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Skibska B, Kochan E, Stanczak A, Lipert A, Skibska A. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of α-Lipoic Acid on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Kidney. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:16. [PMID: 37378741 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (α-LA) is a naturally occurring organosulfur component. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as kidney and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer and aging. Kidneys are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress and damage. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of α-LA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress parameters in rat kidneys. The experimental rats were divided into four groups: I-control (0.9% NaCl i.v.); II-α-LA (60 mg/kg b.w. i.v.); III-LPS (30 mg/kg b.w. i.v.); and IV-LPS + LA (30 mg/kg b.w. i.v. and 60 mg/kg b.w. i.v., respectively). In kidney homogenates the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sulfhydryl groups (-SH), total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione (tGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and the GSH/GSSG ratio were determined. In addition, the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured to assess inflammation and was estimated kidney oedema. Studies have shown that α-LA administered after LPS administration attenuated kidney oedema and significantly decreased TBARS, H2O2, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in rat kidneys. α-LA also resulted in increase -SH group, total protein, and SOD levels and ameliorated the GSH redox status when compared to the LPS group. The results suggest that α-LA plays an important role against LPS-induced oxidative stress in kidney tissue as well as downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Skibska
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kochan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stanczak
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Lipert
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skibska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Xiang T, Wu L, Isah MB, Chen C, Zhang X. Apocynum venetum, a medicinal, economical and ecological plant: a review update. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14966. [PMID: 36908824 PMCID: PMC10000306 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apocynum venetum L. is an important medicinal perennial rhizome plant with good ecological and economic value. Its leaves have many pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-depression, anti-anxiolytic, etc., while its fibers have the title of "king of wild fibers". Furthermore, it was suitable for the restoration of degraded saline soil in arid areas. An increasing studies have been published in the past years. A scientometric analysis was used to analyze the publications of Apocynum venetum L. to clearly review the pharmacology, fiber application of Apocynum venetum L. and the potential value with its similar species (Apocynum pictum Schrenk) to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xiang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Longjiang Wu
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, Katsina, Nigeria.,Biomedical Research and Training Centre, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Chen Chen
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Reactive Oxygen Species are Essential for Placental Angiogenesis During Early Gestation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4290922. [PMID: 35693704 PMCID: PMC9177322 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4290922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Preeclampsia (PE) is associated with insufficient placental perfusion attributed to maldevelopment of the placental vasculature. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in angiogenesis, but their regulatory effects and mechanisms in placental vascular development remain unclear. Methods Placental oxidative stress was determined throughout gestation by measuring 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant MitoQ was administered to pregnant mice from GDs 7.5 to 11.5; placental morphology and angiogenesis pathways were examined on GDs 11.5 and 18.5. Moreover, we established a mouse mFlt-1-induced PE model and assessed blood pressure, urine protein levels, and placental vascular development on GDs 11.5 and 18.5. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with various H2O2 concentrations to evaluate cell viability, intracellular ROS levels, and tube formation capability. MitoQ, an AKT inhibitor and an ERK1/2 inhibitor were applied to validate the ROS-mediated mechanism regulating placental angiogenesis. Results First-trimester placentas presented significantly higher MDA and 4HNE levels. MitoQ significantly reduced the blood vessel density and angiogenesis pathway activity in the placenta on GDs 11.5 and 18.5. Serum sFlt-1 levels were elevated, and we observed poor placental angiogenesis and PE-like symptoms in cases with mFlt-1 overexpression. Moderate H2O2 treatment promoted HUVEC proliferation and angiogenesis, whereas these improvements were abolished by MitoQ, AKT inhibitor, or ERK1/2 inhibitor treatment. Conclusions Moderate ROS levels are essential for placental angiogenesis; diminishing ROS with potent antioxidants during placentation decreases placental angiogenesis and increases PE risk. Therefore, antioxidant therapy should be considered carefully for normal pregnant women during early gestation.
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Sugier P, Sęczyk Ł, Sugier D. Variation in Population and Solvents as Factors Determining the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Leaf Extracts. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072247. [PMID: 35408643 PMCID: PMC9000281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. has a long history of ethnopharmacological use. This species has been used in folk medicine for centuries as a rich source of raw material abundant in secondary metabolites and is important for medicinal and pharmacological purposes. The plant is a source of herbal material—Uvae ursi folium, which is highly valued and sought by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The studied bearberry leaves can be classified as a suitable herbal material for use in pharmacy; therefore, the investigated populations can be a potentially valuable source of plant material for cultivation and can be used in in vitro cultures and in biotechnological processes. The objective of this study was to characterize the variability of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of water and ethanol bearberry extracts from raw material collected from different natural populations. In each of the twelve A. uva-ursi sites, three leaf samples were collected and analyzed. The water extracts from bearberry leaves were characterized by similar concentration of arbutin (77.64–105.56 mg g−1) and a significantly higher concentration of hydroquinone (6.96–13.08 mg g−1) and corilagin (0.83–2.12 mg g−1) in comparison with the ethanol extracts −77.21–103.38 mg g−1, 10.55–16.72 mg g−1, 0.20–1.54 mg g−1, respectively. The concentration of other metabolites in the water extracts was significantly lower in comparison with the ethanol extracts. In the case of the water extracts, a significant effect of not only total phenolic compounds, but also hydroquinone on the antioxidant parameters, was observed, which indicates the solvent-related activity of these metabolites. Therefore, it is suggested that special attention should be paid to the concentration of not only arbutin, but also hydroquinone in Uvae ursi folium. The latter metabolite serving a very important function as an active bearberry ingredient should be controlled not only in alcoholic extracts but also in water extracts, since bearberry leaves are applied as infusions and decoctions. The results presented in this paper can contribute to appropriate selection of plant material for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, with special emphasis on the antioxidant activity of different types of extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sugier
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-5375016
| | - Łukasz Sęczyk
- Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Danuta Sugier
- Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.S.); (D.S.)
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Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng. at the Southern Border of the Geographical Range of the Species in Europe. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247692. [PMID: 34946773 PMCID: PMC8707569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng.) is a source of herbal material—bearberry leaf (Uvae ursi folium), which is highly valued and sought by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For many years, leaves of this plant have been used in traditional medicine as a diuretic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory agent for various diseases of the urogenital tract. The bearberry has also been proposed as a natural antioxidant additive due to the high contents of phenolic compounds in its leaves. The study was focused on characterization of the basic phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts derived from bearberry leaves collected from plants located at the southern border of the geographical range of the species in Europe. The investigated herbal material is characterized by a different chemical profile compared to the chemical profiles of bearberry found in other parts of the continent. Bearberry extracts from plants growing in two different habitat types—heathlands and pine forests showed a wide range of variation, especially in the concentration of hyperoside, corilagin, and methylartutin and the total flavonoid contents. In addition to arbutin, bearberry can be a valuable source of phenolic compounds, which are mainly responsible for the antioxidant properties of extracts. The high content of phenols and high values of antioxidant parameters indicate a high potential of bearberry leaves to be used as a powerful natural source of antioxidants in herbal preparations. Therefore, the A. uva-ursi populations can be a source of plant material for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
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Apocynum Leaf Extract Suppresses the Progress of Atherosclerosis in Rats via the FKN/SYK/p38 Signal Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5524226. [PMID: 34777534 PMCID: PMC8580673 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5524226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the antiatherosclerotic effects of flavonoids extracted from Apocynum venetum (AVF) leaves in atherosclerotic rats and the underlying mechanisms, a total of 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, model group, simvastatin group, low-dose AVF group, medium-dose AVF group, and high-dose AVF group. Atherosclerosis in rats was induced with a high-fat diet and an intraperitoneal injection of VD3 once daily for three contiguous days at a total injection dose of 70 U/kg. At the end of the 13th week, total serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) contents were measured. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was applied to evaluate the morphological changes. The ELISA method was used to detect related inflammatory factors and oxidative stress indicators. The corresponding protein expression and the mRNA level were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR. HE staining showed that the thoracic aorta wall was thickened, and the aortic subendothelial foam cells and lipid vacuoles were reduced in the medium/high-AVF groups. Similarly, the TC, TG, LDL-C, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the model group were significantly higher, but the HDL-C level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were lower than those of the control group, and these effects were ameliorated by treatment with simvastatin or AVF. ELISA results showed that compared with the control group, the model group C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) results were significantly increased, and the medium AVF and high AVF could significantly reduce the expression of related inflammatory factors. The AVF inhibited intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin mRNA and related protein expression in the aorta in atherosclerotic rats. Western blot analysis also showed that AVF can significantly reduce the protein expression of fractalkine (FKN), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in the rat aorta. We believe that the AVF can effectively reduce blood lipid levels in rats with atherosclerosis and delay atherosclerotic progression by inhibiting excessive inflammatory factors and inhibiting related adhesion factors. The underlying mechanism may be related to the FKN/SYK/p38 signaling pathway activity. Our results contribute to validating the traditional use of the Apocynum leaf extract in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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KİRKAN B, CEYLAN O, SARIKÜRKCÜ C, TEPE B. Phenolic profile, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of Capparis spinosa L. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2021. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.981149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Duan H, Zhang Q, Liu J, Li R, Wang D, Peng W, Wu C. Suppression of apoptosis in vascular endothelial cell, the promising way for natural medicines to treat atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105599. [PMID: 33838291 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic multifactorial disease, is closely related to the development of cardiovascular diseases and is one of the predominant causes of death worldwide. Normal vascular endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and inhibiting atherosclerosis by regulating vascular tension, preventing thrombosis and regulating inflammation. Currently, accumulating evidence has revealed that endothelial cell apoptosis is the first step of atherosclerosis. Excess apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by risk factors for atherosclerosis is a preliminary event in atherosclerosis development and might be a target for preventing and treating atherosclerosis. Interestingly, accumulating evidence shows that natural medicines have great potential to treat atherosclerosis by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis. Therefore, this paper reviewed current studies on the inhibitory effect of natural medicines on endothelial cell apoptosis and summarized the risk factors that may induce endothelial cell apoptosis, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), reactive oxygen species (ROS), angiotensin II (Ang II), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), homocysteine (Hcy) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We expect this review to highlight the importance of natural medicines, including extracts and monomers, in the treatment of atherosclerosis by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and provide a foundation for the development of potential antiatherosclerotic drugs from natural medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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Hou Y, Yuan P, Fu Y, Zhang Q, Gao L, Wei Y, Zheng X, Feng W. Geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino Attenuates Myocardial Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats via Regulating Apoptotic and Energy Metabolism Signalling Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:949-962. [PMID: 33688169 PMCID: PMC7937395 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s292107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension is closely related to myocardial injury. Long-term hypertension can cause myocardial injury. Therefore, it is very important to find drugs to treat myocardial injury caused by hypertension. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of geniposide on myocardial injuries in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and H9c2 cells induced by NaCl solution. Materials and Methods Male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats were given different doses of geniposide (25 mg/kg/d or 50 mg/kg/d) or distilled water for three consecutive weeks. Meanwhile, an H9c2 cell line-injury model was established using a solution of 150 µmol/L NaCl for 8 h. The cardiac function and related indexes of rats were detected. Results The results showed that geniposide decreased the levels of COI and COIII, which promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK (p-AMPK) and enhanced the energy metabolism pathway. Geniposide improved myocardial apoptosis by regulating apoptotic proteins (p38, BAX and Bcl-2). Finally, heart function was regulated, and the markers of myocardial injury were decreased. Geniposide increased the viability of H9c2 cells treated with the NaCl solution and decreased the rate of apoptosis by regulating the levels of apoptotic proteins. Geniposide could activate energy metabolism signalling pathway (AMPK/SirT1/FOXO1) and reduce H9c2 cell apoptosis. Conclusion Our results showed that the mechanisms by which geniposide improves myocardial injury in SHR may be through regulating the energy metabolism signalling pathway (AMPK/SirT1/FOXO1) and improving myocardial apoptosis by regulating apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan Science and Technology Department, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan Science and Technology Department, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
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Qi XC, Li B, Wu WL, Liu HC, Jiang YP. Protective effect of hyperoside against hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction and oxidative stress in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:377-383. [PMID: 31903787 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1709851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can induce apoptosis and decrease activities of osteoblasts. Hyperoside (HYP) is a potent antioxidant derived from Chinese herb. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects provided by HYP to osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were pre-treated with HYP for 24 h before being treated with 0.3 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h. Cell viability, flow cytometric analysis and mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen I (COL-I) and osteocalcin (OCN) in MC3T3-E1 cells were examined. We next examined apoptosis-related and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) related proteins in HYP and H2O2 groups. HYP over the dose of 40 μmol/L could obviously increase the MC3T3-E1 cell viability at 24 h and 48 h (p < .05). HYP significantly (p < .05) increased mRNA expression of ALP, COL-I and OCN than H2O2 group. Moreover, HYP decreased the apoptosis rate and apoptosis-related proteins that induced by H2O2. In addition, HYP decreased the production of phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 levels of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells induced by H2O2. These results demonstrated that the protective effect provided by HYP to osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells was mediated, at least in part, via inhibition of MAPK signalling pathway and oxidative damage of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chun Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Yiyuan County, Yiyuan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Central Hospital of Xinwen Mining Group CO., LTD, Xinwen, China
| | - Wen-Liang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Chun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun-Peng Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Xu Z, Zhou J, Ren T, Du H, Liu H, Li Y, Zhang C. Salt stress decreases seedling growth and development but increases quercetin and kaempferol content in Apocynum venetum. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:813-821. [PMID: 32378758 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Apocynum venetum L. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with great potential to treat angiocardiopathy. Its major medicinal constituents are flavonoids. However, the natural habitats of A. venetum are typically affected by salt stress, which can modify both biomass and accumulation of medicinal compounds. In this study, the effects of salt stress on growth and development of A. venetum, accumulation of flavonoids and expression patterns of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were evaluated. In general, the growth and development of seedlings (seedling height, root length, leaf length, leaf width and seed germination) were inhibited by salt stress. Unlike typical halophytes, there was no optimal NaCl concentration range that promoted growth and development, but seedlings had an elevated DW/FW ratio under salt stress (induced by irrigation with 50, 100, 200 or 400 mm NaCl). Furthermore, quercetin and kaempferol were significantly accumulated in A. venetum seedlings under salt stress, resulting in a balanced content and reduced FW. Moreover, the expression of AvCHS, AvCHI and AvF3GT was inhibited by salt stress; however, AvF3'H, AvF3H and AvFLS, which are involved in the flavonol synthesis pathway, were up-regulated under salt stress, consistent with a decrease in total flavonoids and an increase of flavonols (quercetin and kaempferol). In summary, cultivation of A. venetum in saline soils appeared to be feasible and improved the medicinal quality of A. venetum (quercetin and kaempferol accumulation under salt stress), thus this species can effectively utilize saline soil resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xu
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - J Zhou
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Pharmic Department, Qingdao University, Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - T Ren
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - H Du
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - H Liu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - C Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Wang W, An LP, Li YF, An R, Bian Z, Liu WZ, Song QH, Li AY. Alpha-lipoic acid ameliorates H 2O 2-induced human vein endothelial cells injury via suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2253-2263. [PMID: 32787513 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1802221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to explore its possible mechanisms. We established the H2O2-induced HUVECs injury model and the ALA treatment groups in which HUVECs were co-incubated with H2O2 (250 μmol/L) and different final concentrations of ALA (100,200,400 μmol/L) for 48 h. Cell survival rate assay and LDH activity assay were carried out. The levels of related proteins were performed by Western Blot. We observed that H2O2 administration resulted in an increase in the LDH activity and a decrease in cell survival rate. The expression levels of Nox4, Bax, NF-κB p65, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, iNOS, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were up-regulated, while the expression level of Bcl-2 was down-regulated. All these factors were significantly improved by ALA treatment. In brief, ALA treatment ameliorates H2O2-induced HUVECs damage by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Li-Ping An
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Ran An
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Zhe Bian
- Experiment Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Zhe Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Qiu-Hang Song
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Ai-Ying Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , Shijiazhuang, PR China.,Hebei Higher Education Institute Applied Technology Research Center on TCM Formula Preparation , Shijiazhuang, PR China
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Cyanidin-3-glucoside prevents hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2453-2466. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Feng Y, Jiang C, Yang F, Chen Z, Li Z. Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells. Biomed Rep 2020; 13:6. [PMID: 32607235 PMCID: PMC7323456 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Apocynum venetum leaf extract (AVLE) on the nervous system has been widely studied, but its effect on injured neurons is not fully understood. In the present study, the protective effect of AVLE on injured neurons was determined. H2O2 was used to induce oxidative stress in PC12 cells and cell viability assays were used to determine the optimum concentration range of AVLE and its protective effects against oxidative stress. A live-dead assay was performed to confirm the effects of AVLE on oxidative stress. Subsequently, expression of apoptotic proteins including Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 were evaluated to determine whether AVLE affected apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected to determine the role of AVLE in H2O2 exposure. Furthermore, expression of autophagic proteins including LC3-II and p62 were detected to evaluate the effects of AVLE on autophagic activity, and cells were treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagic inhibitor, to identify the underlying protective mechanism of AVLE. The results showed that the optimum conditions to induce oxidative stress were treatment with 40 µM H2O2 for 2 h, and the suitable range of AVLE concentrations was shown to be 1-100 µg/ml. AVLE improved cell viability in PC12 cells following treatment with H2O2. AVLE reduced the expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, and decreased ROS production. Furthermore, AVLE upregulated LC3-II expression and downregulated p62 expression, whereas treatment with 3-MA increased the levels of ROS and apoptotic proteins. These results suggest that AVLE may protect injured neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, and this effect may be associated with the reduction of ROS by increasing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelai Feng
- Department of International Baccalaureate Diploma Program, Shanghai Pinghe School, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zixian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Yang Q, Dong B, Wang L, Song Z, Niu L, Li H, Cao H, Meng D, Fu Y. CDPK6 phosphorylates and stabilizes MYB30 to promote hyperoside biosynthesis that prolongs the duration of full-blooming in okra. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4042-4056. [PMID: 32249299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) open and wilt within only a few hours, and this is accompanied by accumulation of hyperoside, a secondary metabolite in the flavonoid pathway. However, little is known about the relationship between flavonoids and flowering. Here, we found that exogenous application of hyperoside extended the duration of the full-blooming period by more than 3-fold, and this was accompanied by a 14.7-fold increase in the expression of CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE6 (AeCDPK6). Gene expression profiling indicated that the transcription factor AeMYB30 was co-expressed with AeCDPK6, and detailed protein interaction and phosphorylation experiments together with yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated an interaction between AeMYB30 and AeCDPK6. AeCDPK6 specifically phosphorylated AeMYB30S191, leading to increased protein stability and prevention of degradation. Furthermore, AeMYB30 directly bound to the promoter of AeUF3GaT1, a key enzyme in the hyperoside biosynthesis pathway. Analysis of transgenic plants showed that AeCDPK6 was required for the hyperoside-induced phosphorylation of AeMYB30 to enhance its stability and transcriptional activity. Ectopic expression of AeCDPK6 promoted hyperoside accumulation and prolonged the full-blooming period in an AeMYB30-dependent manner. Our results indicate the role of AeCDPK6-AeMYB30 in the molecular mechanism by which hyperoside regulates the period of full blooming in okra, a plant with a short duration of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Biying Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Litao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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16
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Wu W, Xie Z, Zhang Q, Ma Y, Bi X, Yang X, Li B, Chen J. Hyperoside Ameliorates Diabetic Retinopathy via Anti-Oxidation, Inhibiting Cell Damage and Apoptosis Induced by High Glucose. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:797. [PMID: 32547397 PMCID: PMC7273924 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperoside (Hyp) is a flavonoid substance extracted from plants, which has the functions of anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidation. In the previous study, we found that Hyp reduced the injury of rat retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) induced by H2O2. Method In the present research, we evaluated the protective effect of Hyp on the pathological damage of retina caused by high glucose of diabetes mellitus (DM) in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The effect of Hyp on cell viability, oxidative stress level, and apoptosis of RVECs was assessed. Results Hyp significantly reduced the of RVECs damage, oxidative stress level, and cell apoptosis induced by high glucose in vitro. In DM model rats, Hyp treatment could significantly reduce blood glucose levels and the pathological damage of retina caused by DM and increase the proliferation of RVECs while exerting the inhibition on apoptotic activity. Furthermore, Hyp treatment decreased the expressions of apoptotic proteins including caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax in RVECs of DM rats, while increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Conclusion Hyp may have protective effect on diabetes-induced retinopathy by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting cell damage, and apoptosis induced by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaolu Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunqi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoting Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Wei A, Xiao H, Xu G, Yu X, Guo J, Jing Z, Shi S, Song Y. Hyperoside Protects Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Against Anticardiolipin Antibody-Induced Injury by Activating Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:762. [PMID: 32508661 PMCID: PMC7253676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticardiolipin antibody (aCL), an important characterization of antiphospholipid syndrome, shows an intense association with vascular endothelial injury. Hyperoside is a flavonoid extracted from medicinal plants traditionally used in Chinese medicines, displaying anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidative properties in various diseases. Recent studies have shifted the focus on the protective effects of hyperoside on vascular endothelial injury. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hyperoside on aCL-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Our data illustrated that aCL induced HUVEC injury via inhibiting autophagy. Hyperoside reduced aCL-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 and endothelial adhesion cytokines TF, ICAM1, and VCAM1 in HUVECs. Additionally, hyperoside activated autophagy and suppressed the mTOR/S6K and TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling transduction pathways in aCL-induced HUVECs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of hyperoside on aCL-induced injury, as well as offer insights into the involved mechanisms, which is of great significance for the treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwu Wei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huidongzi Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangli Xu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xile Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuqing Jing
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoqi Shi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanli Song
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Peng H, Zeng L, Zhu L, Luo S, Xu L, Zeng L, Li J, Liang Q, Geng H. Zuogui Pills inhibit mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of follicles in a rat model of premature ovarian failure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111855. [PMID: 30953821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zuogui Pills (ZGP), which is a classical prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been reported to be widely used in the treatment of premature ovarian failure (POF). AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the therapeutic effects of ZGP on the treatment of POF induced by chemotherapy, and elucidate the potential molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 54) were randomized to six groups, containing the Control group, Model group, three ZGP groups and Triptorelin group which was served as a positive control. The Triptorelin group received triptorelin injection ten days before model establishment by cyclophosphamide. The three ZGP groups (high dose group, medium dose group and low dose group) were given a daily intragastric administration of ZGP at doses of 3.2, 1.6 and 0.8 g/kg for sixty days. We observed the general growth of rats and examed the estrous cycle and the rate of pregnancy, ovarian ultrastructures, follicles and corpora lutea numbers. The serum hormone concentrations were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To explore the molecular mechanism of the effect, gene and protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and Cyt-c related to apoptosis were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry analysis, respectively. RESULTS After treating with ZGP, though the rate of pregnancy showed no significant difference, the estrous cycle, ovarian ultrastructures, numbers of follicles and corpora lutea were improved significantly. And ZGP led to a significant lower concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the serum, and the concentration of oestradiol (E2) was increased. Furthermore, a significant downregulation of Bax, cytochrome c (Cyt-c), and upregulation of B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) both on gene and protein levels were observed after the administration with ZGP. And effects showed a positive correlation with the dosages. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that ZGP exerted significant effect on POF, which was meditated by inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in the follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Peng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lihua Zeng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Songping Luo
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Limian Xu
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qunying Liang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongling Geng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Qiao L, Chen W. Atheroprotective effects and molecular targets of bioactive compounds from traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:212-229. [PMID: 30107203 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has served the Chinese people since antiquity, and is playing an important role in today's healthcare. However, there has been controversy in the use of these traditional herbs due to unclear components and absence of scientific proof. As China plans to modernize traditional medicine, successful attempts to better understand the molecular mechanisms of TCM have been made by focusing on isolating active ingredients from these remedies. In this review, we critically examined the current evidence on atheroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from TCM using in vitro or in vivo models in the past two decades. A total of 47 active compounds were included in our review, which were introduced in the order of chemical structures, source, model, efficacy and mechanism. Notablely, this review highlighted the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these active compounds in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Two compounds were also involved in double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Besides, we introduced the legislations of the People's Republic of China ensuring quality and safety of products used in TCM. In summary, studies on bioactive compounds from TCM will provide a new approach for better management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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20
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Apocynum venetum Leaf Extract Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects and Inhibits Hippocampal and Cortical Apoptosis of Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5916451. [PMID: 29576796 PMCID: PMC5822797 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5916451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Apocynum venetum leaf extract (AVLE) on depressive behaviors and neuronal apoptosis in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model of depression. Rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, chronic unpredictable mild stress, fluoxetine, AVLE30, AVLE60, and AVLE120. Except for the control group, all rats were submitted to chronic unpredictable mild stress paradigms for four weeks to induce depressive behavior. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- (TDT-) mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 Associated X Protein (Bax), cysteine-aspartic acid protease-3 and protease-9 (caspase-3 and caspase-9), cytochrome c (cyt-C), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and cAMP-response element binding (CREB) protein, were evaluated by western blot. Treatment with AVLE (60 or 120 mg/kg/day) significantly improved depressive behavior. Increased apoptosis of hippocampus and cortical neurons were observed in CUMS rats, while 120 mg/kg/day of AVLE significantly reversed these changes and achieved the best antidepressant-like effects among the doses tested. Moreover, AVLE (120 mg/kg) significantly increased Bcl-2, BDNF, and CREB protein expression and decreased Bax, cyt-C, and caspase family protein expression. Our results indicate that AVLE has potent antidepressant activity, likely due to its ability to suppress neuronal apoptosis.
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21
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Antidepressant Flavonoids and Their Relationship with Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5762172. [PMID: 29410733 PMCID: PMC5749298 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5762172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a serious disorder that affects hundreds of millions of people around the world and causes poor quality of life, problem behaviors, and limitations in activities of daily living. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic options is of high interest and growth. Research on the relationship between depression and oxidative stress has shown important biochemical aspects in the development of this disease. Flavonoids are a class of natural products that exhibit several pharmacological properties, including antidepressant-like activity, and affects various physiological and biochemical functions in the body. Studies show the clinical potential of antioxidant flavonoids in treating depressive disorders and strongly suggest that these natural products are interesting prototype compounds in the study of new antidepressant drugs. So, this review will summarize the chemical and pharmacological perspectives related to the discovery of flavonoids with antidepressant activity. The mechanisms of action of these compounds are also discussed, including their actions on oxidative stress relating to depression.
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22
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Zhang Z, Chen W, Wang Y, Xiong T, Zhou C, Yao X, Lin B. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of DHK-medicated serum on high glucose-induced injury in endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7745-7751. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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23
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Wang CK, Cheng J, Liang XG, Tan C, Jiang Q, Hu YZ, Lu YM, Fukunaga K, Han F, Li X. A H 2O 2-Responsive Theranostic Probe for Endothelial Injury Imaging and Protection. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:3803-3813. [PMID: 29109778 PMCID: PMC5667350 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of H2O2 causes oxidative stress and is the hallmark of vascular diseases. Tracking native H2O2 in the endothelium is therefore indispensable to gain fundamental insights into this pathogenesis. Previous fluorescent probes for H2O2 imaging were generally arylboronates which were decomposed to emissive arylphenols in response to H2O2. Except the issue of specificity challenged by peroxynitrite, boric acid by-produced in this process is actually a waste with unknown biological effects. Therefore, improvements could be envisioned if a therapeutic agent is by-produced instead. Herein, we came up with a "click-to-release-two" strategy and demonstrate that dual functional probes could be devised by linking a fluorophore with a therapeutic agent via a H2O2-responsive bond. As a proof of concept, probe AP consisting of a 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole fluorophore and an aspirin moiety has been prepared and confirmed for its theranostic effects. This probe features high specificity towards H2O2 than other reactive species including peroxynitrite. Its capability to image and ameliorate endothelial injury has been verified both in vitro and in vivo. Noteworthy, as a result of its endothelial-protective effect, AP also works well to reduce thrombosis formation in zebrafish model.
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An X, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Wang B, Yao Q, Li L, Zhang J, He M, Zhang J. Hyperoside pre-treatment prevents glomerular basement membrane damage in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting podocyte heparanase expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6413. [PMID: 28743882 PMCID: PMC5527129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) damage plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Heparan sulfate (HS) degradation induced by podocyte heparanase is the major cause of GBM thickening and abnormal perm-selectivity. In the present study, we aimed to examine the prophylactic effect of hyperoside on proteinuria development and GBM damage in DN mouse model and the cultured mouse podocytes. Pre-treatment with hyperoside (30 mg/kg/d) for four weeks could significantly decrease albuminuria, prevent GBM damage and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus (DM) mice. Immunofluorescence staining, Real time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that decreased HS contents and increased heparanase expression in DN mice were also significantly improved by hyperoside pre-treatment. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscope imaging showed that hyperoside significantly alleviated GBM thickening in DN mice. In addition, hyperoside pre-treatment inhibited the increased heparanase gene (HPR1) promoter activity and heparanase expression induced by high glucose or reactive oxidative species (ROS) in cultured podocytes. Our data suggested that hyperoside has a prophylactic effect on proteinuria development and GBM damage in DM mice by decreasing podocyte heparanase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Ming He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jinan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Liao S, Xiao S, Chen H, Zhang M, Chen Z, Long Y, Gao L, Zhu G, He J, Peng S, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Li Z, Zhou M, Li X, Ma J, Wu M, Xiang J, Li G, Zhou Y. CD38 enhances the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by affecting the mitochondria functions. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2245-2257. [PMID: 28544069 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women all over the world. The exact mechanism of occurrence and development of cervical cancer has not been fully elucidated. CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, which was found to mediate diverse activities, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, and cyclic ADP-ribose synthesis. Here, we reported that CD38 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis in cervical cancer cells by affecting the mitochondria functions. We established stable cervical cancer cell lines with CD38 over-expressed. CCK8 assay and colony formation assay indicated that CD38 promoted cervical cancer cell proliferation. Nude mouse tumorigenicity assay showed that CD38 significantly promotes tumor growth in vivo. CD38 also induced S phase accumulation in cell cycle analysis and suppressed cell apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Meanwhile, flow cytometry analysis of mitochondria functions suggested that CD38 decreased intracellular Ca2+ levels in cervical cancer cells and CD38 was involved in down-regulation of ROS levels and prevented mitochondrial apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. The percentage of cells with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in CD38-overexpressed cervical cancer cells was less than control groups. Furthermore, we found an up-regulation of MDM2, cyclinA1, CDK4, cyclinD1, NF-kB P65, c-rel, and a downregulation of P53, P21, and P38 by Western blot analysis. These results indicated that CD38 enhanced the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by affecting the mitochondria functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- The Gynecology Department, People's Hospital of Xinjiang, Urumchi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Manying Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhifang Chen
- The Gynecology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuehua Long
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guangchao Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junyu He
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuping Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Seto SW, Chang D, Ko WM, Zhou X, Kiat H, Bensoussan A, Lee SMY, Hoi MPM, Steiner GZ, Liu J. Sailuotong Prevents Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂)-Induced Injury in EA.hy926 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E95. [PMID: 28067784 PMCID: PMC5297729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sailuotong (SLT) is a standardised three-herb formulation consisting of Panax ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, and Crocus sativus designed for the management of vascular dementia. While the latest clinical trials have demonstrated beneficial effects of SLT in vascular dementia, the underlying cellular mechanisms have not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to assess the ability and mechanisms of SLT to act against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage in cultured human vascular endothelial cells (EAhy926). SLT (1-50 µg/mL) significantly suppressed the H₂O₂-induced cell death and abolished the H₂O₂-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, H₂O₂ (0.5 mM; 24 h) caused a ~2-fold increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from the EA.hy926 cells which were significantly suppressed by SLT (1-50 µg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation of SLT (50 µg/mL) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and suppressed the H₂O₂-enhanced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that SLT protects EA.hy916 cells against H₂O₂-mediated injury via direct reduction of intracellular ROS generation and an increase in SOD activity. These protective effects are closely associated with the inhibition of the apoptotic death cascade via the suppression of caspase-3 activation and reduction of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, thereby indicating a potential mechanism of action for the clinical effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang Seto
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.
| | - Dennis Chang
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.
| | - Wai Man Ko
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.
| | - Xian Zhou
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Alan Bensoussan
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.
| | - Simon M Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Maggie P M Hoi
- State Key Laboratory Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Genevieve Z Steiner
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.
| | - Jianxun Liu
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
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