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Safarpour S, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Safarpour S, Darban YM. Effects of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate on Central Nervous System Functions: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:766-776. [PMID: 34259148 PMCID: PMC9878957 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210713122517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are widely used in the plastics industry. Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most important phthalate metabolites that disrupt the function of endocrine glands. Exposure to DEHP causes numerous effects on animals, humans, and the environment. Low doses of DEHP increase neurotoxicity in the nervous system that has arisen deep concerns due to the widespread nature of DEHP exposure and its high absorption during brain development. OBJECTIVE In this review article, we evaluated the impacts of DEHP exposure from birth to adulthood on neurobehavioral damages. Then, the possible mechanisms of DEHP-induced neurobehavioral impairment were discussed. METHODOLOGY Peer-reviewed articles were extracted through Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar till the year 2021. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to DEHP during pregnancy and infancy leads to memory loss and irreversible nervous system damage. CONCLUSION Overall, it seems that increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators possess a pivotal role in DEHP-induced neurobehavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Safarpour
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 4136747176, Babol, Iran; Tel/Fax: +98-11-32190557; E-mail:
| | - Samaneh Safarpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kulas JA, Hettwer JV, Sohrabi M, Melvin JE, Manocha GD, Puig KL, Gorr MW, Tanwar V, McDonald MP, Wold LE, Combs CK. In utero exposure to fine particulate matter results in an altered neuroimmune phenotype in adult mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:279-288. [PMID: 29843010 PMCID: PMC6082156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to air pollution has been linked to a number of health problems including organ rejection, lung damage and inflammation. While the deleterious effects of air pollution in adult animals are well documented, the long-term consequences of particulate matter (PM) exposure during animal development are uncertain. In this study we tested the hypothesis that environmental exposure to PM 2.5 μm in diameter in utero promotes long term inflammation and neurodegeneration. We evaluated the behavior of PM exposed animals using several tests and observed deficits in spatial memory without robust changes in anxiety-like behavior. We then examined how this affects the brains of adult animals by examining proteins implicated in neurodegeneration, synapse formation and inflammation by western blot, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. These tests revealed significantly increased levels of COX2 protein in PM2.5 exposed animal brains in addition to changes in synaptophysin and Arg1 proteins. Exposure to PM2.5 also increased the immunoreactivity for GFAP, a marker of activated astrocytes. Cytokine concentrations in the brain and spleen were also altered by PM2.5 exposure. These findings indicate that in utero exposure to particulate matter has long term consequences which may affect the development of both the brain and the immune system in addition to promoting inflammatory change in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Jordan V Hettwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Justine E Melvin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Gunjan D Manocha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Kendra L Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Matthew W Gorr
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vineeta Tanwar
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael P McDonald
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite 415, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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Barakat R, Lin PC, Park CJ, Best-Popescu C, Bakry HH, Abosalem ME, Abdelaleem NM, Flaws JA, Ko C. Prenatal Exposure to DEHP Induces Neuronal Degeneration and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Adult Male Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:439-452. [PMID: 29688563 PMCID: PMC6061835 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are a family of synthetic chemicals that are used in producing a variety of consumer products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an widely used phthalate and poses a public health concern. Prenatal exposure to DEHP has been shown to induce premature reproductive senescence in animal studies. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to DEHP impairs neurobehavior and recognition memory in her male offspring and we investigated one possible mechanism-oxidative damage in the hippocampus. Pregnant CD-1 female mice were orally administered 200 μg, 500 mg, or 750 mg/kg/day DEHP or vehicle from gestational day 11 until birth. The neurobehavioral impact of the prenatal DEHP exposure was assessed at the ages of 16-22 months. Elevated plus maze and open field tests were used to measure anxiety levels. Y-maze and novel object recognition tests were employed to measure memory function. The oxidative damage in the hippocampus was measured by the levels of oxidative DNA damage and by Spatial light interference microscopic counting of hippocampal neurons. Adult male mice that were prenatally exposed to DEHP exhibited anxious behaviors and impaired spatial and short-term recognition memory. The number of hippocampal pyramidal neurons was significantly decreased in the DEHP mice. Furthermore, DEHP mice expressed remarkably high levels of cyclooxygenase-2, 8-hydroxyguanine, and thymidine glycol in their hippocampal neurons. DEHP mice also had lower circulating testosterone concentrations and displayed a weaker immunoreactivity than the control mice to androgen receptor expression in the brain. This study found that prenatal exposure to DEHP caused elevated anxiety behavior and impaired recognition memory. These behavioral changes may originate from neurodegeneration caused by oxidative damage and inflammation in the hippocampus. Decreased circulating testosterone concentrations and decreased expression of androgen receptor in the brain also may be factors contributing to the impaired neurobehavior in the DEHP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Barakat
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Po-Ching Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
| | - Chan Jin Park
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
| | - Catherine Best-Popescu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Hatem H Bakry
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abosalem
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Nabila M Abdelaleem
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
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Khan I, Lee KL, Xu L, Mesalam A, Chowdhury MMR, Joo MD, Ihsan-Ul-Haq, Mirza B, Kong IK. Improvement of in vitro-produced bovine embryo treated with coagulansin-A under heat-stressed condition. Reproduction 2017; 153:421-431. [PMID: 28069903 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress has large effects on reproduction including conception rate in cattle. In this study, we examined the effects of coagulansin-A (coa-A), a steroidal lactone, on acquired thermo tolerance during in vitro production of bovine embryos. Oocytes were incubated in in vitro maturation (IVM) media with or without coa-A at two different temperatures, 40.5˚C and 42˚C, for 20 h. The treatment of coa-A significantly improved blastocyst development only at 40.5˚C (P < 0.05). Interestingly, immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that coa-A induced heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), but significantly attenuated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). To determine the expression patterns of related genes at the transcription level, qRT-PCR was performed. Expression of HSP70 and PI3K was elevated, whereas expression of NF-κB, COX2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly (P < 0.05) downregulated in the coa-A-treated group compared with the control group. Moreover, pro-apoptotic genes were downregulated, and antiapoptic genes were upregulated in the coa-A group. We also counted the total cell number and apoptotic nuclei at the blastocyst and found that more cell numbers (143.1 ± 1.5) and less apoptotic damages (6.4 ± 0.5) in the coa-A treatment group comparing to control group (131.4 ± 2.0 and 10.8 ± 0.5), indicating the enhanced embryo quality. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the coa-A not only improved the blastocyst development in vitro but also increased their resistance to heat stress condition through induction of HSP70/PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Animal ScienceDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus)
| | - Kyeong-Lim Lee
- Department of Animal ScienceDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus)
| | - Lianguang Xu
- Department of Animal ScienceDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus)
| | - Ayman Mesalam
- Department of Animal ScienceDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus)
| | - M M R Chowdhury
- Department of Animal ScienceDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus)
| | - Myeong-Don Joo
- Department of Animal ScienceDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus)
| | - Ihsan-Ul-Haq
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological Sciences
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal ScienceDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus) .,Institute of Agriculture and Life ScienceGyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam Province, Republic of Korea
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