production of pheromones, which are pivotal in chemical communication. This review provides an overview of the current state of research and available data concerning the impacts of bacterial, viral, fungal, and eukaryotic pathogens on chemical communication across different insect orders. While our understanding of the influence of pathogenic bacteria on host chemical profiles is still limited, viral infections have been shown to induce behavioral changes in the host, such as altered pheromone production, olfaction, and locomotion. Entomopathogenic fungi affect host chemical communication by manipulating cuticular hydrocarbons and pheromone production, while various eukaryotic parasites have been observed to influence insect behavior by affecting the production of pheromones and other chemical cues. The effects induced by these infections are explored in the context of the evolutionary advantages they confer to the pathogen. The molecular mechanisms governing the observed pathogen-mediated behavioral changes, as well as the dynamic and mutually influential relationships between the pathogen and its host, are still poorly understood. A deeper comprehension of these mechanisms will prove invaluable in identifying novel targets in the perspective of practical applications aimed at controlling detrimental insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moyano
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Ferrigno A, Campagnoli LIM, Barbieri A, Marchesi N, Pascale A, Croce AC, Vairetti M, Di Pasqua LG. MCD Diet Modulates HuR and Oxidative Stress-Related HuR Targets in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9808. [PMID: 37372956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous antioxidant defense plays a big part in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common metabolic disorder that can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and cancer. HuR, an RNA-binding protein of the ELAV family, controls, among others, the stability of MnSOD and HO-1 mRNA. These two enzymes protect the liver cells from oxidative damage caused by excessive fat accumulation. Our aim was to investigate the expression of HuR and its targets in a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) model of NAFLD. To this aim, we fed male Wistar rats with an MCD diet for 3 and 6 weeks to induce NAFLD; then, we evaluated the expression of HuR, MnSOD, and HO-1. The MCD diet induced fat accumulation, hepatic injury, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. A HuR downregulation was also observed in association with a reduced expression of MnSOD and HO-1. Moreover, the changes in the expression of HuR and its targets were significantly correlated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury. Since HuR plays a protective role against oxidative stress, targeting this protein could be a therapeutic strategy to both prevent and counteract NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrigno
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Barbieri
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Marchesi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- IGM-CNR, Unit of Histochemistry and Cytometry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Scolari F, Girella A, Croce AC. Imaging and spectral analysis of autofluorescence patterns in larval head structures of mosquito vectors. Eur J Histochem 2022; 66. [PMID: 36128772 PMCID: PMC9528535 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autofluorescence (AF) in mosquitoes is currently poorly explored, despite its great potential as a marker of body structures and biological functions. Here, for the first time AF in larval heads of two mosquitoes of key public health importance, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens, is studied using fluorescence imaging and spectrofluorometry, similarly to a label-free histochemical approach. In generally conserved distribution patterns, AF shows differences between mouth brushes and antennae of the two species. The blue AF ascribable to resilin at the antennal bases, more extended in Cx. pipiens, suggests a potential need to support different antennal movements. The AF spectra larger in Cx. pipiens indicate a variability in material composition and properties likely relatable to mosquito biology, including diverse feeding and locomotion behaviours with implications for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia.
| | - Alessandro Girella
- Department of Chemistry - C.S.G.I., University of Pavia; Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi e Ricerche per la Conservazione del Patrimonio Culturale (CISRiC), University of Pavia.
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia.
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Palladini G, Cagna M, Di Pasqua LG, Adorini L, Croce AC, Perlini S, Ferrigno A, Berardo C, Vairetti M. Obeticholic Acid Reduces Kidney Matrix Metalloproteinase Activation following Partial Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050524. [PMID: 35631351 PMCID: PMC9145209 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) protects the liver via downregulation of hepatic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which can lead to multiorgan dysfunction. The present study investigated the capacity of OCA to modulate MMPs in distant organs such as the kidney. Male Wistar rats were dosed orally with 10 mg/kg/day of OCA (5 days) and were subjected to 60-min partial hepatic ischemia. After 120-min reperfusion, kidney biopsies (cortex and medulla) and blood samples were collected. Serum creatinine, kidney MMP-2, and MMP-9-dimer, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1, TIMP-2), RECK, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were monitored. MMP-9-dimer activity in the kidney cortex and medulla increased after hepatic I/R and a reduction was detected in OCA-treated I/R rats. Although not significantly, MMP-2 activity decreased in the cortex of OCA-treated I/R rats. TIMPs and RECK levels showed no significant differences among all groups considered. Serum creatinine increased after I/R and a reduction was detected in OCA-treated I/R rats. The same trend occurred for tissue TNF-alpha and IL-6. Although the underlying mechanisms need further investigation, this is the first study showing, in the kidney, beneficial effects of OCA by reducing TNF-alpha-mediated expression of MMPs after liver I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Palladini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Cagna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | | | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Perlini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Emergency Department Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986877 (C.B.); +39-0382-986398 (M.V.)
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986877 (C.B.); +39-0382-986398 (M.V.)
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De Simone U, Croce AC, Pignatti P, Buscaglia E, Caloni F, Coccini T. Three dimensional spheroid cell culture of human MSC‐derived neuron‐like cells: new in vitro model to assess magnetite nanoparticle‐induced neurotoxicity effects. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1230-1252. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre ‐ National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR) Pavia Italy
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Patrizia Pignatti
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia Italy
| | - Eleonora Buscaglia
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre ‐ National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety Universitá degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre ‐ National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia Italy
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Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Cagna M, Mannucci B, Milanesi G, Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Vairetti M. Long-term cold storage preservation does not affect fatty livers from rats fed with a methionine and choline deficient diet. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:78. [PMID: 34320998 PMCID: PMC8317281 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waiting lists that continue to grow and the lack of organs available for transplantation necessitate the use of marginal livers, such as fatty livers. Since steatotic livers are more susceptible to damage from ischemia and reperfusion, it was investigated whether fatty livers with different lipidomic profiles show a different outcome when subjected to long-term cold storage preservation. METHODS Eight-week-old male Wistar rats fed for 2 weeks by a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet or control diet were employed in this study. Livers were preserved in a University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 4 °C for 6, 12 or 24 h and, after washout, reperfused for 2 h with a Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37 °C. Hepatic enzyme release, bile production, O2-uptake, and portal venous pressure (PVP) were evaluated. The liver fatty acid profile was evaluated by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS MCD rats showed higher LDH and AST levels with respect to the control group. When comparing MCD livers preserved for 6, 12 or 24 h, no differences in enzyme release were found during both the washout or the reperfusion period. The same trend occurred for O2-uptake, PVP, and bile flow. A general decrease in SFA and MUFA, except for oleic acid, and a decrease in PUFA, except for arachidonic, eicosadienoic, and docosahexanaeoic acids, were found in MCD rats when compared with control rats. Moreover, the ratio between SFA and the various types of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was significantly lower in MCD rats. CONCLUSIONS Although prolonged cold ischemia negatively affects the graft outcome, our data suggest that the quality of lipid constituents could influence liver injury during cold storage: the lack of an increased hepatic injury in MCD may be justified by low SFA, which likely reduces the deleterious tendency toward lipid crystallization occurring under cold ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marta Cagna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Milanesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Bottiroli G, Vairetti M. Autofluorescence-based optical biopsy: An effective diagnostic tool in hepatology. Liver Int 2018; 38:1160-1174. [PMID: 29624848 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence emission of liver tissue depends on the presence of endogenous biomolecules able to fluoresce under suitable light excitation. Overall autofluorescence emission contains much information of diagnostic value because it is the sum of individual autofluorescence contributions from fluorophores involved in metabolism, for example, NAD(P)H, flavins, lipofuscins, retinoids, porphyrins, bilirubin and lipids, or in structural architecture, for example, fibrous proteins, in close relationship with normal, altered or diseased conditions of the liver. Since the 1950s, hepatocytes and liver have been historical models to study NAD(P)H and flavins as in situ, real-time autofluorescence biomarkers of energy metabolism and redox state. Later investigations designed to monitor organ responses to ischaemia/reperfusion were able to predict the risk of dysfunction in surgery and transplantation or support the development of procedures to ameliorate the liver outcome. Subsequently, fluorescent fatty acids, lipofuscin-like lipopigments and collagen were characterized as optical biomarkers of liver steatosis, oxidative stress damage, fibrosis and disease progression. Currently, serum AF is being investigated to improve non-invasive optical diagnosis of liver disease. Validation of endogenous fluorophores and in situ discrimination of cancerous from non-cancerous tissue belong to the few studies on liver in human subjects. These reports along with other optical techniques and the huge work performed on animal models suggest many optically based applications in hepatology. Optical diagnosis is currently offering beneficial outcomes in clinical fields ranging from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, to dermatology and ophthalmology. Accordingly, this review aims to promote an effective bench to bedside transfer in hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottiroli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Lipids: Evergreen autofluorescent biomarkers for the liver functional profiling. Eur J Histochem 2017; 61:2808. [PMID: 28735528 PMCID: PMC5460376 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2017.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depending on their chemical nature, lipids can be classified in two main categories: hydrophilic, greatly contributing to membrane composition and subcellular organelle compartmentalization, and hydrophobic, mostly triglycerides, greatly enrolled in the storage and production of energy. In both cases, some lipid molecules can be involved as signaling agents in the regulation of metabolism and protective or damaging pathways in responses to harmful stimuli. These events could affect in particular the liver, because of its central role in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis. Lipids have been demonstrated to fluoresce, contributing to the overall emission signal of the liver tissue along with other endogenous fluorophores, relatable to energy metabolism and oxidative events. The mere estimation of the fluorescing lipid fraction in parallel with the other endogenous fluorophores, and with the common biochemical and histochemical biomarkers of tissue injury has been exploited to investigate the liver morpho- functional conditions in experimental hepatology. More interestingly, the fluorescing lipid fraction is greatly relatable to free fatty acids such as arachidonic, linoleic and linolenic acid, which are deserving increasing attention as precursors of products involved in several and complex signaling pathways. On these bases, the ability of autofluorescence to detect directly arachidonic acid and its balance with other unsaturated fatty acids may be exploited in the diagnosis and follow-up of fatty livers, helping to improve the personalization of the metabolic/ lipidomic profiling. This could also contribute to elucidate the role of the injuring factors in the choice of suitable donors, and in the set-up of preservation procedures in liver transplantation.
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Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Bertone V, Piccolini VM, Berardo C, Di Pasqua LG, Rizzo V, Bottiroli G, Vairetti M. Fatty liver oxidative events monitored by autofluorescence optical diagnosis: Comparison between subnormothermic machine perfusion and conventional cold storage preservation. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:668-682. [PMID: 27448628 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Livers with moderate steatosis are currently recruited as marginal organs to face donor shortage in transplantation, even though lipid excess and oxidative stress increase preservation injury risk. Sensitive, real-time detection of liver metabolism engagement could help donor selection and preservation procedures, ameliorating the graft outcome. Hence, we investigated endogenous biomolecules with autofluorescence (AF) properties as biomarkers supporting the detection of liver oxidative events and the assessment of metabolic responses to external stimuli. METHODS Livers from male Wistar rats fed a 12-day methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet were subjected to AF spectrofluorometric analysis (fiber-optic probe, 366-nm excitation) before and after organ isolation, and following preservation (cold storage or 20°C machine perfusion) and reperfusion. RESULTS Innovative dynamic AF results on lipid oxidation to lipofuscin-like lipopigments, correlating with biochemical oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and antioxidant defense (glutathione) parameters, suggested lipid engagement in MCD livers counteracting reactive oxidizing species. The maintained MCD liver functionality was supported by limited changes in bilirubin AF spectral profile, reflecting bile composition balance, despite their intrinsic mitochondrial weakness, confirmed by adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels, and regardless of different preservation effects on energy metabolism revealed by conventional reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and flavin AF data. CONCLUSION Autofluorescence showed that, after a relatively short time on an MCD diet, livers are still able to face oxidizing events and maintain a functional balance. These results strengthen AF as a supportive diagnostic tool in experimental hepatology, to characterize marginal livers in real time, monitor their response to ischemia/reperfusion, and investigate protective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Biology and Biotechnology Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bertone
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Maria Piccolini
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Vittoria Rizzo
- Molecular Medicine Department, University of Pavia and Istituto Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottiroli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Biology and Biotechnology Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Rizzo V, Richelmi P, Croce AC, Vairetti M, Ferrigno A. MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis is associated with alterations in asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and its transporters. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 419:147-55. [PMID: 27357826 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using an experimental model of NASH induced by a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet, we investigated whether changes occur in serum and tissue levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Male Wistar rats underwent NASH induced by 8-week feeding with an MCD diet. Serum and hepatic biopsies at 2, 4 and 8 weeks were taken, and serum enzymes, ADMA and nitrate/nitrite (NOx), were evaluated. Hepatic biopsies were used for mRNA and protein expression analysis of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) and protein methyltransferases (PRMT-1), enzymes involved in ADMA metabolism and synthesis, respectively, and ADMA transporters (CAT-1, CAT-2A and CAT-2B). Lipid peroxides (TBARS), glutathione, ATP/ADP and DDAH activity were quantified. An increase in serum AST and ALT was detected in MCD animals. A time-dependent decrease in serum and tissue ADMA and increase in mRNA expression of DDAH-1 and PRMT-1 as well as higher rates of mRNA expression of CAT-1 and lower rates of CAT-2A and CAT-2B were found after 8-week MCD diet. An increase in serum NOx and no changes in protein expression in DDAH-1 and CAT-1 and higher content in CAT-2 and PRMT-1 were found at 8 weeks. Hepatic DDAH activity decreased with a concomitant increase in oxidative stress, as demonstrated by high TBARS levels and low glutathione content. In conclusion, a decrease in serum and tissue ADMA levels in the MCD rats was found associated with a reduction in DDAH activity due to the marked oxidative stress observed. Changes in ADMA levels and its transporters are innovative factors in the onset and progression of hepatic alterations correlated with MCD diet-induced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Di Pasqua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Plinio Richelmi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Histochemistry and Cytometry Unit, IGM-CNR, c/o Biotechnology and Biology Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9A, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Our attention was captured by the interesting debate on the identification of lipofuscins, lipofuscin-like lipopigments, or flavins as the responsible for intracellular autofluorescence (AF) detected in epithelial cancer stem cells when exciting at 480-490 nm. Evidence was provided leading to ascribe AF emission to flavins accumulating in cytoplasmic structures, bounded to membranes and bearing ATP-dependent ABCG2 transporters. Flavins were then proposed as an intrinsic AF biomarker of cancer stem cells, with advantageous implications on cell invasiveness and chemoresistance investigations. It is however worth recalling the huge amount of literature on flavins and NAD(P)H as AF biomarkers of cell energetic metabolism and redox state, an aspect that should not be overlooked in the renewed course to extend the potential of flavins as AF biomarkers, entailing also a recent proposal of Flavin-based fluorescent proteins as substitutes of Green fluorescent proteins.
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Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging: a tool for biomedical research and diagnosis. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2461. [PMID: 25578980 PMCID: PMC4289852 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Native fluorescence, or autofluorescence (AF), consists in the emission of light in the UV-visible, near-IR spectral range when biological substrates are excited with light at suitable wavelength. This is a well-known phenomenon, and the strict relationship of many endogenous fluorophores with morphofunctional properties of the living systems, influencing their AF emission features, offers an extremely powerful resource for directly monitoring the biological substrate condition. Starting from the last century, the technological progresses in microscopy and spectrofluorometry were convoying attention of the scientific community to this phenomenon. In the future, the interest in the autofluorescence will certainly continue. Current instrumentation and analytical procedures will likely be overcome by the unceasing progress in new devices for AF detection and data interpretation, while a progress is expected in the search and characterization of endogenous fluorophores and their roles as intrinsic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the National Research Council, University of Pavia.
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Santin G, Bottone MG, Malatesta M, Scovassi AI, Bottiroli G, Pellicciari C, Croce AC. Regulated forms of cell death are induced by the photodynamic action of the fluorogenic substrate, Hypocrellin B-acetate. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2013; 125:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Giansanti V, Santamaria G, Torriglia A, Aredia F, Scovassi AI, Bottiroli G, Croce AC. Fluorescence properties of the Na⁺/H⁺exchanger inhibitor HMA (5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride) are modulated by intracellular pH. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e3. [PMID: 22472891 PMCID: PMC3352132 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HMA (5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride), which belongs to a family of novel amiloride derivatives, is one of the most effective inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchangers, while uneffective against Na+ channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. In this study, we provided evidence that HMA can act as a fluorescent probe. In fact, human retinal ARPE19 cells incubated with HMA show an intense bluish fluorescence in the cytoplasm when observed at microscope under conventional UV-excitation conditions. Interestingly, a prolonged observation under continuous exposure to excitation lightdoes not induce great changes in cells incubated with HMA for times up to about 5 min, while an unexpected rapid increase in fluorescence signal is observed in cells incubated for longer times. The latter phenomenon is particularly evident in the perinuclear region and in discrete spots in the cytoplasm. Since HMA modulates intracellular acidity, the dependence of its fluorescence properties on medium pH and response upon irradiation have been investigated in solution, at pH 5.0 and pH 7.2. The changes in both spectral shape and amplitude emission indicate a marked pH influence on HMA fluorescence properties, making HMA exploitable as a self biomarker of pH alterations in cell studies, in the absence of perturbations induced by the administration of other exogenous dyes.
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Croce AC, Santamaria G, De Simone U, Lucchini F, Freitas I, Bottiroli G. Naturally-occurring porphyrins in a spontaneous-tumour bearing mouse model. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1189-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Supino R, Scovassi AI, Croce AC, Bo LD, Favini E, Corbelli A, Farina C, Misiano P, Zunino F. Biological Effects of a New Vacuolar-H,+-ATPase Inhibitor in Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:606-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Croce AC, De Simone U, Vairetti M, Ferrigno A, Boncompagni E, Freitas I, Bottiroli G. Liver autofluorescence properties in animal model under altered nutritional conditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1046-53. [PMID: 18754051 DOI: 10.1039/b804836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence spectroscopy is a promising and powerful approach for an in vivo, real time characterization of liver functional properties. In this work, preliminary results on the dependence of liver autofluorescence parameters on the nutritional status are reported, with particular attention to vitamin A and lipid accumulation in liver tissue. Normally fed and 24 h starving rats were used as animal models. Histochemical and autofluorescence analysis showed that lipids and vitamin A colocalize in the liver parenchyma. Fasting condition results in a parallel increase in both lipids and vitamin A. Autofluorescence imaging and microspectrofluorometric analysis carried out on unfixed, unstained tissue sections under 366 nm excitation, evidenced differences in both spectral shape and response to continuous irradiation between liver biopsies from fed and starving rats. As to photobleaching, in particular, fitting analysis evidenced a reduction of about 85% of the signal attributable solely to vitamin A during the first 10 s of irradiation. The tissue whole emission measured in fed and starving rat livers exhibited reductions of about 35% and 52%, respectively, that are closely related to vitamin A contents. The findings open interesting perspectives for the set up of an in situ, real time diagnostic procedure for the assessment of liver lipid accumulation, exploiting the photophysical properties of vitamin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- IGM-CNR Histochemistry and Cytometry Section and Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta, 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Croce AC, De Simone U, Vairetti M, Ferrigno A, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence properties of rat liver under hypermetabolic conditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1202-9. [PMID: 17973053 DOI: 10.1039/b707309g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence response to oxygen supply modulation has been investigated in livers of rats under the hypermetabolic state associated to a pathological condition-hyperthyroidism-that is known to enhance hepatocyte metabolic activities involving both NAD, i.e. oxidative pathways engaged in ATP synthesis, and NADP, i.e. reductive bio-synthesis and antioxidant functions. Experiments have been performed on rats in normal condition or submitted to long-term thyroxine (T(4)) administration. Histological inspection did not show any appreciable morphological alteration in liver parenchyma; biochemical analysis indicated an increase in both NADP(+) and NADPH contents. Autofluorescence properties have been monitored in vivo, via a fiber optic probe, on exposed livers both during induction of global ischemia and after restoration of blood circulation. Alteration of oxygen supply modulated liver autofluorescence properties, mainly as to NAD(P)H contribution, in dependence of changes in pyridine coenzymes redox state. With respect to euthyroid, hyperthyroid rat livers exhibited higher autofluorescence signals in all phases of the experiment, and a faster signal decay time upon reoxygenation. The results have been interpreted on the basis of a larger content of NADPH-the coenzyme not directly oxidized in respiratory processes and likely providing an almost constant autofluorescence background contribution-and of uncoupling effects facilitating the respiratory NADH oxidation, associated with the hyperthyroid condition. The results obtained in the liver hypermetabolic model provide interesting perspectives for a further improvement of the diagnostic implications of autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Section, IGM-CNR, Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Supino R, Petrangolini G, Pratesi G, Tortoreto M, Favini E, Bo LD, Casalini P, Radaelli E, Croce AC, Bottiroli G, Misiano P, Farina C, Zunino F. Antimetastatic Effect of a Small-Molecule Vacuolar H+-ATPase Inhibitor in in Vitro and in Vivo Preclinical Studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:15-22. [PMID: 17909082 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.128587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of the evidence that vacuolar H(+)-ATPase is implicated in the development of the metastatic phenotype, we have explored the possibility to target the enzyme function in an attempt to control the metastatic behavior of tumor cells. In this study, we used an indole derivative, NiK-12192 [4-(5,6-dichloro-1H-indol-2-yl)-3-ethoxy-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzamide], recently identified as an effective inhibitor of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, as a potential antimetastatic agent in the treatment of NSCLC H460 xenograft, which is able to induce lung metastases in mice. Oral administration of NiK-12192 caused a significant inhibition of formation of spontaneous metastases. In contrast, the drug exhibited a negligible effect on the development of artificial metastases (i.e., after i.v. injection of tumor cells), thus supporting that the drug affects the early events of the metastatic process (e.g., migration and invasion). Cellular effects are consistent with this interpretation. In conclusion, the available results show for the first time that a vacuolar H(+)-ATPase inhibitor is effective in modulation of the metastatic behavior of a lung carcinoma, supporting its potential therapeutic interest as a novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Supino
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Soldani C, Croce AC, Bottone MG, Fraschini A, Biggiogera M, Bottiroli G, Pellicciari C. Apoptosis in tumour cells photosensitized with Rose Bengal acetate is induced by multiple organelle photodamage. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:485-95. [PMID: 17849139 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rose Bengal (RB) is a very efficient photosensitizer which undergoes inactivation of its photophysical and photochemical properties upon addition of a quencher group-i.e. acetate-to the xanthene rings. The resulting RB acetate (RB-Ac) derivative behaves as a fluorogenic substrate: it easily enters the cells where the native photoactive molecule is restored by esterase activities. It is known that the viability of RB-Ac-loaded cells is strongly reduced by light irradiation, attesting to the formation of intracellular RB. The aim of this study was to identify the organelles photodamaged by the intracellularly formed RB. RB-Ac preloaded rat C6 glioma cells and human HeLa cells were irradiated at 530 nm. Fluorescence confocal imaging and colocalization with specific dyes showed that the restored RB molecules redistribute dynamically through the cytoplasm, with the achievement of a dynamic equilibrium at 30 min after the administration, in the cell systems used; this accounted for a generalized damage to several organelles and cell structures (i.e. the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton). The multiple organelle damage, furthermore, led preferentially to apoptosis as demonstrated by light and electron microscopy and by dual-fluorescence staining with FITC-labelled annexin V and propidium iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soldani
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Bottone MG, Soldani C, Fraschini A, Alpini C, Croce AC, Bottiroli G, Pellicciari C. Enzyme-assisted photosensitization with rose Bengal acetate induces structural and functional alteration of mitochondria in HeLa cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 127:263-71. [PMID: 17024456 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rose Bengal acetate (RB-Ac) can be used as a fluorogenic substrate for photosensitization of cells both in vivo and in vitro: once inside the cells, RB-Ac is converted into photoactive rose Bengal (RB) molecules which redistribute dynamically in the cytoplasm and, upon irradiation by visible green light, can damage organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and the cytoskeleton. Recently, evidence has been provided that mitochondria may also be affected. The aims of the present study were to describe RB-induced photodamage of mitochondria in single HeLa cells and to define, on a quantitative basis, the effects of photosensitization on their morphofunctional features. HeLa cell cultures were exposed to 10(-5) M RB-Ac for 60 min and then irradiated with a light emitting diode at 530 nm (total light dose, 1.6 J/cm2). After irradiation, the cells were transferred to a drug-free complete medium and allowed to grow for 24-72 h. Using conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that, in photosensitized cells, mitochondria undergo structural and functional alterations which can lead cells to apoptosis. Interestingly, in our system some cells were able to survive 72 h post-treatment and to recover, exhibiting the same mitochondrial structure, distribution and inner membrane potential as those in untreated controls. Taking into account that the photoactive molecules redistribute dynamically inside the cell upon RB-Ac administration, it may be hypothesized that cells can be differently affected by irradiation, depending on the relative amount and organelle location of the photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Bottone
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Petrangolini G, Supino R, Pratesi G, Dal Bo L, Tortoreto M, Croce AC, Misiano P, Belfiore P, Farina C, Zunino F. Effect of a Novel Vacuolar-H+-ATPase Inhibitor on Cell and Tumor Response to Camptothecins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:939-46. [PMID: 16714402 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar-H(+)-ATPase, functionally expressed in cell membranes, is known to play a relevant role in intracellular pH regulatory mechanisms, because it is implicated in pumping protons into the extracellular environment or in sequestrating excess protons into acidic vacuolar compartments. Because tumor cells exist in a hypoxic microenvironment and produce acidic metabolites, this regulatory mechanism is recognized as a protective function. This study was designed to investigate the effect of NiK-12192 [4-(5,6-dichloro-1H-indol-2-yl)-3-ethoxy-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzamide], an indole derivative identified as an effective inhibitor of vacuolar-H(+)-ATPase, on the cytotoxic activity of two camptothecins, i.e., topotecan and SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, the active metabolite of irinotecan). The cellular studies performed in two pairs of human colon carcinoma cell lines, i.e., LoVo and LoVo/DX (overexpressing P-glycoprotein) and HT29 and HT29/Mit (overexpressing breast cancer resistant protein), indicated an enhancement of the antiproliferative effect of camptothecins by concomitant exposure to subtoxic concentrations of NiK-12192. Studies of subcellular distribution indicated that whereas topotecan alone localized mainly in mitochondria and endoplasmic compartment, the simultaneous presence of NiK-12192 caused a cytoplasmic redistribution. In HT29/Mit cells, NiK-12192 reverted the pattern of acidification induced by topotecan. The potentiation of topotecan efficacy by NiK-12192 was documented by an increased efficacy of the combination in both the HT29 tumor xenografts, being more evident in the topotecan-resistant HT29/Mit tumor. In conclusion, the vacuolar-H(+)-ATPase inhibitor NiK-12192 was able to potentiate the cytotoxic/antitumor effects of camptothecins, either in in vitro or in in vivo systems. Such findings support a potential interest for the use of vacuolar-H(+)-ATPase inhibitors in combination therapy to improve camptothecin efficacy.
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Soldani C, Bottone MG, Croce AC, Fraschini A, Bottiroli G, Pellicciari C. The Golgi apparatus is a primary site of intracellular damage after photosensitization with Rose Bengal acetate. Eur J Histochem 2005; 48:443-8. [PMID: 15718212 DOI: 10.4081/919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate whether the Golgi apparatus undergoes photodamage following administration of the fluorogenic substrates Rose Bengal acetate (RBAc) and irradiation at the appropriate wavelength. Human HeLa cells were treated in culture and the changes in the organization of the Golgi apparatus were studied using fluorescence confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, after immunocytochemical labeling. To see whether the cytoskeletal components primarily involved in vesicle traffic (i.e., microtubules) might also be affected, experiments of tubulin immunolabeling were performed. After treatment with RBAc and irradiation, cells were allowed to grow in drug-free medium for different times. 24 hr after irradiation, the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus became packed, and after 48-72 hr they appeared more fragmented and scattered throughout the cytoplasm; these changes in the organization of the Golgi cisternae were confirmed at electron microscopy. Interestingly enough, apoptosis was found to occur especially 48-72 h after irradiation, and apoptotic cells exhibited a dramatic fragmentation of the Golgi membranes. The immunolabeling with anti-tubulin antibody showed that microtubules were also affected by irradiation in RBAc-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soldani
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Cleta Croce A, Ferrigno A, Vairetti M, Bertone R, Freitas I, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence spectroscopy of rat liver during experimental transplantation procedure. An approach for hepatic metabolism assessment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:583-90. [PMID: 16052263 DOI: 10.1039/b503586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury, a major cause of organ metabolic alterations and consequent dysfunction in liver transplantation, could be overcome by optimizing organ preservation procedures. The potential of autofluorescence analysis was investigated with the aim to define parameters suitable for in vivo monitoring tissue functionality. Spectrofluorometric analysis was performed on explanted rat livers during cold storage, under standard (4 degrees C University of Wisconsin medium for 20 h) and purposely damaging (4 degrees C Eurocollins medium for 20, 43 and 72 h) preservation conditions, and reperfusion (rewarming-reoxygenation). For both preservation conditions, cold hypoxia caused a signal amplitude increase, mainly attributable to NAD(P)H, and a spectral shape modification, ascribable to changes in the relative contributions of NAD(P)H and flavins, as a result of the tissue reduced state enhancement. Upon rewarming-reoxygenation the autofluorescence signal decreased with a rate depending on the preservation conditions. The time constant changed according to the extent of the liver functionality impairment, as assessed by conventional biochemical and histochemical analyses, thus providing a parameter exploitable for an in situ, real time monitoring of the efficacy of experimental preservation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Histochemistry and Cytometry Section, IGM-CNR, Department of Animal Biology, Piazza Botta, 10, 27100, Pavia.
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Palumbo G, Pratesi R, Bottiroli G, Croce AC. Autofluorescence spectroscopy of cells and tissue as a tool for biomedical diagnosis. Lasers and Current Optical Techniques in Biology 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847551207-00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC. Autofluorescence spectroscopy of cells and tissues as a tool for biomedical diagnosis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3:189-210. [PMID: 15688518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Several biomolecules involved both in the metabolic processes and in the histological organization of cells and tissues are characterized by fluorescence properties that can be exploited to obtain information on the morpho-functional conditions of the biological substrate, suitable for diagnostic applications. An overview of the endogenous fluorophores responsible for the autofluorescence is given concerning the photophysical properties and their dependence on the evolution of the biological condition of cells and tissues.
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Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Vairetti M, Bertone R, Freitas I, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence properties of isolated rat hepatocytes under different metabolic conditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3:920-6. [PMID: 15480482 DOI: 10.1039/b407358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of endogenous fluorophores - such as proteins, bound and free NAD(P)H, flavins, vitamin A, arachidonic acid - to the liver autofluorescence was studied on tissue homogenate extracts and on isolated hepatocytes by means of spectrofluorometric analysis. Autofluorescence spectral analysis was then applied to investigate the response of single living hepatocytes to experimental conditions resembling the various phases of the organ transplantation. The following conditions were considered: 1 h after cells isolation (reference condition); cold hypoxia; rewarming-reoxygenation after cold preservation. The main alterations occurred for NAD(P)H and flavins, the coenzymes strictly involved in energetic metabolism. During cold hypoxia NAD(P)H, mainly the bound form, showed an increase followed by a slow decrease, in agreement with the inability of the respiratory chain to reoxidize the coenzyme, and a subsequent NADH reoxidation through alternative anaerobic metabolic pathways. Both bound/free NAD(P)H and total NAD(P)H/flavin ratio values were altered during cold hypoxia, but approached the reference condition values after rewarming-reoxygenation, indicating the cells capability to restore the basal redox equilibrium. A decrease of arachidonic acid and vitamin A contributions occurred after cold hypoxia: in the former case it may depend on the balance between deacylation and reacylation of fatty acids, in the latter it might be related to the vitamin A antioxidant role. An influence of physico-chemical status and microenvironment on the fluorescence efficiency of these fluorophores cannot be excluded. In general, all the changes observed for cell autofluorescence properties were consistent with the complex metabolic pathways providing for energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Histochemistry and Cytometry Section, IGM-CNR, Department of Animal Biology, Piazza Botta, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Croce AC, Bottiroli G, Supino R, Favini E, Zuco V, Zunino F. Subcellular localization of the camptothecin analogues, topotecan and gimatecan. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1035-45. [PMID: 15006540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilicity of camptothecins derivatives has been reported to improve the stability of the lactone ring and to favor rapid uptake and intracellular accumulation. Recently, a novel series of lipophilic camptothecins substituted at position 7 was developed, and gimatecan (ST1481) was selected for clinical development on the basis of some favorable features, including potent cytotoxicity and the unique feature of the lack of recognition by breast cancer resistance-associated protein (BCRP). In this work the intrinsic fluorescence properties of this compound were exploited to investigate its intracellular disposition in comparison with the water-soluble camptothecin, topotecan (TPT), in HT-29 colon carcinoma cells and in a subline, HT-29/Mit, selected for resistance to mitoxantrone and overexpressing BCRP. The study was performed at single-cell level by means of microspectrofluorometry and fluorescence image analysis. The results indicated a quite different subcellular localization of TPT ST1481, since TPT localized mainly in mitochondria, whereas gimatecan exhibited a lysosomal localization. An increased persistence of DNA damage in gimatecan-treated cells was consistent with the interpretation that lysosomes represent a store of active drug. In contrast to gimatecan, which showed a similar localization in HT-29 cells and in the mitoxantrone-resistant subline, the cellular pharmacokinetic of TPT was markedly influenced by overexpression of BCRP protein in the resistant subline. In conclusion, the present results indicating a quite different behavior of the two camptothecins suggest that, apart from intracellular accumulation, subcellular distribution plays a role in their cytotoxic potency and contributes to their pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- IGM-CNR, Sezione di Istochimica e Citometria, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Bottone MG, Vaccino S, Pellicciari C. G0-G1 cell cycle phase transition as revealed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer: analysis of human fibroblast chromatin. Eur J Histochem 2004; 48:37-48. [PMID: 15145774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, microspectrofluorometry and digital imaging procedures were used to investigate by fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analysis the changes of chromatin organization during the transition from G0 quiescent stat to G1 phase. G0 transition is a key event in cell cycle progress depending on the activation of specific genes and the concomitant silencing of others, which both entail spatial chromatin rearrangement. Normal human fibroblasts arrested in G0-phase by culture in low-serum containing medium and stimulated to re-enter G1 by serum addition were used as cell model. To investigate the occurrence and timing of these supramolecular chromatin changes, we estimated the relative FRET efficiency in single cells after double-helical DNA. Hoechst 33258 amd propidium iodide were used as a donor-acceptor dye pair since they exhibit particularly favourable spectral characteristics, that allow the calculation procedure to be semplified. The results of FRET analysis were compared to those of the immunocytochemical labelling of two nuclear proteins (i.e., Ki-67 and statin) whose expression is an established marker of potentially proliferating G1 cells or resting G0 cells, respectively. FRET efficiency was lower in G0 than G1 fibroblasts: this is likely due to higher chromatin packaging in quiescent cells which especially hinders the interaction with the donor molecules less favourable, in terms of relative distance and spatial orientation. FRET efficiency significantly increased shortly (1h) after serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts, thus indicating that chromatin is rearranged in parallel with activation of cycle-related gene; it is worth noting that these signs largely preceded the occurrence of immunopositivity for Ki-67, which was detectable only 24h after serum stimulation. FRET-based analyses which already proved to be suitable for studying the overall chromatin organization in differentiated cells, may now be envisaged as a powerful tool for detecting, in single cells, more subtle changes linked to the activation of early cycle-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottiroli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del CNR, Sezione di Istochimica e Citometria, piazza Botta 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
The amount/distribution of liver melanin in 3 amphibian species (Rana esculenta, Triturus a. apuanus, Triturus carnifex) was studied during 2 periods of the annual cycle (summer activity-winter hibernation) by light and electron microscopy, image analysis and microspectrofluorometry. The increase in liver pigmentation (melanin content) during winter appeared to be correlated with morphological and functional modifications in the hepatocytes, which at this period were characterised by a decrease in metabolic activity. These findings were interpreted according to the functional role (e.g. phagocytosis, cytotoxic substance inactivation) played by the pigment cell component in the general physiology of the heterothermic vertebrate liver and, in particular, in relation to a compensatory engagement of these cells against hepatocellular hypoactivity during the winter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Italy.
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Croce AC, Spano A, Locatelli D, Barni S, Sciola L, Bottiroli G. Dependence of fibroblast autofluorescence properties on normal and transformed conditions. Role of the metabolic activity. Photochem Photobiol 1999; 69:364-74. [PMID: 10089830 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(1999)069<0364:dofapo>2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of autofluorescence properties on the metabolic and functional engagement and on the transformation condition was studied on single cells. Normal Galliera rat fibroblasts at low subculture passage (cell strain), at high subculture passage (stabilized cell line), and transformed cell line derived from a rat sarcoma were used as a cell model. The study was performed by microspectrofluorometric and fluorescence imaging technique. The autofluorescence properties of cells were studied by excitation at two wavelengths, namely 366 nm and 436 nm, that are known to favor the emission of different fluorophores. Spectral shape analysis indicated that under excitation at 366 nm autofluorescence is ascribable mainly to coenzyme molecules, particularly to reduced pyridine nucleotides, while under excitation at 436 nm, flavin and lipopigment emission is favored. The energetic metabolic engagement of the different cell lines was analyzed in terms both of parameters related to anaerobic-aerobic pathways (biochemical assay) and of mitochondrial features (supravital cytometry). The results showed that the cell strain and the stabilized and transformed cell lines can be distinguished from one another on the basis of both overall fluorescence intensity and the relative contributions of spectral components. These findings indicated a relationship between autofluorescence properties and energetic metabolism engagement of the cells that, in turn, is dependent on the proliferative activity and the transformed condition of the cells. In that it is a direct expression of the energetic metabolic engagement, autofluorescence can be assumed as an intrinsic parameter of the cell biological condition, suitable for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Croce
- CNR Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università, Pavia, Italy
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Croce AC, Mares V, Lisa V, Krajci D, Bottiroli G. Modulation of porphyrin derivatives accumulation in C6 glioma cells by drugs acting on beta-adrenergic receptors. A spectrofluorometric study. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 68:222-6. [PMID: 9723215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological modulation of the uptake of porphyrin derivatives in cultured C6 glioma cells was investigated by means of spectrofluorometric analysis both in single cells and in cell homogenates. The influence of drugs acting as beta-receptor agonists or antagonists was studied in cells grown to semiconfluency. Isoproterenol (ISO), a beta-receptor agonist, enhanced the intracellular fluorescence intensity of both Photofrin and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). A treatment with a beta-receptor antagonist I-propranolol (PRO), simultaneous with ISO, resulted in an intracellular Photofrin fluorescence signal comparable to that of the control cells, indicating the specificity of the pharmacological action. The pharmacological treatment seemed particularly effective with the aggregated species. This is suggested by the relative increase of the band at 670 nm, being greater than that in the 630 nm band in the emission spectra of Photofrin and PpIX, and by the comparison of the fluorescence intensity on cell homogenates measured both in the absence and in the presence of cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide as a detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Croce
- Centro di Studio per I'Istochimica, Università, Pavia, Italy
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Locatelli D, Nano R, Giombelli E, Messina A, Benericetti E. Brain tissue autofluorescence: an aid for intraoperative delineation of tumor resection margins. Cancer Detect Prev 1998; 22:330-9. [PMID: 9674876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1500.1998.cdoa34.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic autofluorescence properties of biological tissues can change depending on alterations induced by pathological processes. Evidence has been reported concerning the application of autofluorescence as a parameter for in situ cancer detection in several organs. In this paper, autofluorescence properties of normal and tumor tissue in the brain are described, suitable for a real-time diagnostic application. Data were obtained both on ex vivo resected samples, by microspectrofluorometric techniques, and in vivo, during surgical operation, by means of fiberoptic probe. Significant differences were found in autofluorescence emission properties between normal and tumor tissues, in terms of both spectral shape and signal amplitude, that confirm the potential of autofluorescence as a parameter to distinguish neoplastic from normal condition. The noninvasiveness of the technique opens up interesting prospects for improving the efficacy of neurosurgical operations, by allowing an intraoperative delineation of tumor resection margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Centre for Histochemistry, CNR, Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Italy
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Balzarini P, Locatelli D, Baglioni P, Lo Nostro P, Monici M, Pratesi R. Enzyme-assisted cell photosensitization: a proposal for an efficient approach to tumor therapy and diagnosis. The rose bengal fluorogenic substrate. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66:374-83. [PMID: 9297981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rose bengal, a xanthene derivative among the most efficient producer of singlet oxygen, was submitted to a chemical modification consisting in the introduction of an acetate group into the aromatic ring fluorophore structure. The acetate group acts as a quencher, thus inactivating both fluorescence and photosensitization properties of the molecule. In the modified structure, rose bengal acts as a fluorogenic substrate giving rise to the cellular reaction termed fluorochromasia. The acetate group is recognized by a carboxylic esterase activity that splits it. Removal of the quencher group results in restoring the native structure of photosensitizer inside the cells. The intracellular turnover of rose bengal acetate was studied in rat glioma-derived cultures cells, in terms of the balance of the processes of influx and enzyme hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate, and of the efflux of the fluorescent product. A large intracellular accumulation of photosensitizer is obtained when treatments are performed with the fluorogenic substrate, even at the drug concentration at which rose bengal does not enter the cells. The intracellular localization allows rose bengal to exert a more effective photosensitization effect. Provided that the quencher group is selected according to the metabolic properties of the tumor cells, the use of fluorogenic substrates as photosensitizer precursors could improve fluorescence diagnosis and the photodynamic therapy of tumors, exploiting the biological properties that distinguish pathological from normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Centro di Studio per l'Istochimica CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università, Pavia, Italy.
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Monici M, Pratesi R, Bernabei PA, Caporale R, Ferrini PR, Croce AC, Balzarini P, Bottiroli G. Natural fluorescence of white blood cells: spectroscopic and imaging study. J Photochem Photobiol B 1995; 30:29-37. [PMID: 8558361 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07149-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autofluorescence has been proved to be an intrinsic parameter of biological substrates that may aid in both the characterization of the physiological state and the discrimination of pathological from normal conditions of cells, tissues and organs. In this work, the fluorescence properties of human white blood cells have been studied in suspension and on single cells at microscopy. The results indicate that suspensions of agranulocytes and granulocytes differ in the amplitude of the fluorescence signal on excitation at wavelengths in the range 250-370 nm. The differences are particularly enhanced when excitation is performed in the 250-265 nm range. Microspectrofluorometric analysis, performed on single cells, allows several leukocyte families to be characterized. Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils can be distinguished according to the intensity and spectral shape of the autofluorescence emission in the visible range from 440 to 580 nm. Both the nature and extent of the differences change when the excitation wavelength is moved from 366 to 436 nm. Differences in the intrinsic metabolic engagement, rather than in the cell dimensions, seem to be responsible for the differences observed between the leukocyte populations. The results identify interesting perspectives for autofluorescence as a discriminating parameter in the differential counting of human white blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monici
- Istituto di Elettronica Quantistica, CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università, Firenze, Italy
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Locatelli D, Marchesini R, Pignoli E, Tomatis S, Cuzzoni C, Di Palma S, Dalfante M, Spinelli P. Natural fluorescence of normal and neoplastic human colon: a comprehensive "ex vivo" study. Lasers Surg Med 1995; 16:48-60. [PMID: 7715402 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900160107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A microspectrofluorometric analysis on "ex vivo" samples from normal tissue and adenocarcinoma of the human colon has been performed to characterize the histological, biochemical, and biophysical bases of the autofluorescence. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Differences between normal and tumor tissues are found that concern both the intensity distribution and spectral shape of the autofluorescence emission. The different pattern of the fluorescence intensity can be related to the histological organization of the tissue, and involves mainly the arrangement of the submucosa, the most fluorescent layer. RESULTS The most evident differences in the spectral shape found in the 480-580 nm range involve the stromal compartment, seem to be due to the presence of different fluorochromes, and are possibly related to the host response to the tumor. CONCLUSION The nature and the extent of the autofluorescence modification between normal and tumor tissue in sections explain at least partly the evidence of the "in vivo" analysis and highlight the importance of excitation for full exploitation of the potentials of autofluorescence in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Center for Histochemistry, CNR, University of Pavia, Italy
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Pellicciari C, Ramponi R. Propidium iodide and the thiol-specific reagent DACM as a dye pair for fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis: an application to mouse sperm chromatin. Cytometry 1994; 15:106-16. [PMID: 8168398 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990150204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The dyes N-(-7-dimethyl-amino-4-methyl-coumarinyl) maleimide and propidium iodide, specific for the thiol group and DNA, respectively, were considered as a donor-acceptor couple suitable for investigating "in situ" the relative spatial distribution of DNA and protamines in mouse spermatozoa chromatin. The two dyes are characterized by favourable spectral properties, so that a simplified analytical procedure, based on the measurement of both donor and acceptor emission in double-stained samples, can be applied to evaluate the relative efficiency of the energy transfer process and its topological distribution. The results obtained indicate that during the maturation process: 1) the basic arrangement of protamine-DNA complex does not undergo structure changes, and 2) the oxidation of sulfhydryl to disulfide groups, resulting in chromatin stabilization, first involves the protamine thiols spatially closer to DNA. Fluorescence energy transfer imaging suggests that chromatin stabilization starts in the midportion of the sperm head, then spreads towards the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Centro di Studio per l'Istochimica, C.N.R., Pavia, Italy
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Marchesini R, Pignoli E, Tomatis S, Fumagalli S, Sichirollo AE, Di Palma S, Dal Fante M, Spinelli P, Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Ex vivo optical properties of human colon tissue. Lasers Surg Med 1994; 15:351-7. [PMID: 7885168 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900150404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Using a spectrophotometer equipped with an internal integrating sphere, the absorption (mu a) and the reduced scattering (microseconds') coefficients of ex vivo human colon tissues were evaluated from reflectance and transmittance measurements. Mu a and microseconds' varied from 47.7 to 1.0 cm-1 and from 14.2 to 6.2 cm-1, respectively, on passing from 300 nm to 800 nm. These results can be used to estimate the optical penetration depths when photodynamic therapy or light-induced fluorescence procedures are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marchesini
- Division of Health Physics, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
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Marchesini R, Brambilla M, Pignoli E, Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Dal Fante M, Spinelli P, di Palma S. Light-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of adenomas, adenocarcinomas and non-neoplastic mucosa in human colon. I. In vitro measurements. J Photochem Photobiol B 1992; 14:219-30. [PMID: 1432391 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to evaluate whether induced fluorescence could be exploited to discriminate neoplastic from non-neoplastic tissue, fluorescence spectroscopy was performed at 450-800 nm on 83 biopsy specimens of colonic mucosa. Measurements showed that fluorescence spectra of adenoma, adenocarcinoma and non-neoplastic mucosa manifest dissimilar patterns. Nine variables, whose photophysical and/or biological bases need further investigation, were derived from the spectra. Discriminant functions between the groups of lesions were determined by using a stepwise discriminant analysis. The diagnostic test had a sensitivity of 80.6% and 88.2%, and a specificity of 90.5% and 95.2% in discriminating neoplastic from non-neoplastic mucosa and adenoma from non-neoplastic mucosa respectively. These results suggest that fluorescence spectroscopy has the potential to improve endoscopic diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marchesini
- Division of Health Physics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Ramponi R, Vaghi P. Distribution of di-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine and Photofrin II in living cells: a comparative fluorometric study. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 55:575-88. [PMID: 1535713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microspectrofluorometric and fluorescence imaging techniques have been employed to study the internalization and intracellular distribution of both Photofrin II, an experimental drug used in photodynamic therapy, and di-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine, a very promising photosensitizer. The results obtained by microscopic techniques in living cells have been compared with those obtained in solution on cell extracts. Experimental results indicated that the complexity of the drug-cell interaction can be explained according to the chemico-physical nature of the drugs. In particular, the presence of both monomeric and aggregated fractions, which are supposed to be internalized through different mechanisms, accounts for the intracellular distributions observed for both drugs, depending on the treatment conditions. Equilibria among the drug fractions take place within the cells, resulting in the persistence of the intracellular fluorescence. On the whole, the behavior of the two drugs appears very similar, except for some aspects related to the intracellular distribution, which can be explained in terms of different degree of lipophilicity of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Centro di Studio per l'Istochimica del CNR, Università di Pavia, Italy
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Supino R, Mariani M, Colombo A, Prosperi E, Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Comparative studies on the effects of doxorubicin and differentiation inducing agents on B16 melanoma cells. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A:778-83. [PMID: 1326307 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(92)90114-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation-inducing activity of doxorubicin on B16 melanoma cells grown in vitro was compared with that of other known differentiation inducers, such as theophylline, retinoic acid, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). At drug concentrations resulting in cytostatic effects, doxorubicin and theophylline induced morphological changes (dendritic-like structures with a terminal melanin granule) with an enhancement of total melanin content and tyrosinase activity. Retinoic acid did not alter melanin content and cell morphology, although it affected cell growth. MSH enhanced total melanin content and tyrosinase activity, with no significant morphological changes. Flow cytometric analysis showed that MSH led to an accumulation of cells in G1 phase whereas doxorubicin induced an accumulation of cells in G2 + M. Studies on DNA content in doxorubicin-treated cells, selected on the basis of a morphologically differentiated pattern, showed a clustering of these cells in G2 + M, probably due to a cytokinesis block. Thus doxorubicin can induce cell differentiation comparable with other differentiation inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Supino
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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45
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Ramponi R. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging as a tool for in situ evaluation of cell morphofunctional characteristics. J Photochem Photobiol B 1992; 12:413-6. [PMID: 1578299 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85045-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Centro di Studio per lIstochimica CNR, Dip. di Biologia Animale dellUniversitá, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Photofrin II is the hematoporphyrin-derivative fraction enriched in covalently-linked oligomers, characterized by a high degree of folding. Interaction with hydrophobic structures, such as biomolecules and cell structures, results in a modification of the equilibria among the different species, as a consequence of an unfolding effect exerted towards the electrostatic aggregates. The effect of esterase activity was evaluated, taking into account the nature suggested for the covalent linkage of the oligomers (ether and/or ester). The study was performed in Photofrin II aqueous solution by means of absorption and fluorescence spectral analysis. The results showed that the esterase is active only towards the unfold oligomers: that is, in Photofrin II solution supplemented with albumin. In these conditions, spectral analysis revealed the presence of a monomerization process, which is clearly evident during the first four hours of incubation. The monomerization effect induced by the enzyme was also proven by both equilibrium-dialysis measurements and zinc ion complexation. Zinc ion complexes with high affinity for monomeric species, giving rise to a very distinct emission band at 580 nm. The amount of ester linkage shown in the oligomers through enzyme hydrolysis appeared to be less than might have been expected, owing to the inhibiting effect of the monomer produced on the enzyme. The results are a step toward clarifying the intracellular and intratissue turnover of the drug observed after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università, Pavia, Italy
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47
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Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Gerzeli G, Barni S. DNA double staining for a fluorescence energy transfer study of chromatin in liver cells. Cell Biophys 1989; 15:249-63. [PMID: 2480184 DOI: 10.1007/bf02989687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methodological aspects related to the application of techniques based on fluorescence energy transfer in the study of chromatin structure, were first examined. Fluorochromes specific for DNA with different interaction mechanisms were employed, both in single and double stainings. The following dye pairs were considered as donor/acceptor couples: Hoechst 33342 or DAPI/Mithramycin A or Chromomycin A3, Hoechst 33342 or DAPI/Propidium Iodide, and Mithramycin A or Chromomycin A3/Propidium Iodide. Spectrofluorometric analysis showed that the spectral distribution of the dye pair Ho/PI is more suitable for the evaluation of energy transfer efficiency. This dye pair was used in the study of the chromatin microstructure in rat hepatocytes isolated from livers at two different growth stages. In particular, diploid mono- and binucleated cells from young and adult rats were considered. The results indicated the existence of a more homogeneous situation in young than in adult rats. In the latter case, the statistical analysis indicates the presence of two groups of energy transfer values. The different efficiency values in energy transfer can be considered a consequence of chromatin structure rearrangement and are tentatively interpreted according to the functional role of the diploid cells in the two stages of liver growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Centro di Studio per l'Istochimica, CNR, Italy
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Prosperi E, Croce AC, Supino R, Bottiroli G. Metabolic energy availability and proliferative activity in adriamycin-treated cells. Anticancer Res 1989; 9:203-7. [PMID: 2705748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic energy availability and proliferative activity were studied in HeLa cells treated with Adriamycin (Adr). Conditions (ID50) that induced growth delay, without significant cell lethality, did not appreciably alter ATP content, over 72 hours after treatment. Energy-dependent membrane permeability properties, assessed with the vital dye fluorescein, were similarly unaffected. The cytostatic effect was confirmed by the incorporation rate of 3H-thymidine and 14C-leucine, and by flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle progression. Early depletion in cellular ATP occurred when Adr induced an evident cytocidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Prosperi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Italy
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Croce AC, Bottiroli G, Prosperi E, Supino R, Stoward PJ. Limitations of the quantitative cytochemical assay of catechol oxidase in melanoma cells. Histochem J 1988; 20:595-602. [PMID: 3147271 DOI: 10.1007/bf01324077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cytochemical quantification of catechol oxidase activity in fixed B16 melanoma cells was investigated using dopa as the substrate. Inhibitors showed that peroxidases do not significantly interfere. The kinetics of melanin formation were studied initially in solution with purified catechol oxidase. Two key parameters were identified: lag-time and the rate of melanin formation. The lag-time was taken as the time required by intermediates to reach a critical concentration at which the polymerization process starts and melanin production becomes measurable (at 640 nm). In solution, the lag-time decreases as the enzyme activity increases, particularly when the activity is very low. The rate at which melanin is formed by pure enzyme in solution is independent of dopa concentration when its activity is low but increases linearly with dopa concentration when the activity is comparatively high. In fixed melanoma cells, the lag-time decreases linearly with increases of dopa concentrations up to 20 mM; at concentrations higher than this, the lag decreases more slowly. In contrast, the rate of melanin production is unaffected by changes in dopa concentration. The lag-times of different cells lines incubated at the same substrate concentration decrease as the enzyme activity of the cells increases. The rate of melanin production seems to be affected by factors other than catechol oxidase activity, such as the intracellular organization and distribution of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Croce
- Centro di Studio per l'Istochimica del CNR, Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Italy
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