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Kiah M, Azimi A, Hajisoltani R, Yousefifard1 M. Treatment with Rapamycin in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injuries; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2023; 12:e16. [PMID: 38371447 PMCID: PMC10871052 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v12i1.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Introduction In light of the potential of enhanced functional and neurological recovery in traumatic brain injury (TBI) with the administration of rapamycin, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of rapamycin treatment in animal models of TBI. Methods An extensive search was conducted in the electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science by July 1st, 2023. Two independent researchers performed the screening process by reviewing the titles and abstracts and the full texts of the relevant articles, including those meeting the inclusion criteria. Apoptosis rate, inflammation, locomotion, and neurological status were assessed as outcomes. A standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated for each experiment, and a pooled effect size was reported. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 17.0 software. Results Twelve articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Pooled data analysis indicated notable reductions in the number of apoptotic cells (SMD for Tunnel-positive cells = -1.60; 95%CI: -2.21, -0.99, p<0.001), p-mTOR (SMD=-1.41; 95%CI: -2.03, -0.80, p<0.001), and p-S6 (SMD=-2.27; 95%CI: -3.03, -1.50, p<0.001) in TBI post-treatment. Our analysis also indicated substantial IL-1β reductions after rapamycin administration (SMD= -1.91; 95%CI: -2.61, -1.21, p<0.001). Moreover, pooled data analysis found significant neurological severity score (NSS) improvements at 24 hours (SMD= -1.16; 95%CI: -1.69, -0.62, p<0.001; I²=0.00%), 72 hours (SMD= -1.44; 95%CI: -2.00, -0.88, p<0.001; I²=0.00%), and 168 hours post-TBI (SMD= -1.56; 95%CI: -2.44, -0.68, p<0.001; I²=63.37%). No such improvement was observed in the grip test. Conclusion Low to moderate-level evidence demonstrated a significant decrease in apoptotic and inflammatory markers and improved neurological status in rodents with TBI. However, no such improvements were observed in locomotion recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kiah
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Azimi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Hajisoltani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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FDA-Approved Kinase Inhibitors in Preclinical and Clinical Trials for Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121546. [PMID: 36558997 PMCID: PMC9784968 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers and neurological disorders are two major types of diseases. We previously developed a new concept termed "Aberrant Cell Cycle Diseases" (ACCD), revealing that these two diseases share a common mechanism of aberrant cell cycle re-entry. The aberrant cell cycle re-entry is manifested as kinase/oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inactivation, which are hallmarks of both tumor growth in cancers and neuronal death in neurological disorders. Therefore, some cancer therapies (e.g., kinase inhibition, tumor suppressor elevation) can be leveraged for neurological treatments. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has so far approved 74 kinase inhibitors, with numerous other kinase inhibitors in clinical trials, mostly for the treatment of cancers. In contrast, there are dire unmet needs of FDA-approved drugs for neurological treatments, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic stroke (IS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and others. In this review, we list these 74 FDA-approved kinase-targeted drugs and identify those that have been reported in preclinical and/or clinical trials for neurological disorders, with a purpose of discussing the feasibility and applicability of leveraging these cancer drugs (FDA-approved kinase inhibitors) for neurological treatments.
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Lynch MA. Exploring Sex-Related Differences in Microglia May Be a Game-Changer in Precision Medicine. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:868448. [PMID: 35431903 PMCID: PMC9009390 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.868448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One area of microglial biology that has been relatively neglected until recently is sex differences and this is in spite of the fact that sex is a risk factor in several diseases that are characterized by neuroinflammation and, by extension, microglial activation. Why these sex differences exist is not known but the panoply of differences extend to microglial number, genotype and phenotype. Significantly, several of these sex-related differences are also evident in health and change during life emphasizing the dynamic and plastic nature of microglia. This review will consider how age impacts on sex-related differences in microglia and ask whether the advancement of personalized medicine demands that a greater focus is placed on studying sex-related differences in microglia in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and models of inflammatory stress and trauma in order to make true progress in dealing with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Movahedpour A, Vakili O, Khalifeh M, Mousavi P, Mahmoodzadeh A, Taheri-Anganeh M, Razmeh S, Shabaninejad Z, Yousefi F, Behrouj H, Ghasemi H, Khatami SH. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and traumatic brain injury: A novel insight into targeted therapy. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:232-247. [PMID: 35258097 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most concerning health issues in which the normal brain function may be disrupted as a result of a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. Loss of consciousness, amnesia, focal neurological defects, alteration in mental state, and destructive diseases of the nervous system such as cognitive impairment, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the early loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons. TBI is a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Existing therapeutic approaches have not been often effective, indicating the necessity of discovering more efficient therapeutic targets. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway responds to different environmental cues to modulate a large number of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and cell metabolism. Moreover, mTOR has been reported to affect the regeneration of the injured nerves throughout the central nervous system (CNS). In this context, recent evaluations have revealed that mTOR inhibitors could be potential targets to defeat a group of neurological disorders, and thus, a number of clinical trials are investigating their efficacy in treating dementia, autism, epilepsy, stroke, and brain injury, as irritating neurological defects. The current review describes the interplay between mTOR signaling and major CNS-related disorders (esp. neurodegenerative diseases), as well as the mTOR signaling-TBI relationship. It also aims to discuss the promising therapeutic capacities of mTOR inhibitors during the TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Khalifeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pegah Mousavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amir Mahmoodzadeh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Saeed Razmeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Behrouj
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | | | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Herrera ML, Bandín S, Champarini LG, Hereñú CB, Bellini MJ. Intramuscular insulin-like growth factor-1 gene therapy modulates reactive microglia after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:196-204. [PMID: 34339780 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is a key feature and an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying chronic neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we have explored the effects of intramuscular IGF-1 gene therapy on reactive gliosis and functional outcome after an injury of the cerebral cortex. Young adult male rats were intramuscularly injected with a recombinant adenoviral construct harboring the cDNA of human IGF-1 (RAd-IGF1), with a control vector expressing green fluorescent protein (RAd-GFP) or PBS as control. Three weeks after the intramuscular injections of adenoviral vectors, animals were subjected to a unilateral penetrating brain injury. The data revealed that RAd-IGF1 gene therapy significantly increased serum IGF1 levels and improved working memory performance after one week of TBI as compared to PBS or RAd-GFP lesioned animals. At the same time, when we analyzed the effects of therapy on glial scar formation, the treatment with RAd-IGF1 did not modify the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells, but we observed a decrease in vimentin immunoreactive astrocytes at 7 days post-lesion in the injured hemisphere compared to RAd-GFP group. Moreover, IGF-1 gene therapy reduced the number of Iba1+ cells with reactive phenotype and the number of MHCII + cells in the injured hemisphere. These results suggest that intramuscular IGF-1 gene therapy may represent a new approach to prevent traumatic brain injury outcomes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Lorena Herrera
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Farmacología, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sandra Bandín
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Gabriel Champarini
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Farmacología, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Beatriz Hereñú
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Farmacología, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Jose Bellini
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
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Littlejohn EL, DeSana AJ, Williams HC, Chapman RT, Joseph B, Juras JA, Saatman KE. IGF1-Stimulated Posttraumatic Hippocampal Remodeling Is Not Dependent on mTOR. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663456. [PMID: 34095131 PMCID: PMC8174097 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is stimulated acutely following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, many hippocampal neurons born after injury develop abnormally and the number that survive long-term is debated. In experimental TBI, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) promotes hippocampal neuronal differentiation, improves immature neuron dendritic arbor morphology, increases long-term survival of neurons born after TBI, and improves cognitive function. One potential downstream mediator of the neurogenic effects of IGF1 is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which regulates proliferation as well as axonal and dendritic growth in the CNS. Excessive mTOR activation is posited to contribute to aberrant plasticity related to posttraumatic epilepsy, spurring preclinical studies of mTOR inhibitors as therapeutics for TBI. The degree to which pro-neurogenic effects of IGF1 depend upon upregulation of mTOR activity is currently unknown. Using immunostaining for phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6, a commonly used surrogate for mTOR activation, we show that controlled cortical impact TBI triggers mTOR activation in the dentate gyrus in a time-, region-, and injury severity-dependent manner. Posttraumatic mTOR activation in the granule cell layer (GCL) and dentate hilus was amplified in mice with conditional overexpression of IGF1. In contrast, delayed astrocytic activation of mTOR signaling within the dentate gyrus molecular layer, closely associated with proliferation, was not affected by IGF1 overexpression. To determine whether mTOR activation is necessary for IGF1-mediated stimulation of posttraumatic hippocampal neurogenesis, wildtype and IGF1 transgenic mice received the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin daily beginning at 3 days after TBI, following pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine. Compared to wildtype mice, IGF1 overexpressing mice exhibited increased posttraumatic neurogenesis, with a higher density of posttrauma-born GCL neurons at 10 days after injury. Inhibition of mTOR did not abrogate IGF1-stimulated enhancement of posttraumatic neurogenesis. Rather, rapamycin treatment in IGF1 transgenic mice, but not in WT mice, increased numbers of cells labeled with BrdU at 3 days after injury that survived to 10 days, and enhanced the proportion of posttrauma-born cells that differentiated into neurons. Because beneficial effects of IGF1 on hippocampal neurogenesis were maintained or even enhanced with delayed inhibition of mTOR, combination therapy approaches may hold promise for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Towner RA, Gulej R, Zalles M, Saunders D, Smith N, Lerner M, Morton KA, Richardson A. Rapamycin restores brain vasculature, metabolism, and blood-brain barrier in an inflammaging model. GeroScience 2021; 43:563-578. [PMID: 33846885 PMCID: PMC8110648 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin (RAPA) is found to have neuro-protective properties in various neuroinflammatory pathologies, including brain aging. With magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, we investigated the effect of RAPA in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammaging model in rat brains. Rats were exposed to saline (control), or LPS alone or LPS combined with RAPA treatment (via food over 6 weeks). Arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging was used to measure relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF). MR spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure brain metabolite levels. Contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) was used to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to confirm neuroinflammation. RAPA restored NF-κB and HIF-1α to normal levels. RAPA was able to significantly restore rCBF in the cerebral cortex post-LPS exposure (p < 0.05), but not in the hippocampus. In the hippocampus, RAPA was able to restore total creatine (Cr) acutely, and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) at 6 weeks, post-LPS. Myo-inositol (Myo-Ins) levels were found to decrease with RAPA treatment acutely post-LPS. RAPA was also able to significantly restore the BBB acutely post-LPS in both the cortex and hippocampus (p < 0.05 for both). RAPA was found to increase the percent change in BOLD signal in the cortex at 3 weeks, and in the hippocampus at 6 weeks post-LPS, compared to LPS alone. RAPA treatment also restored the neuronal and macro-vascular marker, EphB2, back to normal levels. These results indicate that RAPA may play an important therapeutic role in inhibiting neuroinflammation by normalizing brain vascularity, BBB, and some brain metabolites, and has a high translational capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma Nathan Shock Center for Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Michelle Zalles
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kathryn A Morton
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Oklahoma Nathan Shock Center for Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Chu X, Wang C, Wu Z, Fan L, Tao C, Lin J, Chen S, Lin Y, Ge Y. JNK/c-Jun-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia contributed to retinal ganglion cells degeneration induced by indirect traumatic optic neuropathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108335. [PMID: 33141050 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON) is a major cause of permanent loss of vision after blunt head trauma. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases. The present study concentrated on JNK/c-Jun-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia during the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in ITON. METHODS An impact acceleration (IA) model was employed to induce ITON, which could produce significant neurodegeneration in the visual system. Pharmacological approaches were employed to disrupt JNK and to explore whether JNK and the microglial response contribute to RGC death and axonal degeneration. RESULTS Our results indicated that the ITON model induced significant RGC death and axonal degeneration and activated JNK/c-Jun signaling, which could further induce the microglial response and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, JNK disruption is sufficient to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia and to prevent RGC death and axonal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS ITON could promote JNK/c-Jun signaling, which further activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and contributes to the degeneration of axons and death of RGCs. JNK inhibition is able to suppress the inflammatory reaction and improve RGC survival. Although further work is needed to determine whether pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome can prevent ITON, our findings indicated that such intervention could be promising for translational work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Chu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
| | - Liting Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
| | - Chunmei Tao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China
| | - Yongzhong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China.
| | - Yusong Ge
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China.
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Li Z, Qu Z, Wang Y, Qin M, Zhang H. miR-101-3p sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to irradiation. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:413-423. [PMID: 33336000 PMCID: PMC7712473 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs regulate radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether miR-101-3p is correlated with radiosensitivity of NSCLC. According to our results, miR-101-3p was downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, miR-101-3p was decreased in A549 cells' response to irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. Upregulation of miR-101-3p decreased survival fraction and colony formation rate and increased irradiation-induced apoptosis in irradiation-resistant cells, while miR-101-3p depletion had the opposite effects in irradiation-sensitive cells. Furthermore, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a target gene of miR-101-3p. The expressions of mTOR, p-mTOR, and p-S6 were curbed by overexpression of miR-101-3p in A549R cells, which was enhanced by repression of miR-101-3p in A549 cells. Intriguingly, elevation in mTOR abated miR-101-3p upregulation-induced increase in irradiation sensitivity in irradiation-resistant cell line. In contrast, rapamycin undermined miR-101-3p inhibitor-mediated reduction of irradiation sensitivity in irradiation-sensitive cell line. Besides, miR-101-3p overexpression enhanced the efficacy of radiation in an NSCLC xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, miR-101-3p sensitized A549 cells to irradiation via inhibition of mTOR-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Li
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhenjie Qu
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gerontology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Meilin Qin
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
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Bodnar CN, Roberts KN, Higgins EK, Bachstetter AD. A Systematic Review of Closed Head Injury Models of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice and Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1683-1706. [PMID: 30661454 PMCID: PMC6555186 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild TBI (mTBI) is a significant health concern. Animal models of mTBI are essential for understanding mechanisms, and pathological outcomes, as well as to test therapeutic interventions. A variety of closed head models of mTBI that incorporate different aspects (i.e., biomechanics) of the mTBI have been reported. The aim of the current review was to compile a comprehensive list of the closed head mTBI rodent models, along with the common data elements, and outcomes, with the goal to summarize the current state of the field. Publications were identified from a search of PubMed and Web of Science and screened for eligibility following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were included that were closed head injuries in which the authors classified the injury as mild in rats or mice. Injury model and animal-specific common data elements, as well as behavioral and histological outcomes, were collected and compiled from a total of 402 articles. Our results outline the wide variety of methods used to model mTBI. We also discovered that female rodents and both young and aged animals are under-represented in experimental mTBI studies. Our findings will aid in providing context comparing the injury models and provide a starting point for the selection of the most appropriate model of mTBI to address a specific hypothesis. We believe this review will be a useful starting place for determining what has been done and what knowledge is missing in the field to reduce the burden of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N. Bodnar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kelly N. Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Emma K. Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Fan YY, Nan F, Guo BL, Liao Y, Zhang MS, Guo J, Niu BL, Liang YQ, Yang CH, Zhang Y, Zhang XP, Pang XF. Effects of long-term rapamycin treatment on glial scar formation after cryogenic traumatic brain injury in mice. Neurosci Lett 2018; 678:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Evidence of microglial activation following exposure to serum from first-onset drug-naïve schizophrenia patients. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:364-373. [PMID: 28988033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of brain microglial cells is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Previously the pathophysiology of microglial activation was considered to be intrinsic to the central nervous system. We hypothesised that due to their perivascular localization, microglia can also be activated by factors present in circulating blood. Through application of high-content functional screening, we show that peripheral blood serum from first-onset drug-naïve schizophrenia patients is sufficient to provoke microglial cell signalling network responses in vitro which are indicative of proinflammatory activation. We further explore the composition of the serum for the presence of analytes, with the potential to activate microglia, and the utility of the resultant microglial cellular phenotype for novel drug discovery.
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Clossen BL, Reddy DS. Novel therapeutic approaches for disease-modification of epileptogenesis for curing epilepsy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1519-1538. [PMID: 28179120 PMCID: PMC5474195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the recent advances in epileptogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention of epilepsy, with a special emphasis on the pharmacological basis of disease-modification of epileptogenesis for curing epilepsy. Here we assess animal studies and human clinical trials of epilepsy spanning 1982-2016. Epilepsy arises from a number of neuronal factors that trigger epileptogenesis, which is the process by which a brain shifts from a normal physiologic state to an epileptic condition. The events precipitating these changes can be of diverse origin, including traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular damage, infections, chemical neurotoxicity, and emergency seizure conditions such as status epilepticus. Expectedly, the molecular and system mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. To date, there is no approved therapy for the prevention of epilepsy. Epigenetic dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration appear to trigger epileptogenesis. Targeted drugs are being identified that can truly prevent the development of epilepsy in at-risk people. The promising agents include rapamycin, COX-2 inhibitors, TRK inhibitors, epigenetic modulators, JAK-STAT inhibitors, and neurosteroids. Recent evidence suggests that neurosteroids may play a role in modulating epileptogenesis. A number of promising drugs are under investigation for the prevention or modification of epileptogenesis to halt the development of epilepsy. Some drugs in development appear rational for preventing epilepsy because they target the initial trigger or related signaling pathways as the brain becomes progressively more prone to seizures. Additional research into the target validity and clinical investigation is essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Clossen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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14
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Pharmacological modulation of autophagy: therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:487-511. [PMID: 28529316 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is central to the maintenance of organismal homeostasis in both physiological and pathological situations. Accordingly, alterations in autophagy have been linked to clinically relevant conditions as diverse as cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiac disorders. Throughout the past decade, autophagy has attracted considerable attention as a target for the development of novel therapeutics. However, such efforts have not yet generated clinically viable interventions. In this Review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators, analyse the obstacles that have limited their development and propose strategies that may unlock the full therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation in the clinic.
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15
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Ye J, Jiang Z, Chen X, Liu M, Li J, Liu N. The role of autophagy in pro-inflammatory responses of microglia activation via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in vitro. J Neurochem 2017; 142:215-230. [PMID: 28407242 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia over-activation contributes to neurodegenerative processes by neurotoxin factors and pro-inflammatory molecules of pro-inflammatory processes. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy pathway might be involved in microglial activation, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we regulated autophagy pathway of microglia in vitro by autophagy inhibition (3-methyladenine treatment, siRNA-Beclin 1 or siRNA-ATG5 transfection) or induction (rapamycin treatment) in murine microglial BV-2 cells or cultured primary mouse microglial cells. And we found that autophagy inhibition could sensitize mitochondrial profile and microglial activation of cultured microglial cells, demonstrated by significant production of mitochondrial ROS, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor α and marked activation of mitogen-activated proteinkinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). These effects could be blocked by specific inhibitors of MAPK and NF-κB or mitochondrial antioxidants, Mito-TEMPO. Meanwhile, induction of autophagy with rapamycin treatment could significantly suppress microglial inflammatory responses, mitochondrial ROS production, activation of MAPKs and NF-κB. Taken together, our in vitro results from primary cultured microglia and BV-2 cell lines indicated that autophagy inhibition might participate in brain macrophage or microglia over-activation and mitochondrial ROS generation might be involved in the regulatory microglial pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongxin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Sahin P, Gungor-Ordueri NE, Celik-Ozenci C. Inhibition of mTOR pathway decreases the expression of pre-meiotic and meiotic markers throughout postnatal development and in adult testes in mice. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28488736 DOI: 10.1111/and.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) has been reported to have negative effect on human male gonadal function. Previously, we showed that mTOR signalling molecules are expressed during early spermatogenesis in mice. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of mTOR signalling in meiosis both during the first wave of spermatogenesis and also during adult spermatogenesis. Day 5 post-partum mice were administered rapamycin and retinoic acid (RA; a Stra8 activator), and expression of p-p70S6K and Stra8 proteins was evaluated. p-p70S6K and Stra8 protein expressions decreased in post-natal testes after rapamycin treatment. Stra8 protein expression increased after RA and rapamycin+RA administrations in post-natal testes. In adult mice, rapamycin was administrated for 1 or 4 weeks. Morphological analysis for testicular damage and TUNEL assay was performed. After rapamycin administration, germ cell loss increased in adult testes. Ultrastructural analysis revealed disorganised testicular morphology and vacuolisation. The number of apoptotic germ cells increased after 4 weeks rapamycin administration. Stra8 and Dmc1 expressions decreased in 4 weeks rapamycin group, whereas Sycp3 and VASA expression did not change. Our findings suggest that mTOR pathway has an important role in meiotic progress of male germ cells both during first wave of spermatogenesis and in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - N E Gungor-Ordueri
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biruni University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Celik-Ozenci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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17
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Lloyd BA, Hake HS, Ishiwata T, Farmer CE, Loetz EC, Fleshner M, Bland ST, Greenwood BN. Exercise increases mTOR signaling in brain regions involved in cognition and emotional behavior. Behav Brain Res 2017; 323:56-67. [PMID: 28130174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise can enhance learning and memory and produce resistance against stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. In rats, these beneficial effects of exercise occur regardless of exercise controllability: both voluntary and forced wheel running produce stress-protective effects. The mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of exercise remain unknown. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a translation regulator important for cell growth, proliferation, and survival. mTOR has been implicated in enhancing learning and memory as well as antidepressant effects. Moreover, mTOR is sensitive to exercise signals such as metabolic factors. The effects of exercise on mTOR signaling, however, remain unknown. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that exercise, regardless of controllability, increases levels of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) in brain regions important for learning and emotional behavior. Rats were exposed to 6 weeks of either sedentary (locked wheel), voluntary, or forced wheel running conditions. At 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed during peak running and levels of p-mTOR were measured using immunohistochemistry. Overall, both voluntary and forced exercise increased p-mTOR-positive neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala compared to locked wheel controls. Exercise, regardless of controllability, also increased numbers of p-mTOR-positive glia in the striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala. For both neurons and glia, the largest increase in p-mTOR positive cells was observed after voluntary running, with forced exercise causing a more modest increase. Interestingly, voluntary exercise preferentially increased p-mTOR in astrocytes (GFAP+), while forced running increased p-mTOR in microglia (CD11+) in the inferior dentate gyrus. Results suggest that mTOR signaling is sensitive to exercise, but subtle differences exist depending on exercise controllability. Increases in mTOR signaling could contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive function and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Lloyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Holly S Hake
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | | | - Caroline E Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Esteban C Loetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Sondra T Bland
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
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18
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Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Blomgren K, Kroemer G. Autophagy in acute brain injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:467-84. [PMID: 27256553 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism that ensures the lysosomal degradation of old, supernumerary or ectopic cytoplasmic entities. Most eukaryotic cells, including neurons, rely on proficient autophagic responses for the maintenance of homeostasis in response to stress. Accordingly, autophagy mediates neuroprotective effects following some forms of acute brain damage, including methamphetamine intoxication, spinal cord injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage. In some other circumstances, however, the autophagic machinery precipitates a peculiar form of cell death (known as autosis) that contributes to the aetiology of other types of acute brain damage, such as neonatal asphyxia. Here, we dissect the context-specific impact of autophagy on non-infectious acute brain injury, emphasizing the possible therapeutic application of pharmacological activators and inhibitors of this catabolic process for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
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19
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Schartz ND, Herr SA, Madsen L, Butts SJ, Torres C, Mendez LB, Brewster AL. Spatiotemporal profile of Map2 and microglial changes in the hippocampal CA1 region following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24988. [PMID: 27143585 PMCID: PMC4855223 DOI: 10.1038/srep24988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) triggers pathological changes to hippocampal dendrites that may promote epileptogenesis. The microtubule associated protein 2 (Map2) helps stabilize microtubules of the dendritic cytoskeleton. Recently, we reported a substantial decline in Map2 that coincided with robust microglia accumulation in the CA1 hippocampal region after an episode of SE. A spatial correlation between Map2 loss and reactive microglia was also reported in human cortex from refractory epilepsy. New evidence supports that microglia modulate dendritic structures. Thus, to identify a potential association between SE-induced Map2 and microglial changes, a spatiotemporal profile of these events is necessary. We used immunohistochemistry to determine the distribution of Map2 and the microglia marker IBA1 in the hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced SE from 4 hrs to 35 days. We found a decline in Map2 immunoreactivity in the CA1 area that reached minimal levels at 14 days post-SE and partially increased thereafter. In contrast, maximal microglia accumulation occurred in the CA1 area at 14 days post-SE. Our data indicate that SE-induced Map2 and microglial changes parallel each other’s spatiotemporal profiles. These findings may lay the foundation for future mechanistic studies to help identify potential roles for microglia in the dendritic pathology associated with SE and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Schartz
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Seth A Herr
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lauren Madsen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sarah J Butts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ceidy Torres
- School of Science and Technology, Universidad del Este, Carolina, PR 00984, Puerto Rico
| | - Loyda B Mendez
- School of Science and Technology, Universidad del Este, Carolina, PR 00984, Puerto Rico
| | - Amy L Brewster
- Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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