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Xu W, Chen H, Xiao H. mTORC2: A neglected player in aging regulation. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31363. [PMID: 38982866 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, through integrating external and internal signals, facilitating gene transcription and protein translation, as well as by regulating mitochondria and autophagy functions. mTOR kinase operates within two distinct protein complexes known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which engage separate downstream signaling pathways impacting diverse cellular processes. Although mTORC1 has been extensively studied as a pro-proliferative factor and a pro-aging hub if activated aberrantly, mTORC2 received less attention, particularly regarding its implication in aging regulation. However, recent studies brought increasing evidence or clues for us, which implies the associations of mTORC2 with aging, as the genetic elimination of unique subunits of mTORC2, such as RICTOR, has been shown to alleviate aging progression in comparison to mTORC1 inhibition. In this review, we first summarized the basic characteristics of mTORC2, including its protein architecture and signaling network. We then focused on reviewing the molecular signaling regulation of mTORC2 in cellular senescence and organismal aging, and proposed the multifaceted regulatory characteristics under senescent and nonsenescent contexts. Next, we outlined the research progress of mTOR inhibitors in the field of antiaging and discussed future prospects and challenges. It is our pleasure if this review article could provide meaningful information for our readers and call forth more investigations working on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Xu
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghan Chen
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Bellmunt J, Maroto P, Bonfill T, Vazquez F, Perez-Gracia JL, Juanpere N, Hernandez-Prat A, Hernandez-Llodra S, Rovira A, Juan O, Rodriguez-Vida A. Dual mTOR1/2 Inhibitor Sapanisertib (FTH-003/TAK-228) in Combination With Weekly Paclitaxel in Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: A Phase II Open-Label Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102123. [PMID: 38905731 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently altered at genomic level in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Since mTOR is the last protein in the PI3K signaling cascade, it may have the largest impact on the pathway and has been a focus of targeted therapies. Sapanisertib (FTH-003/TAK-228) is an oral highly selective mTOR1 and mTOR2 inhibitor. NFE2L2 mutations have been described as predictive biomarkers of response in patients with advanced squamous cell lung cancer treated with sapanisertib. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was an open-label, investigator-initiated phase II study evaluating safety and efficacy of sapanisertib plus paclitaxel in patients with mUC who had progressed to prior platinum therapy, and the correlation with NFE2L2 mutations in responders. Primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and safety. Patients were treated with weekly paclitaxel at dose of 80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 in combination with sapanisertib 4 mg administered orally 3 days per week on days 2-4, 9-11, 16-18, and 23-25 of a 28-day cycle. NFE2L2 mutations were analyzed by Sanger sequencing in responders. RESULTS 22 patients were enrolled from May 2018 to April 2020; the trial was halted early due to slow accrual and the COVID-19 pandemic. ORR was 18.2% (n = 4). Disease control rate was 50% (7 SD and 4 PR). Median PFS was 3.4 months (95% CI: 1.8-6.1) and median OS was 6.1 months (95% CI: 1.8-13.4). Adverse events (AE) of grade 3-4 were seen in 86% of patients, but no patients discontinued treatment due to AEs. NFE2L2 mutations were not found in responders. CONCLUSIONS Although the primary endpoint was no met, sapanisertib and paclitaxel combination demonstrated clinical activity in a heavily pretreated population of mUC. This trial generates insight for future combination of sapaniserib with immunotherapy and/or antibody drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Bellmunt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Maroto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Bonfill
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Federico Vazquez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Juanpere
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Hernandez-Prat
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Juan
- Senior Medical Manager Pivotal S.L.U. Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejo Rodriguez-Vida
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
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Collins SE, Wiegand ME, Werner AN, Brown IN, Mundo MI, Swango DJ, Mouneimne G, Charest PG. Ras-mediated activation of mTORC2 promotes breast epithelial cell migration and invasion. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar9. [PMID: 36542482 PMCID: PMC9930525 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) as an effector of Ras for the control of directed cell migration in Dictyostelium. Recently, the Ras-mediated regulation of mTORC2 was found to be conserved in mammalian cells, and mTORC2 was shown to be an effector of oncogenic Ras. Interestingly, mTORC2 has been linked to cancer cell migration, and particularly in breast cancer. Here, we investigated the role of Ras in promoting the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through mTORC2. We observed that both Ras and mTORC2 promote the migration of different breast cancer cells and breast cancer cell models. Using HER2 and oncogenic Ras-transformed breast epithelial MCF10A cells, we found that both wild-type Ras and oncogenic Ras promote mTORC2 activation and an mTORC2-dependent migration and invasion in these breast cancer models. We further observed that, whereas oncogenic Ras-transformed MCF10A cells display uncontrolled cell proliferation and invasion, disruption of mTORC2 leads to loss of invasiveness only. Together, our findings suggest that, whereas the Ras-mediated activation of mTORC2 is expected to play a minor role in breast tumor formation, the Ras-mTORC2 pathway plays an important role in promoting the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Collins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Mollie E. Wiegand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Alyssa N. Werner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Isabella N. Brown
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Mary I. Mundo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Douglas J. Swango
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Pascale G. Charest
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Li B, Zhang X, Ren Q, Gao L, Tian J. NVP-BEZ235 Inhibits Renal Cell Carcinoma by Targeting TAK1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:781623. [PMID: 35082669 PMCID: PMC8784527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.781623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the promising in vitro and preclinical results, dual PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235, and ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor PP242 both failed to confirm their inhibitory efficacy against renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in clinical settings. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism is essential so as to provide possibilities for their use in combination with other agents. In present study, RCC cell lines (UMRC6, 786-0 and UOK121) were treated with NVP-BEZ235, PP242 or Rapamycin, an mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-specific inhibitor. They all suppressed cell proliferation and invasion, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the effects were in the order of NVP-BEZ235 > PP242 > Rapamycin. Accordingly, the marked and sustained decrease in speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) expression and phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR kinases was observed in RCC cells treated with NVP-BEZ235 and PP242, whereas only potent inhibition of mTOR activity was induced in Rapamycin-treated cells. In considering the overactivation of c-Jun and IκB-α in human renal tumor tissue, we next investigated the role of JNK and IKK pathways in the response of RCC cells to these compounds. First of all, transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent activation of JNK/ (activator protein-1) AP-1 axis in RCC cells was proved by the repression of AP-1 activity with TAK1 or JNK inhibitor. Second, the profound inhibition of TAK1/JNK/AP-1 pathway was demonstrated in RCC cells treated with NVP-BEZ235 or PP242 but not Rapamycin, which is manifested as a reduction in activity of TAK1, c-Jun and AP-1. Meanwhile, subsequent to TAK1 inactivation, the activation of IκB-α was also reduced by NVP-BEZ235 and PP242. Likewise, in vivo, treatment with NVP-BEZ235 and PP242 suppressed the growth of xenografts generated from 786-0 and A498 cells, along with decreased expression of phospho-TAK1, phospho-c-Jun, and phospho-IκB-α. In contrast, Rapamycin elicited no significant inhibitory effects on tumor growth and phosphorylation of TAK1, c-Jun and IκB-α. We conclude that besides PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, NVP-BEZ235, and PP242 simultaneously target TAK1-dependent pathways in RCC cells. Notably, these effects were more marked in the presence of NVP-BEZ235 than PP242, indicating the potential application of NVP-BEZ235 in combination therapy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihui Li
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qianyao Ren
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Rashid MM, Lee H, Jung BH. Evaluation of the antitumor effects of PP242 in a colon cancer xenograft mouse model using comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17523. [PMID: 33067464 PMCID: PMC7568555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73721-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PP242, an inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), displays potent anticancer effects against various cancer types. However, the underlying metabolic mechanism associated with the PP242 effects is not clearly understood. In this study, comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics investigations were performed using ultra-high-performance chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS) in plasma and tumor tissue to reveal the metabolic mechanism of PP242 in an LS174T cell-induced colon cancer xenograft mouse model. After 3 weeks of PP242 treatment, a reduction in tumor size and weight was observed without any critical toxicities. According to results, metabolic changes due to the effects of PP242 were not significant in plasma. In contrast, metabolic changes in tumor tissues were very significant in the PP242-treated group compared to the xenograft control (XC) group, and revealed that energy and lipid metabolism were mainly altered by PP242 treatment like other cancer inhibitors. Additionally, in this study, it was discovered that not only TCA cycle but also fatty acid β-oxidation (β-FAO) for energy metabolism was inhibited and clear reduction in glycerophospholipid was observed. This study reveals new insights into the underlying anticancer mechanism of the dual mTOR inhibitor PP242, and could help further to facilitate the understanding of PP242 effects in the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mamunur Rashid
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyunbeom Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Jung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea. .,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
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Antonova O, Rukova B, Mladenov B, Rangelov S, Hammoudeh Z, Nesheva D, Staneva R, Spasova V, Grigorov E, Hadjidekova S, Slavov C, Toncheva D. Expression profiling of muscle invasive and non-invasive bladder tumors for biomarkers identification related to drug resistance, sensitivity and tumor progression. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1778528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Antonova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blaga Rukova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boris Mladenov
- Department of Urology, UMBALSM “N. I. Pirogov,” Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Simeon Rangelov
- Department of Urology, University Hospital “Tsaritsa Yoanna,” Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zora Hammoudeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Nesheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rada Staneva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Viktoria Spasova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evgeni Grigorov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov,” Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Savina Hadjidekova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Urology, University Hospital “Tsaritsa Yoanna,” Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Rashid MM, Lee H, Jung BH. Metabolite identification and pharmacokinetic profiling of PP242, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1072:244-251. [PMID: 29195143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PP242 is a second generation novel selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR that displayed promising anti-cancer activity over several cancer types by inhibiting both the complexes of mTOR (mTORC1 and mTORC2). The purpose of this study is to identify the possible metabolites and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of PP242 after a single oral administration to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Two metabolites, including one phase I and one phase II, were identified by in vitro and in vivo studies using rat liver microsomes (RLMs) as well as rat plasma, urine and feces, respectively, through ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap quadrupole-orbitrap-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). The major biotransformation pathways of PP242 were hydroxylation and glucuronide conjugation. Additionally, a simple and rapid quantification method was developed and validated. The method recovery was within 79.7-84.6%, whereas the matrix effect was 78.1-96.0% in all three quality control (QC) concentrations (low, medium and high) including the LLOQ. Other parameters showed acceptable results according to the US food and drug administration (FDA) guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Afterwards, pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in rat plasma by successfully applying the validated method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After a single oral administration at a dose of 5mg/kg, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of PP242 was 0.17±0.08μg/mL, while the elimination was moderately fast (T1/2: 172.18±45.54min). All of the obtained information on the metabolite identification and pharmacokinetic parameter elucidation could facilitate the further development of PP242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mamunur Rashid
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbeom Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Jung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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